In August 2014 a total die-off of fish stock occurred in Záhumenní velký, a pond with a surface area of 5.85 ha. The investigation of the fish kill revealed that the Jabkenice WWTP located above the pond area had discharged water of inappropriate quality (N-NH4+ -99.3 mg/l-1) into the pond. This event resulted in the monitoring of physical and chemical parameters of water quality, zooplankton sampling and measuring of growth dynamics of fish stock by using control reduction fishing. The survey conducted in 2015 studied three different ponds (Ohrada 0.85 ha, Záhumenní velký 5.85 ha and Vlkava 22.1 ha), located in the fertile lowland areas around Mladá Boleslav where pre-cleaned sewage water from the sewage treatment plants flows. The water samples taken both at the outflow of the waste water treatment plant and in the pond were analysed in an accredited laboratory. The following parameters were examined: BOD5, TN, CODCr, ammoniacal nitrogen, TP, nitrites, nitrates and others.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial de reÃso de Ãguas no Estado do Cearà como forma de contribuir para o efetivo gerenciamento dos recursos hÃdricos e para a conservaÃÃo ambiental do Estado. O trabalho foi desenvolvido observando as seguintes etapas: (1) levantamento bibliogrÃfico; (2) caracterizaÃÃo do Estado do Cearà (Ãrea de estudo); (3) definiÃÃo das alternativas e critÃrios de reÃso; (4) levantamento das ETEs com respectivas vazÃes e as caracterÃsticas do sistema de tratamento para seleÃÃo daquelas cujos efluentes podem ser utilizados; (5) proposiÃÃo do(s) tipo(s) de reÃso para as ETEs selecionadas; (6) estudo de viabilidade econÃmica financeira para o reÃso industrial; (7) proposiÃÃo de condiÃÃes e diretrizes para o fortalecimento do reÃso no Estado; (8) apresentar e discutir os resultados; (9) avaliar o trabalho desenvolvido. O trabalho tem como resultados: (1) O reÃso industrial mostrou-se viÃvel para ser implantado no Distrito Industrial (DI) de MaracanaÃ, sendo que o efluente do tipo PadrÃo 2 (efluente da lagoa de estabilizaÃÃo, tanque de mistura para correÃÃo do pH, floculador, decantor tanque de recarbonataÃÃo e efluente final) foi o que apresentou melhor viabilidade econÃmico financeira. (2) Pesquisa realizada junto Ãs empresas do DI de MaracanÃu evidenciou grande receptividade por parte dos usuÃrios potenciais, desde que sejam garantidos qualidade, quantidade e preÃo competitivo com a atual fonte de abastecimento.(3) Dos 12 sistemas avaliados, a ETE Tupamrim foi a que apresentou condiÃÃes mais adequadas para a prÃtica do reÃso urbano nÃo potÃvel â rega de Ãreas verdes de Fortaleza. (4) Os sistemas de lagoas de estabilizaÃÃo em operaÃÃo na RMF e interior do Estado podem disponibilizar uma vazÃo de cerca de 1.872,0 L/s, e tais volumes poderÃo beneficiar cerca de 3.279,66 hectares, considerando uma demanda para irrigaÃÃo igual a 18.000 m3/ha.ano; ou suprir, em mÃdia, uma Ãrea de cultivo de peixes de 1.497.600 m2 (149,7 ha). Com base nos resultados pode-se concluir: (1) A implementaÃÃo de reÃso de Ãgua no Cearà à uma alternativa importante a ser considerada no Plano Estadual de Recursos HÃdricos, pois poderÃ: contribuir efetivamente na preservaÃÃo dos recursos hÃdricos; aumentar a oferta de Ãgua para os setores agrÃcola, piscÃcola e industrial no Estado, por meio da disponibilizaÃÃo da Ãgua recuperada aos usos que possam prescindir de potabilidade; e disponibilizar um volume maior de Ãgua de boa qualidade aos usos nobres, conforme preconiza a Agenda 21. (2) Dentre as modalidades de reÃso estudadas para o Estado, todas se mostraram viÃveis, sendo o reÃso industrial o que vai necessitar de um maior investimento. Jà os reÃso agrÃcola e em piscicultura sÃo os mais fÃceis de serem implementados, necessitando apenas de uma determinaÃÃo do Governo do Estado para que seja firmada uma parceria entre Cagece e SDA e, dessa forma, viabilizar a implantaÃÃo dos projetos. (3) O reÃso de Ãguas residuÃrias no Estado do Cearà à uma alternativa viÃvel, desde que haja uma regulamentaÃÃo para minimizar os riscos epidemiolÃgicos que podem advir da prÃtica sem a adoÃÃo de barreiras mÃltiplas para garantir a proteÃÃo da saÃde populacional. à incontestÃvel a necessidade do estabelecimento de diretrizes que permitam que a prÃtica do reÃso se torne segura e difundida, contribuindo assim para a minimizaÃÃo do problema de escassez de Ãgua no Estado. / The main objective of this work was evaluate the potential for water reuse in the state of Ceara as a contribution to the effective management of water resources and the conservation of the state. It consisted of the following stages: (1) literature, (2) A bibliographical survey; (2) description of the Ceara State (area under study); (3) definition of alternatives and criteria for reuse, (4) survey of treatment plants with respective flow rates and characteristics of treatment system for selection of those whose effluent can be used, (5) proposition (s) type (s) to reuse the selected treatment plants, (6) economic feasibility study for the financial reuse industrial (7) conditions of proposition and guidelines for the strengthening of reuse in the State, (8) present and discuss the results and (9) assessing the work undertaken. As results of the study we can mention: (1) The industrial reuse was feasible to be deployed in DI MaracanaÃ, and the effluent standard type 2 (effluent from the stabilization pond, mixing tank for pH correction, flocculant, decantor, carbonation tank and final effluent) showed the best economic and financial viability. (2) Research conducted with companies in the DI Maracanaà showed great responsiveness on the part of potential users, since it is guaranteed quality, quantity and price competitive with current power supply. (3) Of the 12 systems evaluated the Tupamirim WTPT presented the best conditions for the practice of non-potable urban reuse - irrigation of green areas in Fortaleza (4) The system of stabilization ponds in operation in the RMF and the State can provide a flow of about 1872.0 L / s, and these volumes will benefit approximately 3279.66 hectares, whereas the demand for irrigation equal to18,000 m3/ha.ano, or supply, on average, a growing area of 1,497,600 m2 fish (149.7 ha). The main conclusions of this work are: (1) The implementation of water reuse in Cearà is an important alternative to be considered in the State Plan for Water Resources, as it may: contribute effectively in the conservation of water resources, increase the supply of water for agricultural, fish and industry in the state, through the provision of reclaimed water for uses that can dispense the drinking, and provide a greater volume of water of good quality to end uses, as recommended by Agenda 21.(2) Among the types of reuse study for the state, all proved viable. As the industrial reuse which will require a larger investment. Since the re-use agricultural and fish are the easiest to implement, requiring only a determination of the State Government so that it signed a partnership betweean Cagece and SDA thus enable the implementation of projects.(3) The reuse of wastewater in the state of Ceara is a viable alternative, but necessary regulations to mitigate the pest risk that may arise from the practice without the adoption of multiple barriers to ensure protection of population health. Is no denying the need to establish guidelines that allow the practice of reuse to become secure, ubiquitous, thus helping to minimize the problem of water scarcity in the state.

Apesar dos avanços nos índices de coleta e tratamento de esgotos no Estado de São Paulo, ainda existem incertezas sobre a efetividade dos sistemas de tratamento existentes, uma vez que são escassas as informações sobre o desempenho das ETEs em operação no país. Por meio da aquisição e análise de dados de desempenho do sistema, é possível a avaliação do cumprimento da legislação ambiental e a melhoria das condições operacionais, reduzindo, efetivamente, o impacto do lançamento sobre os recursos hídricos. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar estatisticamente o desempenho de lagoas de estabilização - tecnologia de tratamento mais utilizada no Estado de São Paulo - localizadas na UGRHI 12 - Baixo Pardo/Grande, todas com vazão de projeto inferior a 300 L/s, utilizando dados de automonitoramento fornecidos pelos prestadores de serviço. A avaliação compreendeu um período de 10 anos (2005 a 2014) e abrangeu desde os projetos das lagoas até a caracterização dos dados afluentes e efluentes das ETEs, incluindo também o impacto do lançamento dos esgotos tratados nos corpos receptores e a qualidade dos corpos d\'água em escala de bacia hidrográfica, utilizando os dados da rede de monitoramento da CETESB na UGRHI 12. O desempenho das ETEs foi avaliado quanto aos parâmetros DBO, DQO, CT, E. coli, SS, N-amoniacal e P-total, considerando tanto as faixas típicas apontadas na literatura, como o atendimento aos padrões de lançamento e qualidade. Os dados disponibilizados foram bastante heterogêneos, apresentando, em sua maioria, periodicidades de amostragem variáveis e interrupções no monitoramento, o que impediu, em alguns casos, a realização de uma análise mais consistente. As concentrações afluentes de matéria orgânica foram mais elevadas do que os valores usuais expressos na literatura, sendo a causa mais provável o baixo consumo de água aliado ao tipo de amostragem praticado (amostragem simples). De maneira geral, o desempenho das lagoas, considerando as eficiências médias de remoção de DBO e DQO, ficou dentro do esperado, o que não foi suficiente, contudo, para garantir percentuais elevados de conformidade com a legislação do estado de São Paulo, os quais resultaram abaixo de 80% na maioria das ETEs. Quanto às concentrações nos esgotos tratados, o desempenho ficou aquém do esperado, o que implicou no lançamento de efluentes com concentrações elevadas de matéria orgânica, embora de acordo com os padrões de lançamento pelo critério da eficiência de remoção. A avaliação do corpo receptor mostrou que, mesmo se tratando de vazões relativamente baixas, tais lançamentos foram capazes de impactar os cursos d\'água, notadamente aqueles com baixas razões de diluição. Finalmente, em escala de bacia hidrográfica, verificou-se que, nos corpos d\'água da UGRHI 12, ainda permanecem percentuais elevados de desconformidade para P-total e E. coli, contribuindo para esse cenário tanto as fontes de poluição pontuais como as difusas. / Despite advances in wastewater collection and treatment indicators in São Paulo state, there are still uncertainties about the effectiveness of existing treatment systems, since they is little information on the performance of WTPs operating in the country. Throughout the acquisition and analysis of system performance data, it is possible to evaluate the compliance with environmental legislation and improve operating conditions, effectively reducing the impact of the discharge on water resources. In this sense, the present study aimed to evaluate statistically the performance of stabilization ponds - wastewater treatment technology most widely used in São Paulo state - located in UGRHI 12 - Baixo Pardo/Grande, all of them with design flow rates below 300 L/s, using self-monitoring data given by the service providers. The evaluation comprised a period of 10 years (2005-2014), including from the projects of the ponds to the characterization of WTPs influent and effluent data, also incorporating the impact of treated wastewater release in receiving bodies and the quality of water bodies in watershed scale, using the data from CETESB\'s monitoring network in UGRHI 12. The performance of the WTPs was evaluated for BOD, COD, total coliforms, E. coli, suspended solids, ammonia and total phosphorus, considering the typical ranges mentioned in the literature and compliance with discharge and water quality standards. The provided data were quite heterogeneous, most of them presenting variable sampling periodicities and interruptions in monitoring, sometimes hindering a more consistent analysis. The influent\'s concentrations of organic matter were higher than the usual values expressed in the literature, which was most likely caused by low water consumption combined with the type of sampling practiced (single sampling). In general, the ponds\' performance, considering the average BOD and COD removal efficiencies, was as expected, however, such values weren\'t enough to ensure high percentage of compliance with São Paulo\'s environmental legislation, since the percentages were below 80% in most WTPs. Regarding the concentrations in treated wastewater, the performance was less than expected, which resulted in the discharge of effluents with high concentrations of organic matter, even though they were in compliance with discharge standards by the removal efficiency criterion. The evaluation of the receiving stream showed that, even consisting of relatively low flow rates discharges, such releases were able to impact the water bodies, especially those with low dilution ratio. Finally, in watershed scale, it was found that, in UGRHI 12 water bodies, there are still high percentages of non-conformity for total phosphorus and E. coli, contributing to this scenario both point and non-point sources of pollution.

Among all nanomaterials, which are intentionally manufactured and applied, nanosilver (nAg) is one of the most frequently applied nanomaterials. It is introduced into wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) due to its use as antimicrobial resource in household and medical care products and hence concern raised regarding its impact on activated sludge organisms and their purification efficiency. Within this thesis, the effects of nAg on single species, simple food chains and communities related to activated sludge were investigated. Among all tested species in this thesis, the gammaproteobacteria R. planticola was the most sensitive organism regarding the tested nAg material, NM-300K. The environmental risk assessment (ERA), based on an assumed predicted environmental concentration derived from modeled concentrations of other types of nAg, revealed no risk for the activated sludge. This result should be interpreted with care, considering the tolerantly chosen safety factor for calculation of the predicted no effect concentration and the assumptions which were made concerning environmental concentrations. Differences in acute toxic effects of nAg on the ciliate P. tetraurelia were observed depending on the type of medium and the exposure pathway (via medium or via bacterial food). More detailed investigations are required to analyze the distribution, availability and uptake of nAg into ciliates in the respective tests. In chronic experiments concentration response was very steep in the range between the effect concentration determined in acute toxicity testing (resulting in 100% mortality) and a tenfold lower concentration (no effect observed) for both exposure pathways. Community experiments with activated sludge exposed to realistic and high concentrations of nAg revealed acute effects on the protozoan community at high nAg concentration using multivariate statistics for data analysis. In contrast, the sludge biotic index was not meaningful for data interpretation, as no differences were observed between the samples of different treatments. For chronic testing, more preliminary work is required to develop a protocol for artificial wastewater which serves the needs of activated sludge organisms over longer time periods and which retains a typical composition of the activated sludge community.

Orientador: Wilson de Figueiredo Jardim / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T13:39:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pescara_IgorCardoso_D.pdf: 5286232 bytes, checksum: 74793adc4ea590e2eb8fdeb51a796399 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência dos tratamentos empregados em cinco estações de tratamento de esgoto (ETE) e duas estações de tratamento de água (ETA) na remoção dos hormônios endógenos estrona (E1), 17?-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), testosterona (TTN) e progesterona (PROG), hormônios sintéticos 17a-etinilestradiol (EE2), dietilestilbestrol (DES), norgestrel (NGT) e mestranol (MEE), produtos de uso industrial bisfenol A (BPA), fenolftaleína (PhPh), n-nonilfenol (nNP), n-octilfenol (nOP) e triclosan (TCS), o fármaco cafeína (CAF) e o pesticida atrazina (ATZ). Foi possível quantificar BPA, E1, E3, CAF e ATZ em esgoto bruto e BPA, E1, CAF e ATZ em água bruta. Para cada composto, tanto os tratamentos realizados pelas ETE quanto os realizados pelas ETA apresentaram eficiências de remoção variáveis. A cafeína foi o composto-alvo mais frequentemente encontrado nas amostras, sendo escolhida como indicador químico para avaliar a eficiência dos tratamentos. Foi encontrada uma taxa média de 99% para a remoção de CAF pelas ETE, sendo as etapas com tratamentos biológicos as mais eficientes. Os tratamentos anaeróbios apresentaram remoções médias superiores a 80% na remoção de CAF, e os tratamentos aeróbios foram capazes de remover cerca de 20% da carga do composto. Nas ETE, os tratamentos de coagulação e desinfecção foram pouco eficientes nas remoções dos compostos-alvo. Já para as ETA, foram observadas remoções de até 80% de CAF pelos tratamentos empregados, sendo a etapa de coagulação a responsável pela maior remoção de CAF da água bruta. A etapa de filtração em carvão ativado apresentou eficiências de remoção menores que 10%, enquanto a desinfecção demonstrou baixa eficiência na remoção de CAF. Na cidade de São José do Rio Preto ¿ SP foi possível quantificar, ao menos uma vez, BPA, E1, E3, PhPh, CAF, TCS e ATZ em água superficial, BPA, TCS e CAF em água subterrânea e BPA, CAF e ATZ em água de abastecimento. / Abstract: Water and wastewater conventional treatments are often considered inefficient to remove micropollutants. The aim of this work was to evaluate the removal efficiency of the endogenous hormones estrone (E1), 17? estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), testosterone (TTN), and progesterone (PROG), the synthetic hormones 17a-ethinylestradiol (EE2), diethylstilbestrol (DES), norgestrel (NGT), and mestranol (MEE), the industrial chemicals bisphenol A (BPA), phenolphthalein (PhPh), n nonylphenol (nNP), n octylphenol (nOP), and triclosan (TCS), the pharmaceutical caffeine (CAF), and the pesticide atrazine (ATZ) by five wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and two drinking water treatment plants (DWTP). The target compounds BPA, E1, E3, CAF, and ATZ were found in raw sewage, while BPA, E1, CAF, and ATZ in raw water. Both WWTP and DWTP treatments presented variable removal efficiency. Caffeine was the target compound more often detected in samples, thus it was chosen as a chemical indicator to evaluate treatment efficiencies. The average removal of CAF by WWTP was 99%, in which the biological treatment was more efficient. The anaerobic treatment presented an average removal of CAF above 80%, and around 20% for the aerobic treatments. Coagulation and disinfection treatments of WWTP showed low efficiency to remove the target compounds. DWTP treatment efficiency reached up to 80% removal, with coagulation step presenting highest removals of CAF. The activated carbon filtration showed removal efficiency under 10%, whereas the disinfection step presented low efficiency to remove CAF. At São José do Rio Preto city were found, at least once, BPA, E1, E3, PhPh, CAF, TCS, and ATZ in surface water; BPA, TCS, and CAF in groundwater, and BPA, CAF, and ATZ in drinking water / Doutorado / Quimica Analitica / Doutor em Ciências

This diploma thesis is focused on sludge management of wastewater treatment plant. The research work contains an overview of the related legislation, outlines the problems of sludge treatment in the Czech Republic and also deals with technologies and technical solutions that are related to the processing and treatment of sewage sludge for various size categories of wastewater treatment plants. The second part is devoted to the technical and economic assessment of wastewater treatment plants in the category from 500 EO to 2 000 EO. The assessment is based on real data provided by WWTP operators and focuses on electricity consumption, investment costs and operating costs. Part of the diploma thesis is also determining the rentability of drainage equipment, and studying the convenience of using mobile or stationary drainage equipment.

This master thesis deals with the design of a wastewater treatment plant, which will be controlled by a PLC. The theoretical part describes the types of wastewater and sewage systems that are important in the design of wastewater treatment plants. The thesis also describes programmable logic controllers, theirs programming languages, SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) systems and automation.The thesis also deals with theoretical description of wastewater treatment plants, their functions and security. Next part describes the design of the wastewater treatment plant. The last part of the thesis describes implementation of the wastewater treatment plant controlled by a PLC.

Among all nanomaterials, which are intentionally manufactured and applied, nanosilver (nAg) is one of the most frequently applied nanomaterials. It is introduced into wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) due to its use as antimicrobial resource in household and medical care products and hence concern raised regarding its impact on activated sludge organisms and their purification efficiency. Within this thesis, the effects of nAg on single species, simple food chains and communities related to activated sludge were investigated. Among all tested species in this thesis, the gammaproteobacteria R. planticola was the most sensitive organism regarding the tested nAg material, NM-300K. The environmental risk assessment (ERA), based on an assumed predicted environmental concentration derived from modeled concentrations of other types of nAg, revealed no risk for the activated sludge. This result should be interpreted with care, considering the tolerantly chosen safety factor for calculation of the predicted no effect concentration and the assumptions which were made concerning environmental concentrations. Differences in acute toxic effects of nAg on the ciliate P. tetraurelia were observed depending on the type of medium and the exposure pathway (via medium or via bacterial food). More detailed investigations are required to analyze the distribution, availability and uptake of nAg into ciliates in the respective tests. In chronic experiments concentration response was very steep in the range between the effect concentration determined in acute toxicity testing (resulting in 100% mortality) and a tenfold lower concentration (no effect observed) for both exposure pathways. Community experiments with activated sludge exposed to realistic and high concentrations of nAg revealed acute effects on the protozoan community at high nAg concentration using multivariate statistics for data analysis. In contrast, the sludge biotic index was not meaningful for data interpretation, as no differences were observed between the samples of different treatments. For chronic testing, more preliminary work is required to develop a protocol for artificial wastewater which serves the needs of activated sludge organisms over longer time periods and which retains a typical composition of the activated sludge community.

Pharmaceutical residues are passing our wastewater treatment plants and flowing out in to the nature. The medical substances are built to affect different processes in our bodies, but also affect other species and increase the risk of developing multi resistant bacterial strains, not curable with antibiotics. This has made wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) interested in investing in pharmaceutical removal. This study describes what criteria that are important to consider when choosing technology for pharmaceutical removal, and presents a model for the WWTPs to use when choosing pharmaceutical removal technology. Secondly, the study presents a reasoning regarding business model concepts. These concepts are presented to aid suppliers of pharmaceutical removal technology, when designing their business models. The method of choice is a qualitative research study based on interviews and document analysis. / Aktiva läkemdelssubstanser passerar idag våra reningsverk oförändrade och rinner ut i naturen. Dessa substanser är tillverkade för att påverka olika biologiska processer i våra kroppar, men de påverkar också andra arter och ökar risken för att utveckla antibiotikaresistenta bakterier som vi inte kan bota oss från. Dessa risker har gjort reningsverk intresserade av att investera i läkemedelsrening. Denna studie beskriver vilka kriterier som är viktiga att överväga vid val av teknik för läkemedelsrening och presenterar sedan en modell som reningsverk kan använda när de väljer teknik för läkemedelsrening. Ett resonemang förs också kring olika affärsmodellskoncept som kan nyttjas av leverantörer av teknik för läkemedelsrening, när de utvecklar sina affärsmodeller. Den valda metoden för studien är baserat på ett kvalitativt förhållningssätt med intervjuer och dokumentanalyser.

South Africa is a water-scarce country and over the years, the quality of water resources has deteriorated due to poor effluent discharge, agricultural, industrial, mining and human activities. The major contributing factors of poorly-treated or inadequately treated wastewater may be attributed to: (a) the poor design and construction of wastewater treatment plants; (b) lack of qualified process controllers; (c) non-compliance with applicable legislation; (d) lack of proper monitoring; and (e) management issues with regard to wastewater treatment plants. Water quality is important as many communities depend on water resources for their daily activities and livelihood. There is a need therefore to build and manage wastewater treatment plants effectively as they have an impact on water quality. Wastewater treatment plants in South Africa are regulated by the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, the National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998, the National Water Act 36 of 1998, the Water Services Act 108 of 1997, Provincial legislation, Municipal by-laws and other Government policies applicable to Local Government. Chapter 7 of the Constitution inter alia, provides that Local Government has the duty to provide a safe and healthy environment to its community in a sustainable manner. Schedule 4B of the Constitution imposes the function of delivering water, sanitation and wastewater treatment services on Municipalities. This responsibility rests on District Municipalities but may be performed by a Local Municipality if the district municipality lacks the capacity to do so. Although Local Government has the right to govern on its own initiative the affairs of its communities, it needs support and monitoring from other spheres of Government (National and Provincial) to ensure the delivery of wastewater treatment services in a sustainable manner. In this study, Ba-Phalaborwa Local Municipality is used as an example of a Municipality in the Limpopo Province faced with challenges related to the operation and management of its wastewater treatment plant. This study aims to determine who should be responsible for the regulation of wastewater treatment plants in Ba-Phalaborwa Local Municipality area in order to ensure service delivery to communities in a sustainable manner. In order to deal with the challenges experienced by Local Government in dealing with wastewater treatment plants, the study considers Best Practice Guidelines and external service delivery mechanisms, specifically in the form of Public-Private Partnerships. The study concludes with recommendations based on Best Practice Guidelines which Municipalities can use to avoid wastewater pollution and proposes management mechanisms in managing a Public-Private Partnership effectively in order to ensure that they provide service delivery in a sustainable manner. / LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014