Applications of the SWAT model typically involve delineation of a watershed into subwatersheds/subbasins that are then further subdivided into hydrologic response units (HRUs) which are homogeneous areas of aggregated soil, landuse, and slope and are the smallest modeling units used within the tool. In a standard SWAT application, multiple potential HRUs (farm fields) in a subbasin are usually aggregated into a single HRU feature. In other words, the standard version of the model combines multiple potential HRUs (farm fields) with the same landuse/landcover (LULC), soil, and slope, but located in different places within a subbasin (spatially non-unique), and considers them as one HRU. In this study, ArcGIS pre-processing procedures were developed to spatially define a one-to-one match between farm fields and HRUs (spatially unique HRUs) within a subbasin prior to SWAT simulations to facilitate input processing, input/output mapping, and further analysis at the individual farm field level. Model input data such as LULC, soil, crop rotation and other management data were processed through these HRUs. The SWAT model was then calibrated/validated for the Raccoon River watershed in Iowa for 2002 to 2010 and the Big Creek River watershed in Illinois for 2000 to 2003. SWAT was able to replicate annual, monthly and daily streamflow, as well as sediment, nitrate and mineral phosphorous within recommended accuracy in most cases. The one-to-one match between farm fields and HRUs created and used in this study is a first step in performing LULC change, climate change impact, and other analyses in a more spatially explicit manner. The calibrated and validated SWAT model was then used to assess agricultural scenario and climate change impacts on watershed water quantity, quality, and crop yields. Modeling impacts of agricultural scenarios and climate change on surface water quantity and quality provides useful information for planning effective water, environmental, and land use policies. Despite the significant impacts of agriculture on water quantity and quality, limited literature exists modeling the combined impacts of agricultural scenarios and climate change on crop yields and watershed hydrology. Here, SWAT, was used to model the combined impacts of five agricultural scenarios and three climate scenarios downscaled using eight climate models. These scenarios were implemented in a well calibrated SWAT model for the Raccoon River watershed (RRW), IA. We run the scenarios for the historical baseline, early-century, mid-century, and late-century periods. Results indicate that historical and more corn intensive agricultural scenarios with higher CO2 emissions consistently result in more water in the streams and greater water quality problems, especially late in the 21st century. Planting more switchgrass, on the other hand, results in less water in the streams and water quality improvements relative to the baseline. For all given agricultural landscapes simulated, all flow, sediment and nutrient outputs increase from early-to-late century periods for the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climate scenarios. We also find that corn and switchgrass yields are negatively impacted under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios in the mid and late 21st century. Finally, various agricultural best management practice (BMP) scenarios were evaluated for their efficiency in alleviating watershed water quality problems. The vast majority of the literature on efficiency assessment of BMPs in alleviating water quality problems base their scenarios analysis on identifying subbasin level simulation results. In the this study, we used spatially explicit HRUs, defined using ArcGIS-based pre-processing methodology, to identify Nitrate (NO3) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) hotspots at the HRU/field level, and evaluate the efficiency of selected BMPs in a large watershed, RRW, using the SWAT model. Accordingly, analysis of fourteen management scenarios were performed based on systematic combinations of five agricultural BMPs (fertilizer/manure management, changing cropland to perennial grass, vegetative filter strips, cover crops and shallower tile drainage systems) aimed to reduce NO3 and TSS yields from targeted hotspot areas in the watershed at field level. Moreover, implications of climate change on management practices, and impacts of management practices on water availability and crop yield and total production were assessed. Results indicated that either implementation of multiple BMPs or conversion of an extensive area into perennial grass may be required to sufficiently reduce nitrate loads to meet the drinking water standard. Moreover, climate change may undermine the effectiveness of management practices, especially late in the 21st century. The targeted approach used in this study resulted in slight decreases in watershed average crop yields, hence the reduction in total crop production is mainly due to conversion of croplands to perennial grass.

Wetlands and streams provide many ecosystem services, yet many of these services have been lost during the process of surface mining. It is often not practical to avoid wetlands and streams, and newer technologies such as large draglines have made it possible to mine through large perennial streams and their associated riparian wetland systems. Laws such as the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act and Clean Water Act require the restoration of these systems in approximately the same location and configuration as before mining, but do not address the long-term replacement of function. In Perry County, Illinois, three stream segments of Bonnie Creek, Galum Creek, and Pipestone Creek and their associated riparian wetland systems were among the largest ever restored following surface mining. The research objective was to determine whether or not function was restored in the three aforementioned streams and riparian wetlands following surface mining reclamation. Wetland soil properties, vegetation, and hydrology at study sites along Bonnie and Galum Creeks were compared to that of nearby natural wetlands and across a chronosequence of soil age. Water quality was assessed [alkalinity, chloride (Cl), fluoride (Fl), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), nitrate (NO3), sulfate (SO4), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total suspended solids (TSS)] in the three restored streams for post restoration trends over time and along the length of the restored channels. Deep basins, called incline pits, were located inline of all three restored channels and are unique to streams restored on surface mines. Stream samples were collected above and below incline pits during storm events to evaluate their ability to reduce sediment concentrations. Two types of wetlands were found at the mine site: mined planned wetlands (MPWs) that had deeper water and fewer or no trees, and mined bottomland forested wetlands (MBFWs) with more shallow water depths and many trees. Significant differences were found between the two wetland types among soil properties, vegetation, and hydrology. Unlike most studies comparing wetlands restored on non-mined sites to natural wetlands, SOM, C, N, and C/N ratio in the surface 15 cm in the MBFWs were not significantly different from the natural wetlands, indicating restoration of function. Plant taxa richness was higher in both mined wetland types than in the natural wetlands at lower elevation sample points where inundation was seasonal. Overall, the mined wetlands also retained water within 30 cm of the surface for more time than the natural wetlands. However, not all function was fully regained in the mined wetlands. Several soil properties were significantly different in the mined wetlands compared to the natural wetlands. SOM, N and the C/N ratio was significantly lower in the 15-30 cm depth, and in the surface 15 cm of the lower elevation samples of the MPW. Soil texture was significantly different in the MPW. There was more sand and less silt. Plan taxa richness was also lower in the higher elevation sample points of the MPW due to the presence of the invasive Phragmites australis. Few trends were found in the soil properties across a chronosequence of soil age. Only pH showed a significant negative linear trend in both mined wetland types across soil age. Assessment of the water chemistry of the restored streams showed that for some parameters, water quality remained stable or improved with distance or time along the restored streams. However, along Bonnie and Galum Creek, a significant positive trend was seen by length of relocated channel in SO4, Fe, Mn, Zn, TDS, conductivity, and Cl. On the other hand, at Pipestone Creek, significant negative trends were evident in TDS, Mn, water temperature, conductivity, and SO4 levels over time or along the length of the relocated channel. Trends along the length of the Pipestone Creek were only found in monitoring conducted twenty years after the channel relocation was complete. Sediment concentration above and below the incline pits inline of Bonnie and Galum Creek were not significantly different based on the sampling of two storm events. An additional input from an agricultural drainage ditch to the Bonnie Pit increased sediment concentrations at the downstream sample point counteracting the reductions that were seen in the Galum pit. Research on the mined stream and riparian systems indicated that reclamation of wetlands and streams to a stable or condition similar to a natural system is possible and sets a standard for future mining operations to follow. However, several shortcomings were identified. Reduced levels of SOM and soil N in the MPWs in the surface 15 cm of the lower sample points may have been the result of longer periods of inundation that reduced nitrification and vegetation recruitment. SOM, soil N, and the C/N ratio in the 15-30 cm depth were lower in the mined wetlands suggesting that these properties take longer to recover at deeper depths, but the significant linear trend in pH show that soil in the deeper strata is changing with time. Invasion by P. Australis reduced taxa richness suggesting that invasive plants are still a problem even more than twenty years after restoration. In addition, the increase in conductivity and SO4 downstream of a visible seep in Bonnie Creek highlight the potential for contaminated groundwater to affect surface water. More consideration should be given to reclaiming not just the surface and subsoils, but also the deeper water bearing strata to ensure that surface water chemistry is not impacted by mining.

Sediment and nutrient loss from agricultural landscapes contributes to water quality impairment and has the potential to impact crop yield. Best management practices (BMPs) such as riparian buffers have been designed to combat these issues; however, concentrated flow paths (CFPs) reduce their effectiveness and are often overlooked in agricultural fields. Conventional management of CFPs is to fill and grade them, however this provides only a short term solution leading to their reformation and increased sediment loss. The objectives of this project were: i) to determine if the filling of CFPs influence crop growth (yield and biomass), ii) determine a distance at which crop growth is no longer influenced by CFPs, iii) assess the impact that topography and CFPs have on crop growth, iv) analyze water quality in surface runoff leaving crop fields via CFPs, and v) develop an economic analysis for CFP’s influence on crop returns. Six small agricultural catchments, CFPs, and topographic positions (i.e., depositional, backslope, and shoulder) were delineated using ArcGIS and LiDAR data. In each catchment, six 4 m2 plots were established along CFPs where crop biomass and crop yield were measured. Additionally, six plots with no influence from CFPs were established as reference plots. Surface water quality was assessed by taking edge-of-field grab samples at the CFP outlet during significant rain events (i.e., precipitation exceeding 2.5 cm). Water samples were analyzed for total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), ammonium-nitrogen (NH4+-N), and nitrate-N (NO3- -N). Through this study it was shown that CFPs served as a conduit for transporting nutrient and sediment laden runoff to receiving waters, that increasing/decreasing distance from CFPs had an impact on crop yields, and that there was no crop yield advantage from the filling of CFPs vs. leaving them unfilled. Median values for NO3-N (1.85 mg L-1) and TSS (140 mg L-1) in the Fill catchments were higher than the No-Fill catchments (0.77 mg L-1 and 35.5 mg L-1, respectively), while DRP and TP concentrations were higher in the No-Fill catchments (1.31 mg L-1 and 2.37 mg L-1, respectively) compared to the Fill catchments (0.91 mg L-1 and 1.83 mg L-1, respectively) over the growing season. Crop biomass and yield results between the depositional and backslope positions were similar regardless of treatment, but were lower than the reference plots and shoulder position. Results from the economic analysis on the cost of farming in/near CFPs indicated that the economic return was greatly dependent on precipitation. CFPs are generally concave positions on the landscapes and have been eroded to a clayey subsoil, both resulting in greater water accumulation and retention than elsewhere in the field. During wetter years, an economic loss was incurred nearest to the CFP and during drier years, sites nearest to CFPs saw positive returns. Farmers and land managers may consider implementing stabilization measures, such as grassed waterways, in CFPs since crop yields are typically lower in wetter years, there’s increased cost to maintain these areas, and accelerated sediment loss can exacerbate the crop yield losses and impact on water quality.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-10T14:22:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-10-16. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-12-10T14:29:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000853725.pdf: 2191674 bytes, checksum: 154eb96e3675794865c6238548c2acbe (MD5) / Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar os aspectos limnológicos e ecotoxicológicos no reservatório de Itupararanga - Votorantim (SP) e suas potenciais influências na toxicidade do sistema, com ênfase para as proliferações naturais de cianobactérias. Para tanto, foram realizadas quatro amostragens em períodos secos buscando uma abordagem química, biológica e toxicológica de amostras de água superficial e sedimento. Além do isolamento e cultivo das cianobactérias predominantes nas amostras de água. A fim de avaliar o potencial tóxico das cepas e identificar as possíveis cianotoxinas presentes na água do reservatório. Os resultados demonstraram o predomínio de cianobactérias, em relação aos demais grupos fitoplanctônicos em dois períodos de estudo, com domínio da espécie Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska, 1912) Senayya & Subba Raju, estando a quantidade de cianobactérias em desacordo com a resolução CONAMA nº 357/05. Os testes ecotoxicológicos com Ceriodaphnia dubia averiguaram que água superficial causou toxicidade aguda na primeira e terceira amostragens no mesmo local de coleta, e toxicidade crônica no início do sistema na primeira coleta. Com relação ao sedimento, as amostras obtidas nos pontos 2 e 3 apresentaram toxicidade aguda no primeiro ano avaliado, apresentando elevada capacidade para retenção de poluentes, os quais podem estar contribuindo para a instalação da toxicidade do sistema. Foram isoladas duas espécies de cianobactérias que demonstraram-se produtoras de microcistina e saxitoxina. Os ensaios ecotoxicológicos com as cepas isoladas comprovaram que mesmos em concentrações condizentes com a legislação brasileira para potabilidade (portaria nº 2.914/2011), tais cianotoxinas podem causar distúrbios à saúde ambiental. A redução da toxicidade de microcistina e saxitoxina por meio do ultrassom demonstrou-se eficiente. Diante do exposto, evidencia-se a possibilidade de... / This study aimed to analyze the limnological and ecotoxicological aspects in Itupararanga reservoir - Votorantim (SP) and their potential influences on the system toxicity, with emphasis on natural cyanobacterial blooms. Therefore, there were four samples in dry periods seeking a chemical, biological and toxicological approaches of surface water and sediment samples. In addition, the isolation and cultivation of the predominant cyanobacteria in the water samples. In order to assess the potential toxicity of strains and identify possible cianotoxins present in the reservoir's water. The results demonstrated the predominance of cyanobacteria compared to other phytoplankton groups in two study periods, markedly the domain of the species Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, with the amount of cyanobacteria in violation of the CONAMA resolution 357/05. The ecotoxicological tests with superficial water and Ceriodaphnia dubia ascertained that caused acute toxicity in the first and third samples in the same collection site, and chronic toxicity earlier in the system in the first collection. Regarding the sediment samples taken in points 2 and 3 had acute toxicity in the first reporting year with high capacity to retain pollutants, which may be contributing to the installation of the system toxicity. Furthermore, the strains isolated from two species of cyanobacteria were proved to produce microcystin and saxitoxin. Subsequently, ecotoxicological assays with the isolated strains showed that same consistent concentrations in Brazilian law for potability (ordinance 2914/2011), these cyanotoxins can cause disturbances to environmental health. The reduction of the toxicity of microcystin and saxitoxin by means of ultrasound was efficient. Given the above, it is evident the possibility of compromising the quality of the water resources, which limits their multiple uses, considering both human consumption and the possibility of injury to the protection of ...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-05T18:29:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-02-02. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-02-05T18:33:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000855129_20200101.pdf: 324180 bytes, checksum: 7e2e84cfa7d5ac13b1ff6d58ac7a4596 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Com o aumento da demanda mundial de pescado surge uma tendência de intensificação dos sistemas produtivos de criação de organismos aquáticos. Entre os sistemas intensivos de aquicultura, o sistema de bioflocos vem ganhando cada vez mais espaço por ser um sistema relativamente mais simples do que o sistema de recirculação de água e capaz de otimizar a utilização dos recursos hídricos. Apesar do sistema de bioflocos ser atualmente bastante estudado na carcinicultura marinha e na fase engorda de tilápia, a adoção dessa tecnologia na larvicultura de peixes de água doce ainda é um assunto novo e pouco avaliado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes variáveis de manejo na larvicultura de tilápia-do-nilo neste sistema de criação. Foram realizados quatro experimentos que avaliaram: o tempo de maturação do sistema de bioflocos antes do povoamento das larvas; a utilização de substrato artificial e a adição diária de melaço; a densidade de estocagem das larvas; e diferentes fontes de carbono e relações entre carbono e nitrogênio. Em síntese, o sistema de bioflocos foi eficiente para a produção de juvenis de tilápia em sistemas estático sem a renovação de água, promovendo boa taxa de crescimento e sobrevivência das larvas e melhor aproveitamento da ração (conversão alimentar aparente mais eficiente). A utilização de um inóculo de água contendo bioflocos já estabelecido permite a dispensa de preparo prévio dos tanques de criação anteriormente ao povoamento das larvas, otimizando desta forma as unidades de produção (tanques e viveiros) da piscicultura. A utilização de substratos artificiais não promoveu nenhum beneficio na manutenção dos parâmetros de qualidade de água e no desempenho das larvas criadas no sistema de bioflocos. A adição diária de melaço nos tanques proporcionou melhores... / There is a tendency of intensification of aquaculture production systems with the increase in global fish demand. Amongst the intensive aquaculture systems, the biofloc system has been gaining more importance because it is a relatively simple system comparing to the recirculation aquaculture system (RAS), and enables to optimize the use of water resources. The biofloc system is currently widely studied and applied in marine shrimp culture and in tilapia grow out, but the adoption of this technology in larviculture of freshwater fish is still a new subject and scarcely evaluated. The aim of this study was to evaluate different aspects for utilization of this technology during the larviculture of Nile tilapia. Four experiments were performed to evaluate the following issues: time of maturation of the biofloc system before the larvae stocking; use of artificial substrate; daily molasses addition; stocking density; different carbon sources and C/N ratio. In synthesis, the biofloc system was quite efficient for the production of juvenile tilapia in static systems without water exchange, promoting good growth rate and survival of larvae and a better use of the aquafeeds (feed convention ratio more efficient). Using an inoculant containing biofloc water already established dispenses the preparation of tanks prior to larval stocking, optimizing the production units (tanks and ponds) of fish farming. The use of artificial substrates did not promote any benefit in maintenance of the water quality parameters and performance of larvae reared in the biofloc system. The daily molasses addition in tanks improved the larval survival rates. The estimated maximum stocking density that can be used in this low-scale system is up to four larvae per liter. Different organic carbon sources can be used to promote the development of heterotrophic bacteria important for maintenance of this system. Further work should be carried out to assess the use of this ... / CNPq: 140963/2011-1

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-01-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:34:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fravet_ammf_me_botfca.pdf: 334098 bytes, checksum: bd6f4aab2134f0b7a248ea978d224957 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A prática da irrigação de hortaliças com águas contaminadas, e o consumo dessas in natura pela população pode constituir uma fonte de transmissão de várias doenças infecciosas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a qualidade da água utilizada para irrigação por produtores de hortaliças da região de Botucatu / São Paulo. O procedimento metodológico consistiu na elaboração e preenchimento de um questionário de forma a se obter um cadastro do produtor com informações sobre área irrigada, hortaliças cultivadas, fonte de água, sistema de irrigação, etc. Foram entrevistados 27 produtores que vendem hortaliças nas feiras livres de Botucatu. Dentre esses produtores, foram selecionados dez, sendo um de cada localidade. Foram coletadas três amostras de água de cada fonte e analisados os seguintes parâmetros: pH, CE, Ferro, OD, Nitrato, Nitrito, Sólidos, Coliformes totais e fecais (termotolerantes), cor e turbidez. As temperaturas do ar e da água foram medidas na hora da coleta. Os principais padrões para avaliar os resultados obtidos foram os da Resolução do CONAMA (Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente) N° 357, de 17 de março de 2005, que estabelece os padrões para classificação dos corpos de água. A Condutividade Elétrica foi avaliada segundo valor sugerido pela CETESB e a cor foi verificada conforme a OMS (Organização Mundial da Saúde), para água potável devido a Resolução n° 357/05 do CONAMA não estipular um valor para classificação. Os resultados obtidos foram os seguintes: Para Oxigênio Dissolvido, Nitrito, Coliformes Totais, Sólidos Totais e Turbidez, 100% das amostras estão dentro dos 2 padrões estabelecidos pela Legislação; para o pH, 80% dos resultados, se enquadraram no valor estabelecido pelo CONAMA; para o Ferro, 40% das analises apresentam valores de acordo com o estipulado pela Legislação; para a CE, 30% dos resultados... . / The vegetables irrigation practice with polluted waters and the consumption of those in natura for the population can constitute a source of transmission of several infectious diseases. This work had as objective analyzes the water quality used for irrigation by the vegetables producers of Botucatu / São Paulo area. The methodological procedure consisted of the elaboration and completion of a questionnaire with the objetive to obtain a register of the producer with information on irrigated area, cultivated vegetables, source of water, overhead irrigation, etc. They were interviewed 27 producers that sell vegetables in the street markets of Botucatu. Among these producers, ten were selected, being one of each place. Three samples of water of each source were collected and analyzed the following parameters: pH, CE, Iron, DO, Nitrate, Nitrito, Solids, total and fecal Coliformes (thermotolerants), color and turbidity. The air and water temperatures were measured in the collection time. The main standard to evaluate the obtained results were the CONAMA Resolution (National Environment Council) N° 357, March 17, 2005, that it establishes the standard for water classification. The Electric Conductivity was evaluated of agreement value suggested by CETESB and the color was verified according to OMS (Health World Organization), for potable water due to CONAMA Resolution n° 357/05 not to stipulate a value for classification. 4 The obtained results were the following ones: For Dissolved Oxygen, Nitrito, Total Coliformes, Total Solids and Turbidity, 100% of the samples are according to the legislation established standard; for the pH, 80% of results, it fits in the established value by CONAMA; for the Iron, 40% of the analyzes presents agreement values with stipulated by the legislation; for CE, 30% of the results are in agreement with CETESB; just a place didn't present color result according to... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:06:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cavenaghi_al_dr_botfca.pdf: 1368839 bytes, checksum: e2db314506f961767701bf891cd955c1 (MD5) / Este trabalho é parte integrante de um projeto de pesquisa que tem por objetivo o desenvolvimento de programas de manejo integrado de plantas aquáticas em cinco reservatórios da bacia do rio Tietê (São Paulo-Brasil), usados na produção de energia elétrica. A ocorrência, importância relativa e área ocupada pelas diferentes espécies de plantas aquáticas foram correlacionadas com a qualidade da água e sedimento. Amostragem de água e sedimento e levantamento de plantas foram realizados em Junho de 2001 (estação seca), Outubro/Novembro de 2001 (início da estação chuvosa) e Fevereiro/Março de 2002 (final da estação chuvosa). Informações sobre a área total ocupada pelas plantas marginais e flutuantes disponíveis na literatura e obtidas pela classificação de imagens ETM+/Landsat foram correlacionadas com os resultados obtidos neste trabalho. Amostras de água foram utilizadas para estimar a transmissão ou extinção de luz em comprimentos de onda de 190 a 900nm para colunas de água de 1m de profundidade. Para melhor entendimento e registro (em fotos digitais) dos problemas com formação de bancos de sedimento e plantas aquáticas, todos os reservatórios foram sobrevoados usando um helicóptero, nos dias 4 e 5 de Junho de 2001. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a ocorrência de plantas submersas, destacando-se Egeria densa e Egeria najas, foram as mais dependentes da transparência da água e transmissão de luz. A maior turbidez e sólidos suspensos contidos e a menor transmissão de luz alteram a freqüência de plantas submersas. Os reservatórios de Promissão e Nova Avanhandava foram os mais infestados com plantas submersas. A ocorrência de plantas marginais e flutuantes é muito dependente da formação de bancos de sedimentos. Os reservatórios de Barra Bonita, Bariri e Ibitinga foram os mais infestados com plantas marginais e flutuantes... . / This research is a part of a lager project aiming the development of aquatic plants integrated management programs in five reservoirs of Tietê basin (Brazil – São Paulo State) used for the production of electric energy. The occurrence, relative importance and area occupied by different species of aquatic plants were correlated to the water and sediment composition. Water and sediment sampling and field evaluations were performed in June of 2001 (drought season), October / November of 2001 (start of rainy season) and February / March of 2002 (end of the rainy season). Information about total area occupied by marginal and floating plants available in the literature and obtained by the classification ETM+/Landsat images were also correlated to the results obtained in this research. Water samples were used to estimate the transmission or extinction of light from 190 to 900nm by water columns of 1m of thickness. Aiming a better understanding and register (in digital pictures) of the problems with the formation of sediment banks and aquatic plants, all the reservoirs were over flew, using a helicopter, in June 4th and 5th. The results allowed to conclude that the occurrence of submersed plants, pointing out Egeria densa and Egeria najas, is much dependent on the water transparency and light transmission. The higher the turbidity and the content of suspended solids the lower the light transmission change the frequency of submersed plants. The reservoirs of Promissão and Nova Avanhandava were the most infested ones with submersed plants. The occurrence of marginal and floating plants is much dependent on the formation of sediment banks. The reservoirs of Barra Bonita, Bariri e Ibitinga were the most infested ones with marginal and floating plants. The concentrations of P and N, the turbidity and the contents of suspended solids were reduced by the downstream... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-27T14:36:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-02-24Bitstream added on 2014-08-27T15:57:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000776866.pdf: 1448728 bytes, checksum: bbd74b45c504a4f80ad12d1a4fd471b7 (MD5) / Na aquicultura a utilização de sistemas de cultivo sem renovação de água, o uso de substratos artificiais com a fixação de perifíton e os sistemas integrados podem ser formas alternativas para aperfeiçoar os atuais sistemas de produção, gerando maior lucro e menor impacto ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a qualidade da água em sistemas de policultivo com a inserção de substratos artificiais, feitos de bambu e manta geotêxtil, na produção de tilápias (Oreochromis niloticus) e camarões-da-amazônia (Macrobrachium. amazonicum), identificou-se também o substrato com maior crescimento de perifíton. O experimento teve duração de seis meses, sendo composto por 12 viveiros retangulares de fundo natural, povoados com 22 camarões. m-2 e 1,1 tilápias. m-2, com alimento ofertado apenas às tilápias. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos (controle, bambu e manta) e quatro repetições. Foram analisadas as amostras de água e de perifíton raspados dos substratos. Os resultados apontam que não houve diferença significativa na qualidade da água, provavelmente, devido à alta concentração de sólidos em suspensão que reduz a atividade da comunidade perifítica e devido à baixa biomassa de animais produzidos, não influenciando as concentrações de nitrogênio e fósforo na água. O substrato que proporcionou o maior crescimento da comunidade perifítica foi o tratamento manta geotêxtil / In aquaculture the use of farming systems without water renewal, the use of artificial substrates with fixing periphyton and integrated systems may be alternative ways to improve the current production systems, generating higher profits and lower environmental impact. The aim of this study was to analyze the water quality in polyculture systems with insertion of artificial substrates, made of bamboo and geotextile blanket, in a production of nile tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus) and amazon river prawns (Macrobrachium amazonicum), also identified the substrate with higher growth of periphyton . The experiment lasted six months, being composed of 12 rectangular ponds natural background , populated with 22 prawns.m-2 and 1,1 tilapias.m-2, with food offer only the tilapia . The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments (control, bamboo and blanket) and four replications. Water samples and periphyton scraped from the substrates were analyzed. The results indicate no significant difference in water quality, probably due to the large amount of suspended solids, which prevented the development of periphyton and due to the low biomass of animals produced, not influencing the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water The substrate resulted in the highest growth of periphyton was treating geotextile

Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-10T11:09:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-02-19Bitstream added on 2014-11-10T11:58:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000788256.pdf: 2627517 bytes, checksum: a65ec6db83c105455e4c351ad5093e8c (MD5) / Considerou-se, na presente pesquisa, parâmetros físico-químicos e bacteriológicos ponderados como determinantes de estudo para a qualidade da água com coletas diárias de amostras em diversos bairros do município de Botucatu – SP, no período de 2007 a 2011. Para descrever o perfil da qualidade da água dos bairros, utilizou-se a técnica de análise multivariada de dados, especificamente a Análise de Agrupamento e Análise de Componentes Principais. A primeira empregou como indicador de similaridade entre os perfis de respostas dos bairros a distância euclidiana, queé a métrica mais utilizada quando os dados são quantitativos e, como algoritmo de agrupamento, o método hierárquico de Ward, que tem como objetivo produzir agrupamentos mais heterogêneos quanto possíveis. A Análise de Componentes Principais foi utilizada com o objetivo de realizar a redução do espaço paramétrico e, posteriormente, utilizar os eixos descritores do novo sistema de dados para a ordenação da qualidade da água por bairros e verificar a associação entre os dois procedimentos empregados. Os resultados obtidos pela análise de agrupamentos definiram o perfil geográfico da qualidade da água, constituído por cinco grupos de similaridade, formados respectivamente, por 13, 2, 7, 39 e 15 bairros. Os bairros em cada um dos grupos estavam praticamente distribuídos nos quatro pontos cardeais do município e os perfis médios de resposta de todos os grupos encontraram-se quase que totalmente em concordância com o padrão de qualidade da água, estabelecido pela Portaria no518, de marçoo de 2004. Já a Análise de Componentes Principais selecionou os três primeiros componentes que foram utilizados para obter as distâncias euclidianas das respostas dos bairros em relação à origem do novo sistema. Desta forma, foi possível realizar a ordenação dos pontos (bairros) de acordo com os ... / The following research involved some physical-chemical and bacteriological parameters that play a important role in the study of water quality by collecting daily samples from different neighborhoods in Botucatu city – SP, from the period of 2007 to 2011. The multivariate data analysis, specifically the Cluster Analysis and Principal Components Analysis was used to describe the profile of water quality of the city neighborhoods. To accomplish Cluster Analysis we used the Euclidean distance to find the similarity between the response profiles, which is the most used metric when data are quantitative, and the hierarchical method of Ward as clustering method, which produces heterogeneous clusters. Principal Components Analysis was used for achieving the reduction of the parametric space and afterward using the descriptors axes of the new data system for arranging water quality per neighborhoods, verifying the association between two used procedures. The results of cluster analysis defined the geographic profile of the water quality constituted of five groups of similarity, respectively, by 13,2, 7, 39 and 15 neighborhoods. The neighborhoods in each group were distributed according to the 4 positions of the city and the average profile of the responses of all groups were very similar to the standards of water quality established by the Brazilian Law no518, of March, 2004. The Analysis of Principal Components selected the first three components that were used to obtain the Euclidean distances of neighborhoods responses in relation to the origin of the new system. Thus, it was possible to perform the arrangement of the points (neighborhoods) according to the values of physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters

Orientador: Paulo César Lodi / Banca: Roger Augusto Rodrigues / Banca: Adriano Souza / Resumo: Nos últimos anos muitos estudos têm sido realizados para investigar o problema da redução da qualidade da água para o abastecimento, lazer, irrigação, entre outros, levando à identificação das fontes poluidoras, bem como à elaboração de propostas para o seu controle. Outra prática bastante utilizada é o estabelecimento de indicadores da qualidade das águas (físicos, químicos e biológicos). A preservação da qualidade da água é uma necessidade universal, que exige atenção por parte das autoridades sanitárias e consumidores em geral, principalmente nos cursos d'água destinados ao consumo humano, visto que sua contaminação por excretos de origem humana e animal pode torná-las um veículo de transmissão de agentes de doenças. Este trabalho avalia a qualidade do curso d'água do Rio Turvo/SP utilizando parâmetros físicos, químicos, biológicos e ecológicos e aspectos referentes da legislação vigente. Foram realizadas análises físicas, químicas, microbiológicas, ecológicas e de gestão ambiental e sanitária em seis pontos específicos do curso d'água do Rio Turvo, localizado na Bacia Hidrográfica do Médio Paranapanema. Aplicou-se um protocolo de avaliação rápida com o intuito de se conhecer o grau de conservação e qualidade ecológica dos pontos amostrados. Os resultados de ensaios físicos e químicos demonstram que a maioria dos valores obtidos estão dentro dos padrões exigidos pelo Ministério da Saúde e Conama, no entanto, os parâmetros ferro, fosfato e DBO demonstraram valores acima do ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In recent years, many studies have been carried out to investigate the problem of water quality reduction for water supply, leisure, irrigation, among others, leading to the identification of pollutant sources, as well as the preparation of proposals for its control. Another widely used practice is the establishment of water quality indicators (physical, chemical and biological). The preservation of water quality is a universal need, which requires attention from health authorities and consumers in general, especially in water courses intended for human consumption, since their contamination by excreta of human and animal origin can make them a vehicle for the transmission of disease agents. This work evaluates the quality of the Rio Turvo / SP watercourse using physical, chemical, biological and ecological parameters and referring aspects of the current legislation. Physical, chemical, microbiological, ecological and environmental and health management analyzes were carried out at six specific points in the Rio Turvo watercourse, located in the Paranapanema Basin. A rapid evaluation protocol was applied in order to know the degree of conservation and ecological quality of the points sampled. The results of physical and chemical tests show that most of the values obtained are within the standards required by the Ministry of Health and Conama, however, the iron, phosphate and BOD parameters showed values above the allowable and are mainly caused by the discharge of domestic se... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre