Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:48:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pincelli_rp_me_botfca.pdf: 933139 bytes, checksum: dc525360fa3fad2d769f79bc71a084be (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A seca é um dos principais fatores limitantes à produtividade agrícola ao redor do mundo. Com a expansão da área de plantio da cana-de-açúcar para regiões brasileiras caracterizadas por apresentarem deficiência hídrica por longos períodos durante o ano, torna-se essencial a obtenção de germoplasma de cana-de-açúcar tolerante a esse estresse. Identificar ferramentas adequadas de seleção e características quantificáveis podem facilitar o processo de melhoramento da cultura para tolerância à seca, visto que há dificuldade em identificar características únicas que possam ser utilizadas para a seleção. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar a habilidade de algumas variáveis morfofisiológicas para distinguir entre tolerantes e susceptíveis quatro cultivares comerciais de cana-de-açúcar sob dois regimes hídricos. O experimento foi conduzido em vasos contendo 22 litros de substrato, em casa de vegetação localizada na Unidade de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento da APTA Polo Centro-Oeste, Jaú,SP. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4x2x3 (cultivares x regimes hídricos x épocas de avaliação), com três repetições. Aos 84 dias após a emergência, as cultivares RB72454, RB855453, SP81-3250 e SP83-2847 foram submetidas aos tratamentos de teor de umidade (%): sem deficiência (-D) e com deficiência (+D) promovida por 50% do teor de umidade ideal e avaliadas durante três épocas: 0, 28 e 56 dias após o início dos tratamentos. As variáveis avaliadas foram: altura do colmo, número de folhas verdes, comprimento e largura da folha +3, área foliar, densidade estomática, massa foliar específica, estimativa do conteúdo de clorofila (via SPAD e via espectrofotômetro), máxima eficiência fotoquímica do fotossistema II (Fv/Fm), condutância estomática, conteúdo relativo de água, potencial hídrico foliar e massa... / Drought is one of major limiting factors to agricultural productivity around the world. With the expansion of planting area of sugarcane for Brazilian regions characterized by water stress for long periods during the year, it becomes essential to obtain germplasm of tolerant sugarcane. Identify appropriate tools for selection and quantifiable characteristics can facilitate the process of crop breeding for drought tolerance, since there is difficulty in identifying unique characteristics that can be used for selection. This study aimed to verify the ability of some morphological and physiological variables to distinguish between tolerant and susceptible four sugarcane commercial cultivars under two water regimes. The experiment was carried out in pots containing 22 liters of substrate, in a greenhouse located in the Unit of Research and Development of APTA, Jaú, SP. The experimental design was randomized in factorial 4x2x3 (genotypes x water regimes x evaluation times) with three replicates. At 84 days after emergence, cultivars RB72454, RB855453, SP81-3250 and SP83-2847 were exposed to humidity treatments: no stress (-D) and stress (+ D) promoted by 50% of the ideal humidity and evaluated for three times: 0, 28 and 56 days after the initiation of the treatments (DAT). The variables evaluated were: stalk height, green leaf number, length and width of leaf +3, leaf area, stomatal density, specific leaf mass, estimated chlorophyll content (via SPAD and via spectrophotometer), maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), stomatal conductance, relative water content, leaf water potential and dry weight of shoots and roots. We found a higher height of stalk, number of green leaves, leaf area, stomatal density at adaxial and abaxial surfaces, higher maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), estimation of chlorophyll content (SPAD index) and leaf water potential... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Comme pour les autres organes multicellulaires, la croissance et le développement de la feuille et du fruit sont caractérisés par la coordination de la division et de l'expansion des cellules qui sont des processus majeurs de la croissance. Les cellules du péricarpe du fruitcharnu connaissent également des endocycles successifs entrainant ainsi une augmentationimportante de la ploïdie des cellules. Il existe un lien évident entre la croissance cellulaire etl'endoréduplication, cependant, celui-ci est encore mal connu du point de vue fonctionnel. Lesprocessus cellulaires interagissent fortement durant le développement de l’organe et sont liésaux flux de carbone et d'eau dans la plante. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est de mieuxcomprendre le contrôle multi-échelles de la croissance des feuilles et des fruits chez la tomate(Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) et de la plasticité de leur croissance en réponse à des stresshydriques du sol.L’étude a essentiellement porté sur le génotype de tomate cerise Solanum lycopersicum, cv.West Virginia 106 (WVa 106) qui a été cultivé dans différentes conditions d’irrigation grâce àdes systèmes automatisés développés pour cette étude. La réponse au déficit hydrique du sol aété étudiée à différentes échelles d’observation, (tissu, organe, plante entière) et à différentsstades de croissance de la plante en adaptant des protocoles utilisés jusque-là pour des plantesà croissance déterminée et des feuilles simples. Deux génotypes transgéniques modifiés sur ungène de régulation du cycle cellulaire ont aussi été cultivés afin de faire varier les traits liés àla croissance cellulaire et mieux comprendre leurs liens. Les cinétiques de croissance desorganes source et puits que sont la feuille et le fruit aux échelles cellulaire et tissulaire ontaussi été décrites. Les résultats ont apporté des éléments nouveaux sur les coordinations entreles différents processus étudiés et conforté des hypothèses déjà présentes dans la littérature.Ces travaux ont permis de fournir un jeu de données original sur les effets du stress hydriquesur les processus cellulaires (division, expansion, endoréduplication) impliqués dans lacroissance de la feuille et du fruit chez la tomate et, de mieux comprendre leur interactions àplus large échelle, la plante dans sa globalité. En perspectives, ce jeu de données pourrapermettre de faire évoluer un modèle de développement du fruit charnu en condition optimaleet tester sa généricité sur un autre organe, la feuille. Il ouvre des pistes sur la réflexion autourde la modélisation de la plasticité de la plante en réponse au stress hydrique. / As for other multicellular organs, growth and development of leaves and fruits arecharacterized by cell division and expansion. Cell division and expansion are two maingrowth processes. Fleshy fruit pericarp cells also include successive endocycles that providean important increase in cell ploidy. There is a clear link between cell growth andendoreduplication. However, this link is still unclear from a functional point of view. Cellularprocesses interact during organ development and are related to plant water and carbon flows.The objective of this thesis is to give insights into the multi-scale control of leaves and fruitsgrowth in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) and the plasticity of growth-related traits inresponse to soil water stresses.This study mainly focused on cherry tomato Solanum lycopersicum, cv. West Virginia 106(WVa 106). This genotype was cultivated in different conditions of watering regimes withautomated systems developed for this study. Soil water deficit response was studied atdifferent observation scales (tissue, organ, whole plant) and at different plant growth stagesthanks to protocols that were used until now on plants with determinate growth and simpleleaves that were modified for this study. Two transgenic genotypes modified on a cell cycleregulation gene were also cultivated to create variations on growth related traits for a betterunderstanding of their relationships. Multi-scale growth kinetics of source and sink organs(leaf and fruit) were also analyzed. Results have brought new elements about growth-relatedtraits coordination and have reinforced a few hypotheses already presented in scientificpapers. This work has supplied an original dataset on water stress effects on cellular processes(division, expansion, endoreduplication) related to leaf and fruit growth in tomato in thecontext of the plant as a whole. In perspectives, this dataset may allow to further develop anexisting model of fleshy fruit development which was first developed for fruits of plantsgrowing optimal condition. Genericity of this model will be tested on another organ, the leaf.This work also opens some tracks about how the model could be modified when growth islimited by water stress.

Submitted by Maria Beatriz Vieira (mbeatriz.vieira@gmail.com) on 2017-06-06T13:25:21Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_angelita_celente_martins.pdf: 733168 bytes, checksum: c74065f4c9562bd019898f47b44438ad (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-06-06T14:30:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_angelita_celente_martins.pdf: 733168 bytes, checksum: c74065f4c9562bd019898f47b44438ad (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-06T14:30:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_angelita_celente_martins.pdf: 733168 bytes, checksum: c74065f4c9562bd019898f47b44438ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Os campos naturais sul-americanos apresentam várias espécies nativas com grande potencial forrageiro, que podem servir para o desenvolvimento de novos materiais cultivados mais produtivos e adaptados às mudanças climáticas. Dentre essas, destacam-se algumas leguminosas, como Macroptilium lathyroides L., Vigna luteola Jacq. e Desmodium incanum DC. O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar alguns mecanismos fisiológicos e bioquímicos de adaptação ao estresse, causado pela restrição hídrica no solo, em leguminosas nativas dos campos sul-brasileiros. As plantas foram obtidas a partir de sementes coletadas a campo e semeadas em bandejas multicelular de polipropileno expendido contendo substrato comercial (turfa fértil) e cultivadas em casa de vegetação. Após 49 dias da semeadura, as plantas foram transferidas para vasos plásticos, perfurados, com capacidade de 3L, mantendo-se três plantas por vaso. O substrato utilizado foi constituído de turfa fértil e solo, na proporção de 1:1. O tratamento com restrição hídrica foi iniciado 30 dias após o transplante por meio da suspensão da irrigação. O monitoramento do teor de umidade foi realizado por gravimetria. As plantas do tratamento controle foram mantidas na capacidade de campo. As avaliações foram realizadas aos quatro, 11 e 18 dias após a submissão ao déficit hídrico e aos dois, cinco e nove dias após a reidratação. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) e analisados por comparação de médias pelo Teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. A unidade experimental consistiu em um vaso contendo três plantas. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de crescimento, (massa seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular e área foliar), concentração de pigmentos fotossintéticos (clorofilas a, b, total e de carotenoides totais) e o teor relativo de água em folhas, extravasamento de eletrólitos, teores de açúcares solúveis totais, prolina, peróxido de hidrogênio e malondialdeído em folhas e raízes. Os resultados obtidos permitem inferir que, em plantas de Macroptilium lathyroides e Desmodium incanum há uma relação direta entre o crescimento, caracterizado pelo acúmulo de massa seca na parte aérea e raiz respectivamente, o potencial de água nas folhas, a área foliar e o teor de clorofila total. Relação esta que não foi observada em Vigna luteola. O acúmulo de solutos compatíveis como açúcares solúveis e prolina constitui uma estratégia metabólica evidente para adaptação à restrição hídrica nas três espécies de leguminosas. / Many native species from southern brazilian rangelands have elevated potencial to be cultivated as forage and could be used to develop more productive and adapted materials to stress caused by climate changes such as some legume species: Macroptilium lathyroides L., Vigna luteola Jacq. and Desmodium incanum DC. The aim of this work was to characterize some biochemical and physiological adaptation mechanisms to stress caused by soil water deficit in native legume species from southern brazilian rangelands. Seeds were collected from native rangelands plants and planted in foam box cells containing commercial substrate (turf with nutrients) and grown under green house conditions. Plants were transferred to 3 L perforate plastic pots containing turf and soil in a 1:1 proportion, 49 days after sowing. Water deficit treatments were applied by stopping the irrigation of plants and initiated 30 days after plants were tranferred to pots. Soil moisture levels were monitored by gravimetry and control plants were kept closed to the field capacity. Growth and biochemical analysis were done at four, 11 and 18 days after plants were submitted to water deficit and at two, five and nine days after rehydratation of substrate in a group plants upon 18 days of water deficit treatment. Experiments were carried out in a fully randomized block design and the data were analysed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). When F was significant the treatments means were compared by Tukey’s test (p0.05). Each treatment consisted of four replicates and each replicate consisted of one pot containing three plants. Growth parameters (root and shoot dry mass and leaf area), photosynthetic pigments concentration (chlorophyll a, b and total, total carotenoids) and relative water content in leaves, electrolyte likage, total soluble sugars contents, proline levels, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdeyd contents in leaves and roots were quantified. Macroptilium lathyroides and Desmodium incanum growth, characterized by dry mass accumulation in shoot and root system, was affected by water deficit in a similar way as water leaf potential, leaf area and total chlorophyll content. In Vigna luteola plants the relatioship between these parameters was not observed. Compatible solute accumulation such as soluble sugars and proline constitutes an evident metabolic strategy for adaptation to water restriction in the three legume species.

Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2016-05-05T13:54:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Daniela Duarte Barbosa.pdf: 2159661 bytes, checksum: 3e6acd4ae88f0d55064e106e8844dce7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Secta BC (secta.csu.bc@uepb.edu.br) on 2016-07-21T21:06:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Daniela Duarte Barbosa.pdf: 2159661 bytes, checksum: 3e6acd4ae88f0d55064e106e8844dce7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Secta BC (secta.csu.bc@uepb.edu.br) on 2016-07-21T21:06:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Daniela Duarte Barbosa.pdf: 2159661 bytes, checksum: 3e6acd4ae88f0d55064e106e8844dce7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-21T21:06:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Daniela Duarte Barbosa.pdf: 2159661 bytes, checksum: 3e6acd4ae88f0d55064e106e8844dce7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a herbaceous oilseed original in Latin America and cultivated in many regions of Brazil due to great capacity for environmental adaptation. But some biotic and abiotic environmental factors such as water stress, affect the peanut production capacity, however negative economic impacts that vary depending on the duration of the drought and the phenological phase of the plants. In this context aimed to evaluate the interaction of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, as promoters of tolerance to drought in three peanut genotypes, assessing physiological and vegetative growth parameters. We used three genotypes of peanut and two cultivars (BRS Havana and CNPA 76 AM) and an advanced line (2012-4), the treatments were formed from the inoculation of three strains of rhizobia (SEMIA 6144, 123-10A and SEMIA 4077) , a nitrogenous chemical source (ammonium sulfate) and without nitrogen witness and two water regimes. The experimental design was completely randomized with factorial 3 x 5 x 2 with 6 repetitions. Data were analyzed using the statistical program SISVAR version 5.6, which were submitted to variance analysis by T test and comparison of means by Tukey test at 5% significance. The variables of gas exchange were affected by drought and decreased the plant height, shoot dry weight, dry weight of nodules and number of nodes. The drought also reduced gas exchange in peanut genotypes, however, the rhizobia mitigated the effects of drought. There was an increase in proline content in plants under water stress and antioxidant enzymes acted in accordance with the needs of the plant defense mechanisms. The genotypes studied were tolerant to drought in the presence of strains 123-10A and SEMIA 6144, and 123-10A was more responsive in most of the variables analyzed. / O amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.) é uma oleaginosa herbácea originária da América Latina e cultivada em várias regiões do Brasil, por sua grande capacidade de adaptação ambiental. Porém, alguns fatores ambientais bióticos e abióticos, como o estresse hídrico, afetam a capacidade de produção do amendoim, desencadeando impactos econômicos negativos, que variam dependendo da duração da estiagem e da fase fenológica das plantas. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se avaliar a interação de microrganismos fixadores de nitrogênio, como promotores de tolerância ao déficit hídrico em três genótipos de amendoim, avaliando-se parâmetros fisiológicos e de crescimento vegetativo. Foram usados três genótipos de amendoim, sendo duas cultivares (BRS Havana e CNPA 76 AM) e uma linhagem avançada (2012-4), os tratamentos foram formados a partir da inoculação de três isolados de rizóbio (SEMIA 6144, 123-10A e SEMIA 4077), uma fonte química nitrogenada (sulfato de amônia) e a testemunha sem nitrogênio e dois regimes hídricos. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com fatorial de 3 x 5 x 2 com 6 repetições. Os dados obtidos foram analisados por meio do Programa estatístico SISVAR versão 5.6, os quais foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste T e a comparação de médias pelo de Teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. As variáveis de trocas gasosas foram afetadas pelo déficit hídrico e houve redução da altura de planta, massa seca da parte aérea, peso seco de nódulos e número de nódulos. O déficit hídrico reduziu também as trocas gasosas nos genótipos de amendoim, contudo, os rizóbios mitigaram os efeitos do déficit hídrico. Houve aumento no teor de prolina nas plantas sob restrição hídrica e as enzimas antioxidantes atuaram de acordo com as necessidades dos mecanismos de defesa das plantas. Os genótipos estudados foram tolerantes ao déficit hídrico na presença das estirpes 123-10A e SEMIA 6144, sendo que 123-10A foi mais a responsiva na maioria das variáveis analisadas.

Entender os mecanismos de defesa das plantas de crisântemo em resposta à deficiência hídrica é importante no processo produtivo desta cultura. O objetivo neste trabalho foi determinar a resposta da transpiração e do crescimento foliar, de cultivares de crisântemo (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev.), ao conteúdo de água disponível em substrato, representado pela fração de água transpirável em substrato (FATS). Foram realizados dois experimentos, no setor de floricultura do Colégio Politécnico da UFSM, utilizando-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo um no fim da primavera de 2011, com aplicação dos tratamentos a partir de 09/12/2011 - e um no inverno de 2012, com aplicação dos tratamentos a partir de 07/07/2012. As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos de 2,8 litros, preenchidos com substrato e dispostos no interior de uma casa de vegetação com controle de temperatura. As cultivares de crisântemo utilizadas foram a Cherry White (de vaso), Repin Bronze (de corte), Apple Valley (de vaso) e Calábria (de corte). A FATS, a transpiração e o crescimento foliar foram determinados diariamente durante o período de imposição da deficiência hídrica em cada experimento. A FATS crítica no crisântemo que começa a afetar a transpiração, indicativo do início do fechamento estomático, é de 0,63 para a cultivar Cherry White; 0,60 para a cultivar Repin Bronze; 0,53 para a cultivar Apple Valley; e 0,51, para a cultivar Calábria. A redução do crescimento foliar inicia com um valor de FATS crítica de 0,67 para a cultivar Cherry White; 0,69 para a cultivar Repin Bronze; 0,59 para a cultivar Apple Valley e 0,54, para a cultivar Calábria. As cultivares Cherry White e Repin Bronze apresentam maior tolerância ao déficit hídrico do que as cultivares Apple Valley e Calábria. O crescimento foliar começa ser reduzido com um valor de FATS crítica maior do que o valor de FATS crítica em que a transpiração começa a ser reduzida. A deficiência hídrica afeta negativamente as variáveis de crescimento e de desenvolvimento de cultivares de crisântemo. / Understand the defense mechanisms of plants of chrysanthemum in response to water stress is important in the production process of this crop. The objective of this study was to determine the response of the plant to transpiration and leaf growth of chrysanthemum cultivars (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev.), related to the available water content in the substrate, represented by the fraction of transpirable substrate water (FTSW). Two Greenhouse experiments were conducted in the flower sector of the Polytechnic College UFSM, using a completely randomized design. One started end of spring of 2011, with application of treatments on 09/12/2011 and the second in winter 2012, with application of treatments on 07/07/2012. Plants were grown in 2.8 liter pots filled with substrate and arranged inside a greenhouse with temperature control. The chrysanthemum cultivars were Cherry White (potted), Repin Bronze (for cut), Apple Valley (potted) and Calabria (for cut). The FTSW, transpiration and leaf growth were determined daily during the period of imposition of water deficit in each experiment. The threshold FTSW for Chrysanthemum that begins to affect transpiration, is an indicative of early stomatal closure and was 0.63 for the cultivar Cherry White, 0.60 for Repin Bronze, 0.53 for Apple Valley and 0.51, for Calabria. Leaf growth began to be reduced at a threshold FTSW of 0.67 for Cherry White, 0.69 for Repin Bronze, 0.59 for Apple Valley and 0.54, for Calabria. Cultivars Cherry White and Bronze Repin proved to be more tolerant to water deficit than the cultivars Apple Valley and Calábria. The reduced leaf growth starts with a threshold FTSW value larger than the threshold FTSW value related to reduced transpirations. The water deficit negatively affected the variables of growth and development of the chrysanthemum cultivars.

A escassez de água é um dos fatores mais limitantes à produção agrícola. O entendimento dos fatores que regem a extração da água do solo por plantas e a sua distribuição ao longo do sistema radicular em condições hidráulicas contrastantes é importante para o ajuste fino de modelos hidrológicos que servem de referência para modelos de produção vegetal e meteorológicos, entre outros. Com a finalidade de contribuir com o conhecimento sobre a dinâmica da água na rizosfera, nesta dissertação um modelo de partição de extração de água do solo pelas raízes foi descrito e testado experimentalmente. Para poder medir a partição da extração de água do solo por raízes impondo condições contrastantes de teor de água foi criado um ambiente artificial, um lisímetro com dois compartimentos A e B separados fisicamente (split-pot). Foram confeccionados quatro desses lisímetros, preenchidos com material de um solo de textura média e plantados com duas plantas de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), dividindo o sistema radicular ao meio entre os compartimentos. Sensores de TDR e tensiômetros foram instalados nos lisímetros para monitoramento do teor de água no solo e referencia para irrigação, respectivamente. O manejo da irrigação adotado foi constituído de quatro fases: I - irrigação apenas do compartimento B e secagem do compartimento A (07/05 25/05); II - secagem dos dois compartimentos (26/05 05/06); III - irrigação do compartimento A e secagem do compartimento B (06/06 14/06); IV - secagem dos dois compartimentos (15/06 - 22/06). O material de solo utilizado foi analisado quanto a suas propriedades hidráulicas. Após o fim do período de monitoramento os lisímetros foram desmontados e os parâmetros radiculares determinados. Para avaliar o desempenho do modelo de extração radicular compararam-se os dados observados de teor de água (obs) com os previstos pelo modelo (mod), utilizando-se a raiz do erro médio quadrático (RMSE) como indicador quantitativo. Incluiu-se um fator de correção para atividade e distribuição do sistema radicular. Para as quatro unidades experimentais, os valores do teor de água variaram devido às lâminas de irrigação aplicadas e a extração de água pela planta. Observaram-se, ainda, muito mais valores positivo de modelados do que observados, o que indica que a resistência hidráulica interna das raízes e mecanismos que impedem o refluxo de água ao solo, não considerados pelo modelo, podem, na verdade, ter um papel importante nas relações hídricas na rizosfera. Concluiu-se que o experimento permitiu fazer observações da extração radicular em condições hidráulicas contrastantes de seu sistema radicular. As plantas demonstraram preferência por extrair água dos compartimentos mais úmidos, interrompendo a exploração dos mais secos. Em diversas ocasiões a liberação da água ao solo foi observada nos compartimentos mais secos. Utilizando-se um fator de eficiência radicular de 0,015, o modelo testado descreveu razoavelmente bem as observações. / Water shortage is one of the most limiting factors for agricultural production. The understanding of factors that rule the extraction of soil water by plants and its distribution along the root system under contrasting hydraulic conditions is important for fine-tuning hydrological models which are a reference for crop growth models, meteorological models, among others. Aiming to contribute with the understanding of water dynamics in the rhizosphere, a model for the description of root water extraction partition was described and experimentally tested in this dissertation. To measure the root water extraction partition under contrasting hydraulic conditions an artificial environment was created: a split-pot lysimeter with two physically divided compartments A and B. Four of these lysimeters were constructed, filled with a medium textured soil and populated by two sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) plants whose root systems were divided among the compartments. TDR and tensiometer equipment was installed in the lysimeters to measure soil water content and as a reference for irrigation, respectively. Irrigation management consisted of four phases: I - irrigation only in compartment B, drying out compartment A (07/May 25/May); II no irrigation, drying out of both compartments (26/May 05/June); III - irrigation only in compartment A, drying out compartment B (06/June 14/June); IV - no irrigation, drying out of both compartments (15/June 22/June). Soil hydraulic properties were determined in laboratory. At the end of the experimental period, lysimeters were disassembled and root system parameters were determined. To evaluate the performance of the root water extraction model, observed water contents were compared with model predictions, using the root means square error (RMSE) as quantitative index. A correction factor for root activity and distribution was included. Water contents were observed to vary in the four lysimeters due to irrigation and root water extraction. Model predictions showed much more positive values of than observed, suggesting that internal root resistance and mechanisms impeding reflux from root to soil, not considered by the model may play an important role in rhizosphere water relations. It is concluded that the experiment permitted to observe root water extraction under contrasting hydraulic conditions in the root system. Plants showed preference for water extraction from the wetter compartments, interrupting the exploitation of the dryer ones. On several occasions, a hydraulic lift (water transfer from roots to soil) was observed in the dry compartments. Using a root system efficiency factor of 0.015, the tested model described the observations reasonably well.

Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2016-03-02T12:18:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) PDF - Thiago Anderson Oliveira de Azevedo.pdf: 4705021 bytes, checksum: 02a16af8143f41fb86906d49b074d7db (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Secta BC (secta.csu.bc@uepb.edu.br) on 2016-06-13T20:28:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 PDF - Thiago Anderson Oliveira de Azevedo.pdf: 4705021 bytes, checksum: 02a16af8143f41fb86906d49b074d7db (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-13T20:29:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 PDF - Thiago Anderson Oliveira de Azevedo.pdf: 4705021 bytes, checksum: 02a16af8143f41fb86906d49b074d7db (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The bean Vigna is cultivated in the Brazilian Northeast, being an important source of food for the population. In the semiarid region, Vigna is one of the most important crops, mainly in cultivation by family farming. For its socioeconomic importance and need for research, this work was carried out, aiming to evaluate components of growth, development and production of four genotypes of the Vigna bean. The plants were grown in drainage lysimeters submitted to managments practices in distinct phases of the phenological cycle, varying the conditions of presoaking of seeds, by evaluating the degree of plant recovery after ceased the stress factor. Genotypes: G1- BRS Itaim; G2 - BRS Cauamé; G3 - BRS Guariba; G4 - BRS Pajeú were used. Irrigation managements were: S0 - full irrigation throughout the cycle of the plants; S1- full water supplementation until the phase V3, when irrigation was suspended, until the appearance of the first flower bud, turning to irrigate until the end of the cycle; S2 - full water supplementation, until the phase R2, when the supply of water was suspended for 20 days, starting to irrigate again until the end of the cycle. Pre-soaking seeds: Eo - without soaking; E1- soaking in water during 8 hours, with sowing then; E2 - soaking during 8 hours followed by drying in the shade by 3 hours and then sowing. In factorial scheme, the factors resulted in 36 treatments, on split plot, with 4 replications. In plots were distributed the genotypes (G) and the managements of irrigation (S) and in sub plots the conditions of pre-soaking (E). Germination, growth, physiological and production variables and degree of recovery of the genotypes to water stress were evaluated. The treatment of presoaking did not affect the germination and emergency variables. The length of the hypocotyl and of the epicotyl were not influenced by the treatment of pre-soaking. The water stress damage is most evident in the gas exchange (transpiration and photosynthesis), and these variables are useful tools in evaluating the effects of stress of water in Vigna. There was damage to the photosystem II, caused by water deficit. The components of production and dry matter were more affected by stress during the reproductive phase. The genotype`BRS Pajeu` is the most tolerant to water stress and the ‘Guariba’ is the most sensitive one, especially in situations of water shortage. / O feijão Vigna é cultivado em todo o Nordeste brasileiro, sendo uma importante fonte de alimento para a população. No semiárido, é uma das culturas mais relevantes, principalmente, em cultivos da agricultura familiar. Por sua importância socioeconômica e necessidade de pesquisas, foi realizado este trabalho, objetivando-se avaliar componentes de crescimento, desenvolvimento e de produção de quatro genótipos de feijão Vigna. As plantas foram cultivadas em lisímetros de drenagem, submetidas a práticas de manejo de irrigação, em fases distintas do ciclo fenológico, variando as condições de pré-embebição das sementes, avaliando-se, também, o grau de recuperação das plantas, após cessado o fator de estresse. Genótipos: G 1 - BRS Itaim; G 2 – BRS Cauamé; G3 - BRS Guariba; G4 - BRS Pajeú. Manejos de regas: M 1 – irrigação plena, durante todo o ciclo das plantas; M 2 – suplementação hídrica plena, até a fase V3, quando foi suspensa a irrigação, até o surgimento do primeiro botão floral, voltando-se a irrigar até o final do ciclo; M 3 – suplementação hídrica plena, até a fase R2, quando foi suspenso o fornecimento de água, por 20 dias, voltando-se a irrigar até o final do ciclo. Pré-embebição de sementes: E 0 – sem embebição; E 1 - embebição em água durante 8 horas, com semeadura em seguida; E 2 - embebição durante 8 horas, seguida de secagem à sombra por 3 horas, com semeadura em seguida. Fatorialmente combinados os fatores, resultaram em 36 tratamentos, em parcelas subdivididas, com 4 repetições, sendo a parcela constituída de um lisímetro. Na parcela foram distribuídos os genótipos (G) e os manejos de regas (M) e nas subparcelas as condições de pré-embebição (E). Avaliaram-se variáveis de germinação, crescimento, fisiológicas e de produção e grau de recuperação dos genótipos ao estresse hídrico. Os tratamentos de pré-embebição não influenciaram as variáveis de germinação e de emergência. O comprimento do hipocótilo e do epicótilo também não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos de pré-embebição. Nas variáveis de crescimento há uma tendência de destaque da cv. BRS Cauamé. Os danos do estresse hídrico são mais evidentes nas trocas gasosas (transpiração e fotossíntese), constituindo-se, tais variáveis, uma ferramenta útil na avaliação dos efeitos do estresse hídrico em Vigna. Houve dano ao fotossistema II, provocado pelo déficit hídrico. Os componentes de produção e de massa seca foram mais afetados por estresse na fase reprodutiva. O genótipo ‘BRS Pajeú’ é o mais tolerante ao estresse hídrico e o ‘Guariba’ é o mais sensível, principalmente em situações de falta d’água.

Eucalyptus species account for almost 80% of the forests planted in Brazil, which makes silviculture an activity of great importance in the national and international scenario. Despite its adaptability, Eucalyptus is subject to damages caused by climate change, especially the water deficit. Most plants have survival strategies in water deficit situations. Association with mycorrhizal fungi (FM) is one of them, since they increase water and nutrients uptake by the roots. Thus, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the colonization of mycorrhizal fungi in six Eucalyptus species with different levels of drought tolerance: E. brassiana, E. camaldulensis, E. citriodora, E. cloeziana, E. grandis and E. urophylla. Two trials were carried out, one in the field and another in a greenhouse. In the greenhouse, the substrate of the pots were submitted to different levels of water retention, 50, 75 and 100% of the field capacity, for three months. In the field, soil and roots were sampled at two different periods: after the dry period and after the rainy season. The soil samples and fine roots collected from the two experiments were submitted to microbiological and molecular analyses. AMF root colonization was evaluated. The ITS genes were analyzed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and the fungal community structure by restriction fragment polymorphism (T-RFLP). Among the eucalypt species studied, E. urophylla presented higher colonization in both trials. Soil microbial activity was strongly affected by soil moisture. The fungal community structure did not differ clearly among the treatments. Age of plants and soil moisture seemed to affect the plant species more than levels of water stress tolerance. / As espécies de eucalipto respondem por quase 80% das florestas plantadas no Brasil, o que faz da silvicultura uma atividade de grande importância no cenário nacional e internacional. Apesar de sua adaptabilidade, o eucalipto está sujeito a danos que as alterações climáticas podem causar, especialmente o déficit hídrico. A maioria das plantas possui estratégias de sobrevivência em situações de déficit hídrico. A associação com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) é uma delas, pois aumenta a absorção de água e nutrientes pelas raízes. Assim, o objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar a colonização de fungos micorrízicos em seis espécies de Eucalyptus com diferentes níveis de tolerância à seca: E. brassiana, E. camaldulensis, E. citriodora, E. cloeziana, E. grandis e E. urophylla. Dois ensaios foram realizados: um no campo e outro em casa de vegetação. Em casa de vegetação, os vasos foram submetidos a diferentes níveis de água: 50, 75 e 100% da capacidade de campo, por três meses. No campo, as amostras foram coletadas em dois períodos diferentes: após o período seco e após a estação chuvosa. As amostras de solo e raízes finas coletadas nos dois experimentos foram submetidas à análise microbiológica e molecular. A colonização da raiz por FMA foi avaliada. Os genes ITS foram analisados por PCR quantitativo (qPCR) e a estrutura da comunidade fúngica por polimorfismo de fragmentos de restrição (T-RFLP). Dentre as espécies estudadas, E. urophylla apresentou maior colonização em ambos os ensaios. A atividade microbiana do solo foi fortemente afetada pela umidade do solo. A estrutura da comunidade fúngica não se diferenciou claramente entre os tratamentos. A idade das plantas e a umidade do solo parecem ter maior efeito no desempenho das espécies de eucalipto do que seu nível de tolerância ao estresse hídrico.

Although water stress is an important selective force in many environments, it is not commonly considered to be of particular importance in tundra areas. Even t hough large portions of tundra may have an abundance of water, other more exposed areas may become quite dry. This microsite variability with respect to moisture stress was reflected in soil water potential measurements obtained from an alpine tundra area on Niwot Ridge in Colorado. Even though soil water potentials were consistently above -5 bars in a relatively low lying Deschampsia meadow, soil water potentials from an exposed fellfield area were often as low as -15 bars. Since moisture stress affects a number of important physiological processes in plants and since moisture stress may develop in at least some tundra areas, this study was undertaken to determine whether the sensitivity of plant physiological processes to water stress may be one important contributing factor in determining the microsite distribution of different tundra species. The alpine tundra species examined in this study were Deschampsia caespitosa which is typically found in wet meadow habitats and Geum rossii, a species which ranges from wet meadow to exposed fellfield habitats. The arctic tundra species investigated were Dupontia fischeri which is restricted mainly to wet meadow areas and Carex aquatilis, a species ranging from wet meadows to drier, more exposed areas. For both the arctic and al pine tundra species, though the photosynthetic capacities of the tundra species restricted mainly to wet meadow areas were higher under conditions of low moisture stress, the wider ranging tundra species were able to maintain greater photosynthetic capacity as soil moisture stress increased. Although the depression of photosynthesis with water stress in these tundra species could be partially attributed to reduced stomatal aperture, with decreased soil water potential most of the decline of photosynthesis was due to a greater non-stomatal or residual resistance, indicating a direct impact of water stress on the photosynthetic apparatus. Dark respiration did not increase with enhanced water stress. Thus, although photorespiration may have increased, increased mitochondrial respiration is unlikely involved in the depression of net photosynthesis. The wet site species typically exhibited higher photosynthesis/transpiration ratios for photosynthesis at low soil moisture stress levels; however, as soil moisture stress increased, the wider ranging species generally maintained higher photosynthesis/transpiration ratios. At high soil water potentials stomata of the species restricted typically to wet meadow tundra areas did not appear to undergo a closing response until the bulk leaf water potential decreased; however, reduced stomatal aperture of the tundra species with a wider distribution was noted before leaf water potential dropped. Although the stomatal mechanism of wet site tundra species exhibited lower degrees of occlusion at high soil water potentials, for the more widely distributed tundra species, Carex and especially Geum, stomatal closure was less pronounced as soil water potential decreased. The ability of Geumto maintain a low liquid phase water transfer resistance from the soil to the leaves as well as to experience relatively small reductions in turgor pressure as moisture stress increased may be important factors in maintaining a favorable leaf water balance over a rather broad range of soil moisture regimes. Differences in turgor pressure response with respect to moisture stress may be associated with differences in cell wall elasticity. Calculations of cell wall elasticity suggest that the wider ranging species have more elastic cell walls as compared with the more rigid, inelastic cell walls in the wet site tundra species. The results of this study show that tundra plants have different gas exchange sensitivities and water relation responses with respect to moisture stress and suggest that these at tributes may be important contributing factors in determining the local distribution of these species.

This research examined the mechanisms by which temperature, water availability and nitrogen (N) affect the dry matter (DM) yield potential of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) dominant pastures. The experiment was a split plot design with main plots of fully irrigated (I) or dryland (D), sub-plots of N fertiliser at 800 kg N/ha in 2003/04; and 1600 kg N/ha in 2004/05 (+N) or 0 kg N/ha (-N). The potential environmental yield of an established 8 year old cocksfoot dominant pasture was 21.9 t DM/ha/y from I+N pastures compared with 9.8 t DM/ha by I-N pastures and 15.1 t DM/ha/y by D+N pastures. The lowest yields were from dryland pastures with no N which produced 7.5 t DM/ha/y in 2003/03 and 5.0 t DM/ha/y in 2004/05. The effect of seasonal temperatures on the DM production, when periods of water stress were excluded, was quantified using thermal time accumulated above a base temperature of 3°C as 7.0 kg DM/°Cd/ha for N fertilised pastures and 3.3 kg DM/°Cd/ha for pastures with no N. The 2.5 t DM/ha difference in yields of D-N pastures in 2003/04 and 2004/05 was the result of the duration, extent and timing of the water stress period. In both years the critical limiting deficit (DL) was calculated as 78 mm from the soil moisture deficit in the 0-0.8 m soil layers. Beyond DL yield decreased at a rate of 1.45%/mm in +N and –N pastures, relative to fully irrigated control pastures. Yields of D+N and D-N pastures were similar during periods of water stress with 0.4±0.1 t/DM/ha produced during the rotation ending 30/12/2003. This was less than from either the I-N (1.2 t DM/ha) or I+N (3.5 t DM/ha) pastures due to the reduction in the amount of photosynthetically active radiation intercepted by the canopies of the dryland pastures. However, in the rotation ending 2/5/2004, after autumn rain alleviated drought conditions, yield of the D+N pasture was 2.1 t DM/ha compared with 1.7 t DM/ha by I+N pastures. The effect of N on yield was described using a nutrition index which showed that as DM yield increased N% in the herbage declined. This is a function of the ratio between metabolic and structural N requirements rather than caused by ontogeny alone. Specific leaf N was determined at two harvests and appeared constant at a given point in time (1.0-1.6 g N/m² leaf). In contrast, specific pseudostem N increased from 0.8-1.0 g N/m² pseudostem at an NNI of 0.4 in –N pastures to 2.6-3.0 g N/m² pseudostem at an NNI of 1.2 in the +N pastures. Differences between the yields of +N and –N pastures were caused by differences in radiation use efficiency (RUE) as determined by the linear relationship (R²=0.76) between RUE and the nitrogen nutrition index (NNI). In this thesis, empirical relationships for the effects of temperature, water availability and N were derived and the physiological mechanisms which underlie these descriptions were identified. These relationships provide clear and simple explanations of the effects of environmental variables on the productivity of cocksfoot based pastures which will enhance understanding of the benefits and limitations of cocksfoot, particularly in dryland farming systems.