Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) was adopted in Thailand in 2004 to encourage the efficient use of water in the agricultural sector. PIM refers to the participation of water users at all phases of irrigation management such as planning, operation, maintenance, monitoring, and evaluation. The purpose of this research was to understand the relationships between public participation, learning, and the implementation of more sustainable water practices through PIM in Thailand. Two integrated water user groups (IWUGs) were selected from the Krasiew Reservoir, Suphanburi Province. Data collection included document review, semi-structured telephone interviews, semi-structured face-to-face interviews, observation, and informal meetings. Case study data showed that after the water allocation and delivery schedule were developed and agreed on by the Joint Management Committee for Irrigation members, the final water delivery pattern at each canal was made by a majority vote among members at an IWUG general meeting. The final water allocation strategy at each canal was based on a discussion among IWUG committee members. Water user group (WUG) chiefs and WUG members were responsible for designing their own water allocation pattern and schedule for ditches. Results showed that participating in PIM activities fostered both instrumental and communicative learning among PIM participants. The instrumental learning outcomes included: new skills and information; the development of political, legal, economic, social, or administrative procedures; a determination of the cause-effect relationships; and task-oriented problem solving. The communicative learning outcomes involved: a better understanding of the issue at hand; a more critical understanding of themselves or situations; insight into the interests of others; communication strategies and methods; and comparative reflection. Findings also revealed that local farmers had begun implementing more sustainable water practices after receiving comprehensive water information through PIM. This helped develop an understanding of a reservoir as a finite water resource. As a result, water saving awareness was fostered among farmers in order to maintain a water supply for all crop seasons. In addition, communicating compassionately through participating in PIM activities could foster further social action. The 2005 water crisis in the irrigation area was another factor which triggered a sense of urgency about the need for water conservation.

Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) was adopted in Thailand in 2004 to encourage the efficient use of water in the agricultural sector. PIM refers to the participation of water users at all phases of irrigation management such as planning, operation, maintenance, monitoring, and evaluation. The purpose of this research was to understand the relationships between public participation, learning, and the implementation of more sustainable water practices through PIM in Thailand. Two integrated water user groups (IWUGs) were selected from the Krasiew Reservoir, Suphanburi Province. Data collection included document review, semi-structured telephone interviews, semi-structured face-to-face interviews, observation, and informal meetings. Case study data showed that after the water allocation and delivery schedule were developed and agreed on by the Joint Management Committee for Irrigation members, the final water delivery pattern at each canal was made by a majority vote among members at an IWUG general meeting. The final water allocation strategy at each canal was based on a discussion among IWUG committee members. Water user group (WUG) chiefs and WUG members were responsible for designing their own water allocation pattern and schedule for ditches. Results showed that participating in PIM activities fostered both instrumental and communicative learning among PIM participants. The instrumental learning outcomes included: new skills and information; the development of political, legal, economic, social, or administrative procedures; a determination of the cause-effect relationships; and task-oriented problem solving. The communicative learning outcomes involved: a better understanding of the issue at hand; a more critical understanding of themselves or situations; insight into the interests of others; communication strategies and methods; and comparative reflection. Findings also revealed that local farmers had begun implementing more sustainable water practices after receiving comprehensive water information through PIM. This helped develop an understanding of a reservoir as a finite water resource. As a result, water saving awareness was fostered among farmers in order to maintain a water supply for all crop seasons. In addition, communicating compassionately through participating in PIM activities could foster further social action. The 2005 water crisis in the irrigation area was another factor which triggered a sense of urgency about the need for water conservation.

<p>The aim of the study is to understand the level of co-operation between emerging and commercial farmers in a Water User Associations. The effort is expected to inform policy and improve practice in the building of new water institutions as government strives to implement IWRM.</p>

<p>The aim of the study is to understand the level of co-operation between emerging and commercial farmers in a Water User Associations. The effort is expected to inform policy and improve practice in the building of new water institutions as government strives to implement IWRM.</p>

Magister Philosophiae (Integrated Water Resource Management) - MPhl(IWM) / The aim of the study is to understand the level of co-operation between emerging and commercial farmers in a Water User Associations. The effort is expected to inform policy and improve practice in the building of new water institutions as government strives to implement IWRM. / South Africa

The countries of the Nile Basin are on a collision course that could result in disastrous military action to determine control of the region’s main water source. In the wake of the Arab Spring, the Egyptian government has lost much of the regional clout that allowed it to maintain it’s ‘lion’s share’ of the Nile as outlined by the 1959 agreement. Population and economic growth in upstream countries, specifically Ethiopia, have resulted in intensified calls for a more equitable water-sharing agreement. Just weeks after Mubarak stepped down, Ethiopia unveiled plans to build the Grand Renaissance Dam. The GRD will significantly reduce the water that reaches Egypt’s borders but will significantly increase Ethiopia’s hydroelectric power and irrigation potential. Egypt’s population and agriculture sector rely heavily on the maintenance of this status quo; the country also faces the mounting effects of climate change, rising food prices and immense population growth. In order to avoid a severe water crisis, Egypt must be proactive and look to improve efficiency within its own borders. This paper will examine the inadequacies of Egypt’s agricultural and irrigation sectors. It will then use examples from Mexico’s successful irrigation reform and advocate a shift of control to local Water User Associations. Other domestic and basin-wide efforts to increase water-use efficiency will also be examined.

La thèse porte sur l'analyse de l'action publique dans le domaine de l'eau d'irrigation au Maroc. Nous analysons la rencontre entre un projet étatique d'aménagement, et un territoire rural au Maroc, à travers les configurations des acteurs et les enjeux locaux de ses composantes sociales et politiques. Comment le projet d'irrigation a-t-il permis d'accélérer une reconfiguration des rapports de pouvoirs et du leadership local, que nous avons analysé à travers les logiques des différents acteurs. Nous avons adopté un cadre analytique emprunté à la sociologie politique et basé sur l'analyse de l'action publique dans le domaine de l'irrigation. Ce cadre analytique nous a permis de mobiliser en parallèle deux modèles d'analyse : 1) le modèle synoptique pour l'analyse d'une action publique monopolisée par les acteurs publics, 2) celui des ajustements mutuels pour l'analyse d'une multitude d'acteurs dans une situation où l'Etat n'a plus le monopole de l'action publique. Nous avons fais le choix méthodologique d'analyser les acteurs en action, en privilégiant un travail empirique basé sur l'analyse des pratiques, et en décryptant une généalogie fine du projet d'irrigation du Moyen Sebou au Maroc. C'est une zone aménagée par les pouvoirs publics dans une perspective de gestion centralisée par l'administration agricole. Les négociations avec le bailleur de fonds, surgies lors du débat international sur la Gestion Participative en Irrigation, ont amené l'administration à confier la gestion de l'irrigation après aménagement à des agriculteurs organisés en associations. / The subject of this thesis is the analysis of public action in the field of irrigation water in Morocco. We analyze the confrontation of a state-led irrigation project, and a rural territory in the North of Morocco, by looking at the configuration and interaction of actors and local issues of its social and political components. How did the irrigation project contribute to the acceleration of a reconfiguration of power relations and local leadership in the area? Our analysis examined this question through the logic of the different actors. We worked within an analytical framework borrowed from political sociology and based on the analysis of state action in the field of irrigation. This analytical framework allowed us to identify two parallel models of analysis: 1) the synoptic model for the analysis of public action monopolized by public actors, 2) the mutual adjustments for the analysis of a multitude of actors in a situation where the state no longer has the monopoly of public action. We have made the methodological choice of analyzing the actors in action, focusing on empirical work based on the analysis of practices, and by decrypting a fine genealogy of the Moyen Sebou scheme in Morocco. The area is managed by public authorities in the context of a state-centralized management of the agricultural administration. Negotiations with the financial donors, that took place during the international debate on ‘Participative Irrigation Management', led the public administration to entrust the management of irrigation to farmers who are active in associations.

Cette recherche porte sur la place des petits périmètres irrigués (PPI) dans le système national de gestion de l’eau en Afrique du Sud. Nous avons choisi une approche par les représentations pour étudier et expliquer les difficultés rencontrées au sein des PPI par la création des water user associations (WUA) prévues par la réforme sur l’eau de 1998. Cette étude mène en parallèle un travail de déconstruction de la politique publique sud-africaine et un travail d’exploration des représentations sociales de petits agriculteurs. L’analyse des interprétations et des choix réalisés par les politiques dans la définition et la mise en place des WUA met en évidence une négation progressive de la capacité de participation des PPI par le biais de révisions successives du modèle de WUA. L’étude des représentations des agriculteurs est menée à l’aide d’un protocole de recherche novateur combinant méthodes discursives et visuelles. Elle révèle des représentations de la gestion de l’eau dépersonnalisées et dissociées du concept de contrôle. La notion de contrôle, centrale au discours des politiques, cristallise les problèmes rencontrés dans la participation des PPI au système national de gestion de l’eau : elle est la marque d’une divergence de représentations entre politiques et agriculteurs et la marque de la marginalisation des PPI. Notre recherche conclut en proposant de redéfinir le rôle des comités d’irrigation existants au sein des PPI mais oubliés de la réforme sur l’eau. Elle propose d’en faire des sous-comités des WUA à la fois indépendants et intégrés, des catalyseurs de la participation des PPI, et des intermédiaires entre agriculteurs et politique nationale de gestion de l’eau. / This research examines the role of small irrigation schemes (SIS) in the South African water management system. We chose to study and interpret the difficulties surrounding the creation of water user associations (WUA), undertaken following the 1998 water reform, in SIS, using a representational approach. This research consists both of a deconstruction of the South African water management policy and an exploration of farmers’ social representations using three case studies. Analysing the interpretations and choices made by officials in the definition and implementation of WUA, the study shows repeated revisions of the institution’s design leading to a gradual exclusion of SIS from participation and undermining of their capacities to contribute meaningfully to the national water management system. The study of farmers’ social representations is conducted using an innovative research design combining discursive and visual methods. It shows depersonalized representations of water management isolated from the concept of control. This concept, central to the political discourse, is at the very core of the difficulties surrounding SIS participation in the national water management system: it symbolizes the discrepancies between farmers’ and officials’ representations and the marginalisation of SIS. Our research concludes by proposing a redefinition of the role of existing irrigation committees in SIS neglected by the water reform until now. It proposes to transform irrigation committees into sub-committees of the WUA, to make them both independent and integrated, to allow them to drive SIS participation, and to establish them as intermediaries between farmers and the national water management policy.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-11T14:41:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlexandreWRP_DISSERT.pdf: 1965152 bytes, checksum: f1a7b641ec3db80d400136d44b140109 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-26 / In Brazil, the management of Public Irrigation Projects has become a challenge for decades, in which different policies were enacted by the Federal Government for the planning and development of the irrigation sector in the country. In an attempt to improve the performance of these projects, it was decided to transfer management as basic to their management direction. In this context, the study aimed to analyze the process of transfer of management in the irrigated São Gonçalo/PB, from the study of the actions, the barriers and opportunities that occur in this process, in view of the actors involved. The survey consisted of a study of qualitative and quantitative nature, setting up the scope of exploratory sequential design and exploratory, descriptive typology and field. Was considered as subject groups formed by: 1) key informants, 2) institutional actors and 3) user-irrigators. Data collection involved two phases, the first of a qualitative nature, in which we applied semi-structured individual interviews and focus group technique and the second, a quantitative approach, using a form containing 20 objective questions being. Data analysis considered two procedures, namely content analysis, both for interviews and for the Focus Group and the Descriptive Analysis and the Distribution of Frequency Synthesis and measure to the Form. Relating the results on Transfer Management itself, it was found that although the process represents a breakthrough in terms of ensuring sustainability and increased operating efficiency and productive perimeter, this still can not be effective as a democratic space . What was observed is that the actors have not been organized enough for the transfer to be fully implemented. The main results indicate that the possibilities of the transfer, in fact, are unknown, discredited and undervalued by most stakeholders. Another consideration relates to the barriers of different orders, such as the lack of production support, infrastructure precarious common use, irrigation system obsolete, land disputes, tariff charges, discontinuities actions and low management capacity, hindering the process . It was conclude that it´s necessary to promote the involvement and empowerment of stakeholders on Transfer Management, once it is understood between the actors, while users of the irrigation system, these are probably the most appropriate to operate the system will be able to leverage on the perimeter, conditions for their full transfer Management, which will express a higher stage of change, not only in the transfer itself, but especially in personal growth and collective actors such leading them to a level that will decide on improvements in Sao Goncalo a participatory and autonomous relationship / No Brasil, a gestão de Projetos Públicos de Irrigação tem se tornado um desafio ao longo de décadas, nas quais diversas políticas foram editadas pelo Governo Federal para o ordenamento e desenvolvimento do setor de irrigação no País. Na tentativa de melhorar o desempenho desses projetos, optou-se pela Transferência de Gestão como direcionamento básico para seu gerenciamento. Neste contexto, o estudo objetivou analisar o processo de Transferência de Gestão no Perímetro Irrigado de São Gonçalo/PB, a partir do estudo das ações, dos entraves e das possibilidades que ocorrem neste processo, na visão dos atores envolvidos.A pesquisa constituiu-se num estudo de natureza quali-quantitativa, configurando-se no escopo de projeto sequencial exploratório e tipologia exploratória, descritiva e de campo. Considerou-se como sujeitos os grupos formados por: 1) informantes-chave, 2) atores institucionais e 3) usuários-irrigantes. A coleta de dados compreendeu duas fases, sendo a primeira de natureza qualitativa, na qual aplicou-se Entrevistas Semiestruturadas Individuais e a Técnica de Grupo Focal e a segunda, de abordagem quantitativa, utilizando-se um Formulário contendo 20 questões objetivas. A análise dos dados considerou dois procedimentos, quais sejam, a Análise de Conteúdo, tanto para as entrevistas como para o Grupo Focal e a Análise Descritiva como a Distribuição de Frequência e Medida de Síntese,para o Formulário. Relacionando-se aos resultados sobre a Transferência de Gestão propriamente dita, constatou-se que muito embora o processo represente um avanço em termos de assegurar a sustentabilidade e o aumento da eficiência operacional e produtiva do Perímetro, este ainda não conseguiu se efetivar enquanto espaço democrático. O que se observou é que os atores envolvidos não têm se organizado suficientemente para que a transferência seja plenamente implementada. Os principais resultados apontam para que as possibilidades da transferência, na verdade, são desconhecidas, desacreditadas e pouco valorizadas pela maioria dos atores envolvidos. Outra consideração diz respeito aos entraves de diferentes ordens, tais como a falta de apoio à produção, infraestrutura de uso comum precária, sistema de irrigação obsoleto, pendências fundiárias, débitos tarifários, descontinuidades de ações e a baixa capacidade de gerenciamento, que dificultam o processo. Conclui-se que é preciso promover o envolvimento e a capacitação dos atores envolvidos sobre a Transferência de Gestão, uma vez que se for entendidoentre os atores, enquanto usuários do sistema de irrigação, que estes sejam, provavelmente, os mais apropriados para operar o sistema, poderão se alavancar,no Perímetro, condições para a sua plena Transferência de Gestão, o que se expressará num estágio mais elevado de mudança, não apenas na transferência propriamente dita, mas sobretudo no amadurecimento pessoal e coletivo desses atores conduzindo-os a um patamar em que decidirão sobre melhorias em São Gonçalo numa relação participativa e autônoma

In the last decade, significant intensification has occurred in studies on raw water charges. However, the real possibility of charge application has provoked questions and concern in society, mostly due to the few studies developed where charges were actually applied. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the applicability of raw water charges in a Brazilian basin, taking into account the limitations of existing data, other management instruments previously studied in the basin and the opinion of the water basin management committee. First, records on basin water users were improved and made consistent. Next, a raw water charge model was developed and simulated, based on actions indicating the annual values that need to be collected. Economic impact and social acceptability were analyzed. The results obtained were compared with simulations performed using raw water charge models of the CEIVAP and PCJ committees. For orientation of the values to be charged, the following principles were used: (a) PUP User-Pay Principle; and (b) PPP Polluter-Pay Principle. The Santa Maria River Basin was chosen as the case. It is located on the southernmost border of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. It has an area of 15,754 km² and its main economic activity is rice production. For the R$ 68.5 million investment financed over 20 years, the average fee was R$ 0.0085/m³, but this value could vary from R$ 0.0001/m³ to 0.0294/m³ according to the weights of the variables established in the model. The levying by sector was: Agriculture 44.85%; Urban Water Supply 41.35%; Rural Water Supply 12.36%; Industry 0.20%; and Cattle raising 1.24%; and by type of use was: Collecting 27.18%; Consumption 21.71% and Dilution 51.10%. The different simulations showed that the charging in the Santa Maria River Basin is viable, providing that the economic impact on sector users is determined. The present study also observed that the basin population is unaware of the management system for water resources. However, the general population is in favor of charges based on the objectives established in Brazilian legislation. The present study demonstrated that the principal aim of the initial raw water charge application process in Brazil will be the obtainment of financial resources to solve the problems of basin water resources. Nevertheless, the way to achieve this must be based on criteria of justice, efficiency and environmental sustainability and not based merely upon political decisions or social criteria. / Nesta última década ocorreu uma significativa intensificação nos estudos de cobrança pelo uso da água. Entretanto, a possibilidade real de aplicação da cobrança tem provocado dúvidas e inquietações na sociedade, principalmente devido aos poucos trabalhos desenvolvidos em que a cobrança foi efetivamente implantada. O objetivo central desta pesquisa é avaliar a aplicabilidade da cobrança pelo uso da água à realidade de uma bacia hidrográfica brasileira, considerando a limitação dos dados existentes, os outros instrumentos de gestão já estudados e a participação do comitê de gerenciamento da bacia. Em primeiro lugar, foram aprimorados e consistidos os dados cadastrais dos usuários de água da bacia. A seguir, foi desenvolvido e simulado o modelo de cobrança pelo uso da água, baseado em ações que indicaram os valores anuais a serem arrecadados. Foi analisado o impacto econômico sobre os setores usuários e a aceitabilidade social da cobrança. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com simulações realizadas utilizando os modelos de cobrança dos comitês CEIVAP e PCJ. Para a orientação dos valores a serem cobrados, os seguintes princípios foram adotados: (a) PUP Princípio Usuário Pagador; e (b) PPP Princípio Poluidor Pagador. A bacia de estudo foi a bacia do Rio Santa Maria, localizada na fronteira sudoeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, com uma área de 15.754 km² e atividade econômica preponderante a produção de arroz. Para o investimento de R$ 68,50 milhões, financiado em 20 anos, a tarifa média foi de R$ 0,0085/m³, podendo variar de R$ 0,0001/m³ a 0,0294/m³ de acordo com os pesos das variáveis estabelecidas no modelo. A arrecadação por setor usuário foi: Agricultura 44,85%; Abastecimento Urbano 41,35%; Abastecimento Rural 12,36%; Indústria 0,20%; e Pecuária 1,24%; e por tipo de uso foi: Captação 27,18%; Consumo 21,71% e Diluição 51,10%. As diferentes simulações realizadas demonstraram que a cobrança na bacia do Rio Santa Maria é viável, desde que sejam obtidos pequenos impactos econômicos nos setores usuários. A pesquisa constatou também que a população da bacia desconhece o sistema de gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos. Entretanto, de um modo geral, a população é favorável à cobrança com os objetivos preconizados nas legislações brasileiras. A experiência deste trabalho trouxe a certeza de que, no início do processo de implementação da cobrança pelo uso da água no Brasil, o objetivo principal será arrecadar recursos financeiros para solucionar os problemas dos recursos hídricos das bacias. Contudo, a maneira de realizar esta arrecadação deve ser baseada em variáveis ou critérios de justiça, eficiência e sustentabilidade ambiental e não serem pautadas exclusivamente por decisões políticas ou critérios sociais.