This thesis is about the tensions faced by communitarian water service providers in peri-urban Cochabamba, Bolivia, in their continued dependence on private water vending businesses, despite efforts to socialize service delivery. Based on fieldwork conducted in Cochabamba from May-July, 2013, this thesis argues that due in part to a lack of government intervention and regulation, many communitarian water associations in Cochabamba are being held captive by private water vendors who exploit the city’s unequal distribution of water resources for profit. It makes this argument by exploring two main points: that communitarian water associations leverage progressive forms of organization to improve service delivery, but are hindered by barriers which lie outside their control; and that small-scale water businesses are able to exploit the failures of the formal state/public and informal communitarian systems by positioning themselves as a necessary operation, in a way which limits the state’s ability to regulate their activities.

Los servicios de agua potable y alcantarillado, así como la pavimentación se puede decir que son uno de los servicios más importantes ya que gracias a estos, la población mejora su calidad de vida y ayuda al desarrollo y la expansión de la población hacia lugares no habitados. Es por esto, por lo que se propone este tema de tesis ya que los pobladores del Pueblo Joven Nuevo San Lorenzo sector 2, presentan una deficiencia con los servicios de agua potable y alcantarillado, de igual manera las calles de este Pueblo Joven carecen de una pavimentación. Se propone como solución un nuevo Diseño de la red de agua potable y alcantarillado, así como el diseño correcto de la pavimentación de la zona para que los pobladores tengan una calidad de vida digna. / Drinking water and sewerage services, as well as paving, can be said to be one of the most important services since thanks to these, the population improves their quality of life and helps the development and expansion of the population towards uninhabited places. Therefore, this thesis topic is proposed since the inhabitants of the Pueblo Joven Nuevo San Lorenzo sector 2, present a deficiency with drinking water and sewerage services, in the same way the streets of this Pueblo Joven lack a paving. A new design of the drinking water and sewerage network is proposed as a solution, as well as the correct design of the paving of the area so that the inhabitants have a decent quality of life.

Our society changed, but the urban water and sanitation system of today is roughly the same as it was 100 years ago. The system is designed for, developed from and sustained by human activities, and has since its introduction affected household patterns of routine activities. The urban water and sanitation system is now being criticised for not being sustainable due to excessive material, energy and chemical use, and failure to recycle and reuse resources. Altering household practices is perceived as one important step towards improved sustainability. In this study, two changes in water and sanitation arrangements at the household level are analysed: individual meters for volumetric billing of hot and cold water, and dry toilets with separate collection of urine and faeces. These arrangements increase system transparency, and their proponents believe that the arrangements enhance resource recycling and/or rsource savings. However, success in this regard can only be achieved if accompanied by appropriate household routines. The extent to which such appropriate routines come about and why (not) is the focus of attention in this study; the aim is to describe and analyse the interaction between householder routines and changes in water and sanitation arrangements. This study takes as its starting point household everyday life. A methodological combination of time-diaries, interviews, physical measurements and simple observations is developed and implemented in two cases; the housing area Ringdansen with flats (volumetric billing) and the collective Gebers based on an ecological way of life (dry toilets). The theoretical approach is developed from time-geography and culture analysis. The methodological and theoretical approaches have proven useful and can be developed further. Household responded differently to the volumetric billing in Ringdansen, but in general, no sweeping routine changes took place in the households. A comparison of average total water usage per household (at an aggregated level) between the two cases, showed no significant difference. Water-use routines are also similar in the two areas, even though variations appear between households. There seems to be a socio-culturally defined lower limit for water use, regarded as necessary for maintaining sufficient standards of cleanliness and comfort, irrespective of the influence of ecological or economic incentives. Differences in household composition, built-in technical arrangements and existence of a garden (Gebers) explain the differences in hot and cold water usage between the two areas. The dry toilet was shown to have a decisive impact on toilet disposal routines; only biodegradable waste products are thrown into it and the cleaning agents are environmentally friendly toilet disposal routines that reach beyond the 'good' routines evolving from environmental concern. The relationship between changes in water and sanitation arrangements and householder routines may be expressed as follows: an extensive change in arrangements, either technical/physical, organisational and/or economical, results in more radical routine changes, and more so if combined. However, the improvement as regard ecological sustainability is conditional on what is socio-culturally accepted - social sustainability.

The author starts by revising the concept of public service, highlighting the idea of publicatio as an important element. With this taken into consideration, he points out that it is not possible to understand the concept of public service without the presence of ownership by the State. In this context, the concept of essential service arises as a technique that harmonizes social demands and the traditional conception of public service. All in all, these concepts are materialized to affirm that the nature of the service of drinking water and sanitation is of essential service, developing and applying its principles to the concrete case. / El autor parte por una revisión del concepto objetivo de servicio público, destacando como un elemento importante de este la idea de publicatio. A partir de ello, señala que no es posible entender el concepto de servicio público sin la presencia de la titularidad por parte del Estado. En este contexto, surge el concepto de servicio esencial como una técnica que armoniza las exigencias sociales y la concepción tradicional de servicio público. Finalmente, aterriza dichos conceptos para afirmar que la naturaleza del servicio de provisión de agua potable y saneamiento es de servicio esencial, desarrollando y aplicando sus principios al caso concreto.

Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:42:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009 / Este estudo apresenta uma análise da situação da cobertura de saneamento básico no Brasil no período compreendido entre 1991 e 2006, a partir das estratégias adotadas pelo Governo Federal dirigidas à universalização dos serviços de abastecimento de água e esgotamento sanitário. É feito um breve histórico a partir da criação do Plano Nacional de Saneamento - PLANASA (1969), momento em que o setor é estruturado nacionalmente nos moldes autoritários e centralizadores do regime militar (1964-1985), até o período recente quando foram redefinidas as principais orientações da política nacional e transformadas na Lei do Saneamento de nº 11.445/ 2005, aprovada pelo Congresso Nacional, mas em fase de regulamentação, ainda em julgamento pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal, dadefinição da titularidade dos serviços.O PLANASA foi responsável por um grande salto na cobertura de saneamento no país, mas se mostrou incapaz de universalizar o acesso aos serviços, mesmo que apenas para água potável. As políticas na década de noventa e mais especificamente apartir de 1995, apesar de contribuírem para ampliar os níveis de cobertura relativa dos serviços, paradoxalmente não incidiram sobre um volumoso déficit medido em termos de famílias não atendidas que pertencem a grupos sociais reiteradamente excluídos. Nos anos noventa a agenda do Governo Federal para o setor depositou grande expectativa na construção do marco regulatório como solução para os entraves de ordem político-institucional e/ou restrições financeiras que impediam a universalização desses serviços, mas como é apresentado neste trabalho as últimas quatro administrações do Governo Federal não exerceram o papel indutor adequado para alcançar esse objetivo. / The current study presents an analysis of the Brazilian indicators for water and sanitation services between 1991 and 2006, taking into account the main strategies adopted by the Federal Government to universalize both services. It’s presented a brief historical from the creation of the National Plan for Water and Sanitation Services- PLANASA (1969), on authoritarian and centralized bases according to the military regime (1964-1985), until recent period when the main lines of the national policy were redefined by the approval by the Brazilian National Congress of a new Water and Services Law nº 11.445/2005, not yet regulated, depending on the Supreme Court definition about the responsibilities which will be attributed to states and counties. The PLANASA was responsible for a great evolution of the water and sanitation services in the whole country, although it did not achieved the goal of 100% access, including potable water. The policies developed during the 90’s and specially from 1995 on, despite of contributing to the relative increase of water and sanitation indicators, paradoxically were not aimed to solve the huge deficit measured in terms of families with no access to these services that belong to social groups systematically excluded. In the nineties’ the Brazilian Federal Government’s agenda to the water and sanitation sector had created great expectations around the discussion and approval of a new regulatory framework. It was presented as the solution to most of the political, institutional and economic restraints that blocked the universal access to these services. Eventually, the main conclusion of this thesis is that the last four Federal Government Administrations did not actually exercise their authority in order to induce new investments in poor areas to achieve the universal access to both services.

Avec l’émergence des ONG dans nos économies globalisées, les grandes entreprises développent divers types de partenariats ONG-entreprise (POE). Les chercheurs s’interrogent sur leurs enjeux stratégiques. Dans notre thèse, nous étudions la contribution spécifique des POE à l’évolution du business model (BM) de la grande entreprise.Une étude de cas longitudinale processuelle chez Suez-Environnement met en lumière trois grands apports des POE : les POE, selon leur type, influencent la stratégie de l’entreprise par leur concours à la segmentation des activités ; ils contribuent à la conception et au déploiement des BM issus de la nouvelle segmentation ; et ils jouent un rôle moteur dans l’évolution du portefeuille de BM de l’entreprise.À partir de ces résultats, nous proposons : une conception élargie de la finalité du BM intégrant la performance sociétale ; une représentation enrichie du concept de BM, baptisée modèle RCOV-EPs, articulant quatre dimensions en interactions ; et le concept de métabusiness model que nous définissons comme : une métalogique de création de valeur socioéconomique émergeant de relations inter-BM. / With the emergence of the NGOs in our globalized economies, large companies developdiverse types of corporate-NGO partnerships (CNPs). Some researchers raised interrogations on their strategic issues. In our thesis, we study the CNPs specific contribution to the evolution of large companies’ business model (BM).Drawing on a longitudinal processual case study at Suez-Environnement, we highlight three main contributions of CNPs: first, some types of CNPs influence company’s strategy by taking part in the activities’ segmentation; second, they contribute to design and to implement the BMs resulting from the new segmentation; third, they play a driving role in the company’s BMs portfolio evolution.From these results, we suggest: an extended approach of BM’s purpose including societalperformance; an enhanced representation of the BM concept, called RCOV-PsE model,structuring four interacting components; and the meta business-model concept that we define as: a socio-economic value creation logic appearing from inter-BM relations.

Cette thèse analyse les enjeux de la mise en œuvre de la politique de l'eau et de l'assainissement dans l'Aire métropolitaine de Buenos Aires (AMBA) au cours de la dernière décennie. Plus précisément, on étudie les scénarios de controverses et conflits qui ont conduit à l'émergence de nouveaux acteurs dans la région responsable de la gestion des ressources. La thèse est organisée en trois axes: l'institutionnelle, axée sur l'étude des modifications dans le scénario des acteurs en charge de la gestion de l'eau depuis la création de l'entreprise publique de l'eau et de l'assainissement AySA, et l'Autorité de Bassin Matanza- Riachuelo. L'environnement, consacré à analyser controverses générées par les différentes visions présentes par ces deux organismes et l'importance qui acquiert le regard de l'environnement à l'intérieur de la provision des services par rapport à la vision sanitaire traditionnelle du secteur. Et, la dimension socio-territorial qui vise à décrire l'accessibilité à l'eau et à l'assainissement dans la région, caractérisant les zones les plus touchées par le manque de service et les conflits qui émergent là, exigeant le droit à l'accès à l'eau?Pour répondre à ces dimensions on a choisi une stratégie méthodologique mixte qui permit combiner les sources et les approches qualitatives et les quantitatives. Nous avons principalement effectué des entretiens en profondeur à des fonctionnaires, des experts et des membres d'organisations sociales. Nous avons analysé la documentation technique sur les plans de œuvres, et nous avons utilisé des sources statistiques nationales pour étudier l'évolution de la couverture sur le territoire.L'hypothèse qui guide la recherche constate que, si bien que la création de ces deux organismes a produit une transformation dans la politique de l'eau et de l'assainissement à Buenos Aires, l'inertie du système de réseau centralisé et les limitations de la gestion territoriale de la part de l'autorité du bassin versant Matanza Riachuelo, limite la portée de cette transformation. / The thesis analyzes the challenges presented by the implementation of water and sanitation policy in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires (AMBA) during the last decade (2006-2015). More precisely, it studies the scenarios of controversy and conflict that led to the appearance and raise of new actors in the region that became responsible for managing the resources.The thesis is organized in three dimensions: the institutional one, focused on studying the transformations in the framework of actors responsible for water management in the region, starting with the creation of the AySA drinking water and sanitation company and the Matanza Riachuelo Watershed Authority. The environmental, aimed at analyzing the controversies generated by the different visions present in the management of water through these two organisms and the weight that acquires the environmental view within the provision of the service against the traditional sanitary view of the sector. And the socio-territorial, which seeks to describe accessibility to water and sanitation in the region, characterizing the areas most affected by the lack of service and the conflicts that arise there, in claiming the right to water.To address these dimensions, we opted for a methodological strategy that complement qualitative and quantitative approaches and sources. We have conducted in-depth interviews with officials, academics and members of social organizations; We have analyzed technical documentation on the plans of works, and we have appealed to national statistical sources to study the evolution of the coverage in the territory.The hypothesis that guides the investigation indicates that although the creation of these two organisms implies a transformation in the politics of water and sanitation in Buenos Aires, the inertia of the centralized system of networks and the limitations in the territorial management of the basin authority , Crossed by the criminalization of the Riachuelo pollution, limit the scope of this transformation. / La tesis analiza los desafíos que presenta la implementación de la política del agua y saneamiento en el Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires durante la última década. Más precisamente estudia los escenarios de controversia y conflicto que supuso la aparición de nuevos actores en la región encargados del manejo del recurso.La tesis se organiza en tres dimensiones: la institucional, centrada en estudiar las transformaciones en el entramado de actores encargados del manejo del agua a partir de la creación de la empresa de agua potable y saneamiento AySA y la Autoridad de Cuenca Matanza Riachuelo. La ambiental, destinada a analizar las controversias generadas por las distintas visiones presentes en estos dos organismos y el peso que adquiere la mirada ambiental dentro de la provisión del servicio frente a la tradicional visión sanitarista del sector. Y la socio-territorial, que busca describir la accesibilidad al agua y saneamiento en la región, caracterizando las áreas más afectadas por la falta del servicio y los conflictos que allí emergen, en reclamo del derecho al agua.Para atender a estas dimensiones optamos por una estrategia metodológica que permita complementar fuentes y enfoques cualitativos y cuantitativos. Principalmente hemos realizado entrevistas en profundidad a funcionarios, académicos y miembros de organizaciones sociales; hemos analizado documentación técnica sobre los planes de obras, y hemos apelado a fuentes estadísticas nacionales para estudiar la evolución de la cobertura en el territorio. La hipótesis que guía la investigación señala que si bien la creación de estos dos organismos supone una transformación en la política del agua y saneamiento en Buenos Aires, la inercia del propio sistema centralizado de redes y las limitaciones en la gestión territorial de la autoridad de cuenca, atravesada por la judicialización de la contaminación del Riachuelo, limitan el alcance de dicha transformación.

Menstrual management is a pervasive issue for women globally, and it becomes critical in times of crisis. During these times of crisis and disaster, humanitarian response seeks to provide relief of suffering by meeting essential needs, in a comprehensive and predictable manner. Yet the provision of menstrual management remains largely ad hoc. Through a comprehensive literature review of documents pertaining to menstrual management in emergencies, this paper offers a qualitative analysis of modern humanitarian strategic approaches, to explore the place of menstrual management in emergencies. The core findings are that menstrual management is not fodder for strategy in humanitarian aid, and therefore lacks a ‘home’ in any of the humanitarian approaches to response. It is not fully integrated into either technical strategic implementation, typified by the cluster approach, nor through cultural implementation approaches, typified by gender mainstreaming. This paper also offers some explanations of why such an omnipresent need has, as yet, remained un-championed. This discussion is based on a theoretical framework offered by feminist theory. Supplemented by an understanding of organisations as gendered structures (Acker, 1990), this thesis posits that these cavities in modern humanitarian response are due to the inherent inability and reluctance of the humanitarian system to concern itself with a bodily, female issue such as menstrual management.

MPH / Department of Public Health / See the attached abstract below

The Water Trading Entity (WTE) is a subdivision of the Department of Water and Sanitation responsible for water infrastructure and resource management. Despite ABC implementation at the WTE, the water resource management charge remains high, raising concern. This study aimed to establish what influence ABC implementation has on this charge. Through semi-structured interviews, the study found that the steps and factors generally associated with successful ABC implementation are partially followed, but undefined duplicated activities exist, due to insufficient training and limited technology. The study found that ABC implementation has minimal influence on the increase of the charge. When deciding on the charge, factors such as capping play a role, therefore limiting ABC use. Further research on ABC implementation in government departments can be conducted to ascertain how they can adhere to policies without compromising the use of ABC and identify the skills and training needs for an effective ABC implementation / Management Accounting / M.A. (Accounting Sciences)