Vombsjön är en av de viktigaste dricksvattentäkterna i södra Skåne som förser bland annat Malmö och delar av Lund med dricksvatten. Sjön lider av övergödning och återkommande algblomningar som komplicerar dricksvattenproduktionen. Fosfor från sjöns bottensediment (intern belastning) och fosfor från det jordbruksdominerade avrinningsområdet (extern belastning) behöver kartläggas för att råda bukt på övergödningsproblematiken i sjön och trygga produktionen av ett säkert dricksvatten. Inom ramen för detta examensarbete har den externa fosforbelastningen kartlagts genom modellering av Vombsjöns avrinningsområde med den hydrologiska modellen Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT+). Resultaten från modelleringen visar att det nära 45 000 ha stora avrinningsområdet i genomsnitt tillför 25 ton totalfosfor per år via de tre huvudvattendragen som mynnar ut i Vombsjön. Medelvärdet är beräknat på simuleringar gjorda för åren 2011 – 2022 och belastningen varierar mellan 14–37 ton totalfosfor för de undersökta åren. 79 % av totalfosforn tillförs sjön via det största vattendraget Björkaån, 11 % via Torpsbäcken och 10 % via Borstbäcken. Den månatliga vattenföringen har manuellt kalibrerats och validerats mot en mätpunkt i avrinningsområdet. Miljöövervakning från ett jordbruksdominerat typområde i samma läckageregion som Vombsjöns avrinningsområde till största del ligger inom användes för att jämföra storleksordningen på den arealspecifika fosfortransporten. De arealspecifika månads- och årstransporterna låg inom samma storleksordning men variationerna mellan de två områdena var stora somliga år och månader. Den hydrologiska modellen behöver vidareutvecklas för att bättre simulera vattenföringen under höst och vinter, när vattenföringen generellt är som störst. Vidare behöver modellen kalibreras och valideras mot fler vattenföringsstationer och uppmätta fosforhalter i avrinningsområdet för att avgöra hur väl modellen simulerar fosfortransporten. / Vombsjön is one of the most important drinking water sources in southern Skåne, supplying drinking water to Malmö and parts of Lund. The lake suffers from eutrophication and reoccurring algal blooms which are complicating the drinking water production. Phosphorus leaching from the bottom sediment of the lake (internal load) and phosphorus coming from the agriculture- dominated catchment (external load) needs to be investigated to address the eutrophication issues and ensure a safe drinking water production. As part of this thesis, the external phosphorus load has been investigated through hydrological modeling of the catchment area, using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT+). The modeling results show that the approximately 45 000 hektar big catchment area contributes to an average of 25 tons of total phosphorus per year via the three main watercourses that flows into Vombsjön. The average load is based on simulations between 2011 and 2022, and the load varies between 14–37 tons of total phosphorus for the examined years. 79 % of the total phosphorus load is supplied to the lake via the largest watercourse, Björkaån, 11 % via Torpsbäcken and 10 % via Borstbäcken. The monthly water flow has been manually calibrated and validated against flow measurements at one point in the catchment area. Environmental monitoring data from an agriculture- dominated catchment area, located in the same leakage region as most of the Vombsjöns catchment area, was used to compare the magnitude of the area-specific phosphorus transport. The area-specific monthly and annual transports of total phosphorus were within the same order of magnitude, but there were significant variations between some years and months. The hydrological model needs further development to better simulate water flow during autumn and winter, when the flow is generally highest. Furthermore, the model needs to be calibrated and validated against more flow stations and measured phosphorus concentrations within the catchment area to determine how well the model simulates phosphorus transport.

La pollution diffuse provenant des milieux agricoles a une influence majeure sur la qualité de l’eau. Le transport de sédiments et de nutriments, tels que le phosphore et l’azote, est particulièrement préoccupant. Les changements climatiques anticipés modifieront le régime hydrologique des rivières, ce qui entraînera des conséquences difficiles à anticiper, notamment sur la qualité de l’eau. Le site à l’étude est le bassin versant de la rivière Tomifobia, situé au sud-ouest du Québec, qui possède une superficie de 436 km² et qui comporte une forte activité agricole. Il a un impact important sur la qualité de l’eau du lac Massawippi puisqu’il draine 70% de son bassin versant. Le modèle hydrologique spatialisé Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) a été utilisé pour effectuer l’évaluation quantitative et qualitative de l’apport en eau à la rivière. Les activités agricoles ont été représentées dans le modèle selon un calendrier typique pour chacune des différentes cultures. Le calage et la validation du modèle pour le débit de la rivière Tomifobia ont été effectués à l’aide de la reconstitution des apports au lac Massawippi. Pour la qualité de l’eau, les données provenant de l’Institut de recherche et de développement en agroenvironnement (IRDA), du Comité de gestion du bassin versant de la rivière Saint-François (COGESAF) et la campagne d’échantillonnage du Groupe de recherche sur l’eau de l’Université de Sherbrooke (GREAUS) ont été utilisées. Les éléments analysés par rapport à la qualité de l’eau sont les sédiments, le phosphore et les nitrates. Différentes projections climatiques ont été entrées dans le modèle dans le but de déterminer les tendances hydrologiques futures. L’impact des changements climatiques sur le régime hydrologique se traduit principalement par une augmentation des débits hivernaux et une diminution des débits printaniers. Aucune tendance statistiquement significative n’a été observée pour la période estivale et automnale. L’effet des changements climatiques sur les exportations de nitrates est similaire à celui sur le débit. Pour les exportations de sédiments et de phosphore, on note une hausse à l’hiver, une baisse au printemps et une hausse pour l’été et l’automne.

Residential on-site wastewater systems (OWS) are a potential source of phosphorus (P) which can negatively impact surface water quality in rural watersheds. The magnitude of P loading from OWS is typically not monitored, and is further complicated when agricultural land-uses are intermixed with residential dwellings. Watershed-scale computer simulations are commonly used tools for evaluating the impacts of land-use changes on P loading. Existing models simulate OWS P treatment via vertical flow transport in native soils. However, in Nova Scotia (NS) OWS designs rely pre-dominantly on lateral flow and imported sand filter media. In this thesis, a watershed-scale computer modeling framework for simulating P loads from agriculture and lateral flow OWS designs was developed and tested. The framework consists of the P on-site wastewater simulator (POWSIM), designed specifically for this study, which is used in conjunction with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The POWSIM loading tool has three computational components: (i) OWS disposal field design type selection and treatment media mass calculation; (ii) disposal field P treatment dynamics; and (iii) soil subsurface plume P treatment dynamics. The active P treatment media mass and dynamics equations were developed from numerical modeling (HYDRUS-2D) and lateral flow sand filter (LFSF) OWS disposal field experiments. A 2-part piecewise linear model was found to best represent LFSF P treatment processes. Testing of the modeling framework in the mixed land-use Thomas Brook Watershed (TBW) in NS demonstrated improved simulation of baseflow total P (TP) loads in both a predominantly residential subcatchment and one dominated by agriculture over the SWAT model without POWSIM. Different residential and agricultural development and beneficial management practice (BMP) scenarios were evaluated in the TBW. Agricultural BMPs were most effective at reducing cumulative TP loads while OWS BMPs were best at mitigating in-stream eutrophication impacts. The 50 year simulation period for the various scenarios found peak OWS TP loading occurring between 25 and 50 years, suggesting that modeling for many decades is required for proper evaluation. This study highlights the importance in identifying specific water quality issues that need to be targeted prior to implementing a BMP strategy.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering / Kyle R. Mankin / The overall goal of this study was to evaluate and apply the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model for fecal bacteria modeling. Methods were developed to characterize fecal coliform bacteria (FCB) from livestock, human, and wildlife sources to use as input in the model. Model sensitivity to predict FCB concentration was evaluated for the model parameters and input parameters using both SWAT 2000 and 2005 versions. Sensitivity of input parameters generally, ranked as Bacteria concentration ≥ TBACT > Wildlife source loads > Livestock stocking rate ≥ Livestock manure production rate > BACTKDQ for SWAT 2000 whereas it was ranked as BACTKDQ > TBACT > Bacteria concentration > WDLPQ > WDLPS for SWAT 2005. Sensitivity of model and input parameters were found changed from SWAT 2000. The SWAT (2005) model was calibrated and validated for daily flow, sediment, and fecal bacteria concentration using one year of measured data (January to December, 2004). The SWAT model predicted results with poor to very good agreement when compared with measured data with coefficient of determination (R2) and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency Index (E) range of 0.10 to 0.89 for daily flows, sediment, total phosphorus, total nitrogen and total FCB concentration. More extensive in-stream data are needed for more comprehensive model assessment. The SWAT model (2005) was evaluated for source-specific FCB modeling using three years (2004-2006) of observed modified deterministic probability of bacteria source tracking (BST) data. The FCB sources were modeled with three combinations (livestock and human, livestock and wildlife, wildlife and human) and each single source to evaluate the source-specific FCB concentrations. The SWAT model determined poor to good agreement for the combined source of FCB (R2, E range from -2.92 to 0.71) but determined generally decreased agreement for each single source of bacteria (R2, E range from -5.03 to 0.39) potentially due to BST uncertainty, spatial variability and source characterization. The SWAT model identified critical sub-watersheds in the watershed where implementing vegetative filter strips (VFS) could be most effective to abate fecal bacteria pollution. The targeting method of VFS application to the watershed sub-basins was found to be more effective in reducing both FCB (60% vs. 42%) and sediment yield (63% vs. 33%) as compared to a random approach. The FCB source characterization methods for modeling developed in this study are general and have the potential to be extended to other watersheds. The results of this study demonstrate that the SWAT model can be used to characterize the distribution of bacteria sources within a bacteria impaired watershed and assist with developing total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) and watershed restoration strategies.

As satellite and climate modelling technology continues to improve and as climatological disasters and issues continue to impact the global community, climate data will increase in size and relevance. With this new influx of information, it is becoming more and more important for scientists to simply and concisely communicate their findings to both decision makers in governments and disaster preparedness organizations and also to the general public. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a powerful modelling tool that allows scientists to simulate essentially all of the physical processes involved in the water cycle. The data that SWAT produces can be valuable information as people strive to better plan for and understand various hydrologic events. The work presented in this thesis represents an effort to overcome some of the limitations of the previously developed SWAT visualization software by creating a set of modular web applications that can be duplicated, customized, and run by any organization or individual interested in visualizing and sharing data from SWAT. By eliminating the technical knowledge barriers that are inherent in running and using SWAT models, this work has the potential to increase SWAT’s impact on non-technically trained stakeholders and decision makers in areas where water and climate management is important.

No description available.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering / Stacy L. Hutchinson and Kyle R. Douglas-Mankin / Ecohydrology, a sub-discipline of hydrology, deals with the ecological impacts of and interactions with the hydrological cycle. Changes in hydrology of the Great Plains rivers, and their impacts on water quality, water resources, aquatic ecosystems, and fish species distributions have been documented. The major goal of this study was to develop and test methods to analyze watershed-level ecohydrological characteristics. The specific objectives were (a) to detect past temporal trends and spatial variability in hydrologic indices, (b) to evaluate the presence and/or extent of spatial and temporal relationships between climatic and ecohydrological variables and riverine historical data on fauna species density and distribution, and (c) to assess model calibration strategies for accurate ecohydrological indicator simulation. The Kansa River Basin (KRB), which has substantial land use, soil and climate variability, as well as variation in anthropogenic drivers (dams, diversions, reservoirs, etc.), was the focus of this study. Thirty eight hydrological indicators were generated using the indicators of hydrologic alterations software for 34 stations in the KRB using 50-year streamflow records and trend analysis using Mann-Kendall, Seasonal Kendall, and Sen’s slope estimator tests. Across the KRB a decreasing trend was evident for annual mean runoff, summer and autumn mean runoff, 30-day, 90-day minimum flows, and 1-day, 3-day, 7-day, 30-day and 90-day maximum flows. Most of the significant negative trends were observed in the High Plains ecoregion. Two hydrologic indicators, high-flow pulse count and mean summer streamflow, were significantly different in streams that lost two indicator fish species, indicating that changes in streamflow have altered the fish habitat of this region. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) biophysical model calibrated using a multi-objective framework (multi-site, multivariable and multi-criteria) was able to simulate most of the ecohydrological indicators at different hydrological conditions and scales. The SWAT model provided robust performance in simulating high-flow-rate ecohydrologic indicators. However ecohydrologic indicators performance was highly dependent on the level of calibration and parameterization. The effect of calibration and parameterization on ecohydrologic indicators performance varied between watersheds and among subwatersheds.

Master of Science / Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering / Kyle R. Douglas-Mankin / Aleksey Y. Sheshukov / According the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) website, our planet is at risk of global warming due to greenhouse gas emissions. The earth’s average temperature has been reported to have risen by 1.4°F over the last century. This seemingly small increase in average planetary temperature has been linked to devastating floods, severe heat waves, and dangerous and unpredictable shifts in our climate (US EPA, 2013a). In the 2012 report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change states that bioenergy has the potential to significantly mitigate greenhouse gases as long as this is produced in a sustainable manner (Chum, et al., 2011). In light of these facts, research into the sustainable production of bioenergy sources in the United States is currently underway. To ensure that the correct biofuel crop is selected for a given region and to investigate any secondary effects of changing our nation’s agricultural practices to include biofuels, computer models can be very useful. The Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a robust, continuous time step model that was developed by the USDA Agricultural Resource Service that can simulate changes in land use and land management and the effect this has on erosion, water quality, and other important factors. This paper describes the preliminary work to create a model of the Kanopolis Lake Watershed that is part of the Kansas River Basin using SWAT 2009. Data pertaining to weather, topography, land use, management, stream flow, and reservoirs was gathered and incorporated into the SWAT model. This was then simulated to obtain the uncalibrated data. SWAT produced unacceptable statistics for both crop yields and for stream flow using the Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency equation and using percent bias. This suggests that the model must be calibrated to be of use in understanding both the current and future land use scenarios. Once the model is calibrated and validated, it can be used to simulate different biofuel cropping scenarios.

La contamination des eaux marines par les apports terrigènes induit de nombreuses perturbations biogéochimiques. La conséquence la plus marquante de ces apports est très certainement le phénomène d'eutrophisation des masses d'eau côtières résultant de l'apport excessif de nutriments et accentuant les efflorescences algales. Néanmoins, la contribution des bassins versants ainsi que l'origine des polluants incriminés restent généralement difficiles à évaluer finement à partir des mesures intermittentes ponctuelles issues des réseaux de surveillance, particulièrement dans le cas d'émissions diffuses. Dans ce cadre, le recours à la modélisation des bassins versants apparaît comme une solution complémentaire pertinente en termes de gestion, notamment de par les possibilités de scénarisation qu'elle offre. En s'appuyant sur un site d'étude localisé en Bretagne Sud, constituant le principal hydrosystème à alimenter le Golfe du Morbihan, le modèle Soil and Water Assessment Tool a été mis en oeuvre sur une période de six ans. Dans une optique opérationnelle, des protocoles de paramétrage ont été établis à partir de référentiels de données courants et différents utilitaires ont été développés afin de favoriser l'exploitation autonome de cet outil par les gestionnaires en charge du suivi et de la gestion des eaux littorales. Cette implémentation a notamment permis de quantifier de manière continue les apports nutritifs terrigènes et d'en déterminer les principales origines. Ainsi, l'identification des bassins versants élémentaires les plus contributeurs, peut constituer un appui pour la désignation de secteurs d'intervention prioritaires pour les actions de reconquête de la qualité des masses d'eau de l'hydrosystème alréen.

The world's water resources face unsustainable pressure from population growth, changes in consumption patterns, pollution, and overexploitation. Water resources managers have developed holistic approaches such as IWRM (Integrated Water Resources Management) and, more recently, the WEEF (Water-Energy-Environment-Food) nexus to address the situation. However, their application in day-to-day water resources management is still challenging due to the of little knowledge, data, and tools. One area where that challenge needs practical solutions is reservoir operation. The current study aims to improve the reservoir module in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) so that operation rules that aim to meet various water, food, and electricity objectives can be simulated. The improved SWAT model is used to simulate the management of the Sélingué reservoir in Mali, West Africa. The reservoir operation was simulated under three different operation rules: 1) priority to monthly hydropower production (HPP) target (rule 1); 2) respect of predefined monthly target storage (rule 2); 3) priority to downstream environmental flow, irrigation, and municipal water demands (rule 3). Results show that when priority is given to the HPP target (rule 1), 98.3% of the electricity demand is met. At the same time, the dam can supply 81.72% of the water demand to maintain environmental flow and sustain irrigation and municipal water consumption. It also ensures water availability with an annual target storage deviation estimated at 1.8%. When rule 2 is implemented, a gap of 8.5% between electricity production and electricity demand is observed. Rule 2 also failed to sustain environmental flow and supply flow for irrigation and municipal consumption as a gap of 15.39% between the supply and the demand was observed. Similarly to rule 1, It ensures water availability with an annual target storage deviation estimated at 1.25%. When rule 3 is enforced (i.e., the priority is given to environmental flow, irrigation, and municipal water demands) the reservoir can maintain the environmental flow and maintain irrigation, and municipal water requirements with a gap of 17.7% between the supply and the demands. However, HPP production decreases with a gap of 12.56% between the electricity supply and demand. Its capacity to supply water in the long term is low as it has the highest target storage deviation with a value of 18%. These results indicate that rule 1 offers more guarantees considering the food and electricity security and environmental challenges. Note that the simulations are done assuming that these rules are systematically followed. In practice, decision-makers can deviate from a rule in exceptional circumstances to maximize benefits or avert unwanted consequences. Finally, a decision support system (DSS) was developed to assist decision-makers in selecting efficient reservoir operation policies for multipurpose reservoirs combining HPP and irrigation.