O porongo (Lagenaria siceraria) é o fruto de uma planta da família das cucurbitáceas que quando colhido, se deixado secar, torna-se oco com o mesocarpo similar ao aspecto da madeira e o exocarpo liso e impermeável. Este fruto disseminou-se por todos os continentes antes do homem e foi uma das primeiras plantas domesticadas. Diferentes povos utilizam o porongo na confecção de recipientes, instrumentos musicais, boias e máscaras. No sul do Brasil é empregado na fabricação das cuias, recipientes para o chimarrão. Planta de hábito tropical, adapta-se facilmente à qualquer clima, com ciclo produtivo anual configura-se em alternativa de fonte renovável. Como material natural orgânico, é suscetível à degradação sem tratamento. Buscando viabilizar sua utilização na fabricação de recipientes para alimentos e bebidas priorizou-se a caracterização da estrutura e a aplicação de técnicas de impermeabilização. Para a confecção da amostras foram utilizados frutos coletados em Santa Maria, RS, e para a impermeabilização foi utilizada resina poliuretana à base de óleo de mamona. A caracterização do material constituinte do porongo foi feita com auxílio de microscópio eletrônico de varredura, microscopio de luz transmitida, análise termogravimétrica, determinação do teor de umidade, da densidade básica e da aparente e através da digitalização tridimensional para análise da variação dimensional. A caracterização da resina foi feita por espectroscopia de infra-vermelho com transformada de Fourier e a eficiência da impermeabilização foi analisada através de ensaio de absorção de água e ângulo de contato de gota. Pela microscopia identificou-se o exocarpo como uma fina camada de células compactas, por isso impermeável, e o mesocarpo formado pelo parênquima, com células que aumentam de tamanho progressivamente em direção ao centro, caracterizadas por grandes espaços vazios com parede espessada lignificada e canais de comunicação intercelular, que faz o material ser altamente hidrofílico. Ao absorver a água, há o preenchimento dos vácuolos das células até a saturação, sem grandes alteraçãos das dimensões do material, dimensionalmente estável. O porongo possui densidade heterogênea muito baixa, em média 0,124 g/cm³, na faixa de densidade das espumas poliméricas. Quanto à absorção de água, as amostras sem tratamento tiveram aumento de massa de cerca de 150% até a saturação. Após a impermeabilização, as amostras com uma camada de resina tiveram aumento de massa entre 23% e 37%, enquanto que àquelas com duas camadas de resina de apenas 5% e 6%, o que indica a eficiência do método de impermeabilização. / The bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) is the fruit of the Cucurbitaceae family plant which when harvested, if allowed to dry, becomes hollow with the mesocarp similar to the appearance of the wood and with a smooth and impermeable exocarp. This fruit has spread to all continents before man and was one of the first domesticated plants. Different people use the gourd in the manufacture of containers, musical instruments, floats and masks. In southern Brazil it is used to manufacture the bowls, containers for mate. Tropical habit plant, easily adapts to any climate, with annual production cycle sets itself as renewable source alternative. As an organic natural material, it is susceptible to degradation without treatment. Seeking to enable its use in the manufacture of containers for food and beverages it has prioritized the characterization of the structure and the application of waterproofing techniques. Seeking allow its use in the manufacture of containers for food and beverages prioritized the characterization of the structure and the application of waterproofing techniques. To prepare the samples were used fruits collected in Santa Maria, RS, and for waterproofing was used polyurethane resin on castor oil base. The characterization of the material which constitutes porongo was made thorugh electron microscope scanning, transmitted light microscope, thermal analysis, determination of moisture content, basic and apparent density and by three-dimensional scanning to analyze the dimensional variation. The characterization of resin was made by infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform and the efficiency of the waterproofing was analyzed by water absorption and drop contact angle test. Microscopy enabled to identify the exocarp as a thin layer of compact cells, thus waterproof, and the mesocarp formed by parenchyma with cells that progressively increase in size towards the center, characterized by large empty spaces with thickened and lignified wall and intercellular communication channels, which makes the material be highly hydrophilic. By absorbing the water, there is filling in the vacuoles of the cells until the saturation without large re-arranging of the material dimensions, dimensionally stable. The gourd has very poor heterogeneous density, on average 0.124 g / cm³, in the density range of polymeric foams. Regarding to water-absorbing, untreated samples had mass increase of about 150% until saturation. After sealing, the samples with a resin layer had increased mass between 23% and 37%, while those with two resin layers only had increased mass from 5% to 6%, which indicates the sealing method efficiency.

O estudo do colagênio na pele sobre sua estrutura e propriedades, composição e interações com substâncias levam a um maior entendimento das alterações químicas, micro e macroscópicas que ocorrem durante o processo de produção do couro. No processamento do couro são realizadas várias etapas que promovem a alteração da estrutura dérmica da pele, como acontece no acabamento molhado, onde reações químicas com a molécula de colagênio curtido são realizadas pela adição de produtos químicos, como recurtentes e óleos de engraxe, influenciando na estrutura macroscópica final, e ainda, dando propriedades específicas para o produto final, conforme a aplicação do couro. O acabamento final tem o objetivo de agregar valor ao artigo de couro, e as interações dos produtos aplicados sobre o couro nas camadas mais externas da estrutura que acontecem nesta etapa são determinantes quanto à qualidade do couro que se quer obter e suas propriedades, inclusive na parte estética e funcional. Ainda, durante seu processamento, o couro mantém propriedades importantes da estrutura fibrosa formada pelo colagênio, sendo este o principal motivo do couro, como produto industrializado, apresentar propriedades únicas e particulares, fazendo dele um material de vasta aplicação e de alto valor agregado. Neste trabalho, foram feitas determinações para comparar formulações de engraxe para couro estofamento automotivo (uma para couro hidrofugado e outra não), e verificar a influência dessas formulações utilizadas sobre as propriedades dos couros em estágio de processo wet-blue, semi-acabado e após aplicação de acabamento. Ainda, na determinação de propriedades, foi estudada a influência do local de retirada da amostra no couro nos experimentos realizadas com repetição em couros distintos, duplicata para três regiões do couro, e para cada etapa do processo. Para comparação entre as formulações, os couros utilizados foram meio gêmeos, usando o mesmo critério da região do couro. As variáveis de resposta de propriedades dos couros assim obtidos foram baseadas nas análises de resistência mecânica, caracterizações químicas e absorção de água, e ainda para evidenciar a modificação da estrutura do couro foram feitas análises de MEV (microscopia eletrônica de varredura) e superfície interna pelo método BET. Os resultados indicam que as técnicas analíticas utilizadas mostram reprodutibilidade para os diferentes couros testados, quando comparados região a região, uma vez que os resultados indicam que existe forte tendência da retirada do local de amostragem conforme experimento por regiões do couro, ficando assim indicado que em trabalhos futuros, essa variável seja controlada. Conforme esperado, o couro hidrofugado teve menor absorção de água do que o couro apenas engraxado, devido à sua menor área superficial, evidenciado pelo MEV e BET. O estágio de processo teve maior influência nos resultados dos testes físicos. As caracterizações químicas serviram para evidenciar as diferenças entre o couro wet-blue e os couros acabados de maneira geral. / The study of changes in collagen from the hide related to its structure, properties and chemical interactions should be accompanied during the process of leather production. In the processing of leather, some stages are carried out promoting changes on the dermic structure of the hide, as it happens in wet-finishing stage, where chemical reactions happen into collagen molecules by the addition of chemical products, as re-tanning agents and fatliquors, influencing the final macroscopic structure and still giving specific properties for the finished leather according to its application. The finishing stage has the objective to add value to the leather article, and the interactions of products applied on the leather in external layers of the structure are determinative to the desired quality and properties of the leather, as well to the aesthetic and other functions. Still during its processing, the leather keeps important properties by the structure of the fibers formed of collagen, being this the main reason of the leather, as industrialized product, to present particular properties and making of it a material of vast application and high aggregate value. In this work, analyses are made to compare formulations of fatliquoring and hidrofugation for automotive leather in order to verify the influence of these on the properties of leathers in stages of wet-blue, crust and finishing. Moreover, the influence of the region of withdrawal of the sample from the hide was studied with repetition in distinct leathers. Still, the determination of properties, we studied the influence of local removal of the leather sample in the experiments performed with repetition in different leathers, duplicate for three regions of leather, and for each process step. For comparison between the formulations, the leathers used were half twins, using the same criteria in the region of the leather. The response variables of the properties of leather thus obtained were based on analysis of mechanical strength, chemical characterization and water absorption, and also to highlight the changed structure of the leather were analyzed by SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and the inner surface the BET method. The results indicate that the analytical techniques used to show the reproducibility of different leathers tested compared region by region, since the results indicate a strong trend of withdrawal of the sampling location as experiment by regions of the leather, thus indicated that in future work, this variable is controlled. As expected, the “waterproofing” leather, had lower water absorption than the oiled leather only because of its smaller surface area, as evidenced by SEM and BET. The stage of the process had a greater influence on the results of physical tests. The chemical characterization served to highlight the differences between the wet blue leather and finished leather in general.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-17T19:27:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 christianemerhygatto.pdf: 2773385 bytes, checksum: e8d416707978d124a7e1001ef4a2d841 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-01T18:18:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 christianemerhygatto.pdf: 2773385 bytes, checksum: e8d416707978d124a7e1001ef4a2d841 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-01T18:18:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 christianemerhygatto.pdf: 2773385 bytes, checksum: e8d416707978d124a7e1001ef4a2d841 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-02 / As coberturas verdes são utilizadas com vantagens sobre as coberturas convencionais em climas frios e temperados há algumas décadas. Seu uso ganhou mais destaque nos últimos vinte anos como uma solução mais ecológica para coberturas. Recentemente, tem despertado mais interesse nos países de clima quente, como o Brasil. Essas coberturas são uma opção bastante viável nos trópicos, como arrefecimento das temperaturas internas, evidenciando aspectos de conforto e qualidade nos ambientes construídos. Analisando estudos de caso aplicados no Sudeste, pode-se verificar a eficiência desta técnica nos trópicos verificando as características e possibilidades de aplicação em nosso clima, sob o ponto de vista do conforto térmico, estabelecendo parâmetros e correlacionando-os com a literatura disponível, avaliando seu custo-benefício e seu comportamento. Após revisão da literatura, como os princípios de sustentabilidade aplicados às diretrizes de projeto, os conceitos, definições e evolução das coberturas verdes, as vantagens e desvantagens do sistema e suas fragilidades são apresentados 4 estudos de caso: a Escola Pública na comunidade Babilônia, Rio de Janeiro – RJ, o prédio residencial em Juiz de Fora - MG, Laboratório no Campus da USP em São Carlos – SP e o retrofit Ecohouse Urca, no Rio de Janeiro – RJ, com avaliação dos principais fatores e destaque aos pontos críticos de estrutura e impermeabilização que atuam significativamente no sucesso dessas coberturas. Embora se observe o interesse crescente e grande demanda, ainda não há muitos estudos que possibilitem a implantação de coberturas verdes em larga escala em climas tropicais. A análise comparativa sobre o desempenho de coberturas verdes em contextos concretos já testados contribui para o melhor conhecimento do tema e avaliação do potencial construtivo dessa técnica. Pretende colaborar no entendimento e aplicação das diretrizes elucidadas, estimulando e facilitando que as construções venham a incorporar esses requisitos e sejam concebidas com esses critérios, ajudando a disseminação dos conceitos sustentáveis na construção civil. / The green roofs are used with advantages over conventional roofs in cold and temperate climates for several decades. Its use has gained more prominence in the last twenty years as an environmentally-friendly solution for roofing. Recently, it has aroused more interest in hot climate countries such as Brazil. These roofs are a very feasible option the tropics, such as cooling of temperatures, showing aspects of comfort and quality in the built environment. Analyzing case studies applied in the Southeast, checking the features and possibilities of application in our climate, from the point of view of thermal comfort, setting parameters and correlating them with the available literature, evaluating its cost-effectiveness and their behavior, we can see the efficiency of this technique in the tropics. After reviewing the literature as the principles of sustainability applied to the design guidelines and concepts, definitions and evolution of green roofs, the advantages and disadvantages of the system and its weaknesses are presented 4 case studies: Public School community in Babylon, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, residential building in Juiz de Fora - MG, a Laboratory in USP’Campus at São Carlos – SP and retrofit Ecohouse Urca in Rio de Janeiro – RJ with assessment of the main factors and target at critical points of structure and waterproofing that involved significantly in the success of such coverage. While there is growing interest and high demand, there are not many studies that will permit the implementation of green roofs on a large scale at tropical climates. The comparative analysis on the performance of green roofs have been tested in real contexts contributes to a better understanding of the topic and constructive assessment of the potential of this technique. Intends to collaborate in understanding and applying the guidelines elucidated by stimulating and facilitating the building will incorporate these requirements and are designed with these criteria, helping to spread the concepts in sustainable construction.

This diploma thesis deals with crystallization additives used to modify cement composites. Describes their principle of operation, application methods and also mentions the different manufacturers with their products. In this work were made test samples with Xypex Admix crystallization additive which were tested for mechanical and physical properties depending on the amount of crystallization additives, aggressive environment and the duration of exposure in this environment. Selected samples were analyzed with RTG, DTA, SEM and porosimetry for detailed examination of the microstructure.

Byggnader med grundkonstruktioner under mark blir allt vanligare. Att bygga långt ner i marken innebär ofta att man måste handskas med det fluktuerande grundvattnet. Konstruktioners beständighet och livslängd beror många gånger på vattenbeständigheten. Det byggs en mängd olika betongkonstruktioner som är utsatta för ensidigt vattentryck. Kravet på vattentätheten varierar beroende på syfte och användning av byggnaden. Det kan för ett parkeringsdäck vara acceptabelt med vattenläckage medan det i kommersiella byggnader inte tillåts vatteninträngning överhuvudtaget. Denna uppsats utreder hur man fuktsäkrar husgrunder under grundvattenytan. Vattentätheten i grundkonstruktioner beror framförallt på tre faktorer. Det får inte existera breda genomgående sprickor i betongen. Gjutfogar och rörelsefogar bildar diskontinuiteter i grundkonstruktioner som måste tätas. Vidare måste anslutande element såsom fundament och pålar tätas. Hänsyn bör tas till faktorerna för att slippa läckage och att behöva efterbehandla grundkonstruktioner som innebär stora kostnader i förhållande till en tät byggnad från första början. Syftet med examensarbetet var att för svenska konstruktörer presentera hur man projekterar en fuktsäker grundkonstruktion under grundvattenytan. På uppdrag av Sweco har rapporten utrett de tekniker som finns, vad dessa har för egenskaper och begränsningar samt när dessa är lämpliga. Utredningen baseras på en omfattande litteraturstudie och en intervjustudie med involverade parter vid nybyggnation. Målet med rapporten var att presentera hur man framgångsrikt projekterar och bygger vattentäta betongkonstruktioner under grundvattenytan. Rapporten ska ge en överskådlig introduktion samt underlätta för de som eftersträvar ingående förståelse inom ämnet. Den riktar sig framförallt till projektörer men även övriga parter med en betydande roll skall kunna följa rapporten för en bättre förståelse och kännedom. Befintliga lösningar utvärderas genom en omfattande litteraturstudie och en kvalitativ intervjustudie med konstruktörer, entreprenörer och leverantörer av tätningstekniker. Samtliga aktörers kompetens och erfarenhet sammanfördes för att identifiera förbättringspotentialen i projektering- och produktionsfasen av vattentäta grundkonstruktioner. Kompetensen finns i branschen men återkopplingen och feedbacken är synnerligen begränsad. Åsikter och kunnigheter är utspridda mellan många källor vilket gör att en enhetlig bild saknas. Sammanfattningsvis visar studien dels att man som konsult tillsammans med entreprenör bör göra en ny risk- och konsekvensanalys inför varje projekt. Olika tätningsalternativ bör övervägas för att medvetandegöra varje parts del av riskhanteringen. Vidare bör man som konstruktör leverera isometriska perspektiv alternativt digitala 3D ritningar för att tydliggöra komplicerade och kvalitetskritiska detaljer. Slutligen bör hantverkare på byggarbetsplatsen vara utbildade och se mervärdet av en sprickminimerad betong och väl utförd tätning av fogar och anslutande element. Konsulter och entreprenörer bör tillsammans efter varje projekt utvärdera valda tätningstekniker för att tillsammans driva de framåt i utvecklingen. / Buildings with foundations below ground is becoming increasingly common. Building far below the ground level means that you have to deal with the fluctuating groundwater. A variety of concrete structures are subjected to one-sided water pressure. Structures' durability and longevity many times depends on the water resistance. The requirement considering waterproofing varies depending on the purpose and use of the building. It can for example be acceptable with some water leakage in a parking deck, while it can be unacceptable for commercial buildings. This paper investigates how to waterproof building foundations below the groundwater level. The water tightness of foundations is mainly depending on three factors. Wide thoroughgoing cracks cannot exist in the concrete. Construction joints and expansion joints forming discontinuities in the foundation must be sealed. Furthermore, connecting elements such as mat-slabs and pile heads must be sealed. These three factors should all be considered to avoid leaks and to avoid the need of after-treatment which means high costs in relation to a waterproof foundation in the first place. The aim of the thesis was to present for Swedish designers how you waterproof foundations below the groundwater level. On behalf of Sweco the report investigated the existing techniques, which properties and limitations they have and when they are suitable. The study is based on an extensive literature review and interviews with involved parties during construction. The goal of the report was to present how to successfully project and build water-proof concrete structures below the groundwater level. The report should give a clear introduction to the subject and facilitate for those who aspire a thorough understanding of the subject. It is primarily aimed to designers, other parties with a significant role can also follow the report for a better understanding and awareness. Existing solutions are evaluated through an extensive literature review and qualitative interviews with designers, contractors and suppliers of sealing techniques. All participant’s skills and experiences were brought together to identify potential for improvement in project planning and production phase of waterproof foundations. The expertise is available in the industry, but the feedback is exceedingly limited. The opinions and skills are sprawled among many sources, which means that a uniform image is missing. In summary, the study shows that consultants and contractors together should make a new risk and impact assessment ahead of each project. Various waterproofing options should be considered, to raise the awareness of each parts share of the risk management. Furthermore the designer should deliver isometric perspectives or digital 3D drawings to clarify complex and quality-critical parts. Finally, craftsman on the construction should be educated and aware of the additional value of a crack minimized concrete and well executed sealing of joints and connecting elements. Consultants and contractors should evaluate the waterproofing techniques after each project to jointly push the technologies forward.

The objective of this research was to assess the condition of four decommissioned bridge decks treated with waterproofing membranes and asphalt overlays following the completion of their service lives. Large samples were cut from each of the bridge decks immediately prior to demolition and taken to the Brigham Young University Highway Materials Laboratory, where extensive sampling and testing was performed. Methods used to evaluate the condition of the bridge deck samples included visual inspection, hammer sounding, Schmidt rebound hammer testing, resistivity testing, half-cell potential testing, linear polarization testing, cover depth measurement, and chloride concentration measurement. The samples were removed from four concrete bridge decks along the Interstate 15 corridor in Provo, Utah. One bridge deck was constructed in 1937, two were constructed in 1964, and one was constructed in 1984. Each of the bridge decks was constructed using conventional cast-in-place methods. With the exception of the 1984 bridge deck, which had epoxy-coated rebar, all of the bridge decks were reinforced with black bar. A waterproofing membrane was installed on each of the bridge decks in 1984, meaning each waterproofing membrane had been in service for 26 or 27 years at the time of sampling. With the exception of one of the bridges, which was in good condition after 26 years of service, each of the bridge decks sampled had successfully served for at least 46 years. Aside from asphalt maintenance, no rehabilitation was needed on any of the bridge decks following installation of the waterproofing membranes. Without the application of the waterproofing membranes, the chloride concentrations in the bridge decks likely would have been much higher. Additional exposure to chloride ions from deicing salts would have quickly increased the chloride concentration in the concrete above critical levels, which would have led to significant corrosion and bridge deck deterioration, prematurely. While the application of membranes as a bridge deck maintenance procedure has mostly been replaced by the use of epoxy-based polymer overlays, many bridge decks protected with membrane systems are still in service today. The research findings suggest that application of waterproofing membranes and asphalt overlays in a timely manner, before the accumulation of excessive amounts of chlorides within a deck, can be an effective approach for concrete bridge deck preservation.

This report investigates the possibilities and difficulties with a courtyard floor in CLT-wood, an alternative to today’s concrete floor. The environmental issue and how to construct a sustainability construction are the main focuses. This report contains data and information from people with competence within this topic that has been collected through literatures and interviews. The main areas that will be looked up is the construction with CLT-wood and moisture damage. Since concrete can tolerate much more load, is an investigation required to find out what factors that need to be modified. A courtyard needs to be kept dry regardless of the material. However, wood doesn´t tolerate that much moisture compared to concrete and the consequences will be much more.Through researches and interviews some solutions with CLT-wood has been made. Several alternatives have been made that has a great potential to match the requirements for this kind of construction. CLT-wood and glulam will be the main focuses.Also, research about CLT-wood through a logistics perspective have been made. All those tasks from transport the material from the manufactures to assemble it on the construction site will be portrayed and then compared with the material concrete. Those tasks that are similar will then be compared through time and cost.

This study has been done in order to examine which type of pile, pile driving- and waterproofing methodsare most suited for an existing building. A building that will undergo an extensive reinforcement of itsfoundation.The study has been made in regard to the following conditions:● Different types of clay soil (Cohesion soil)● Underlying rock structure with heavy incline (8° slope)● Sensitive environment for vibrations and ground displacements● Limited accessibility (Room and maximum weight)● Compressive and tensile forces● Pool (Water environment)To answer the questions of statement a scientific literature study, interview with a foundation expert,calculations in sizing, but also time and cost analysis has been conducted. A site visit to an object ofreference, Nya Krav Himmerfjärdsverket, occurred where a reconstruction of an existing building withextensive work of reinforcement to its’ foundation was in progress.The steel pipe pile with anchor and steel core pile are the best pile types in such conditions as compressiveand tensile forces, clay soil with underlying inclined rock bed, limited accessibility and sensitivesurrounding environment. Which pile type, pile driving- and waterproofing methods that are most suited forsuch conditions is different for each project. The steel core pile is more suitable for higher loads, rockstructures in incline and when verification of load capacity is not needed. At the same time the steel pipepile is more suited when the underlying rock bed is far below ground level, where you would need manypile elements and joints. In addition, the steel pipe pile is suitable for buildings with a complex loaddistribution, where a greater number of piles with lower load capacities is needed in order to satisfy this.The best pile driving method for drilling in sensitive environment is the water equipped down-the-hole(DTH) drill. This drilling method is gentle to surrounding piles in existing building.In order to minimise the risk of water penetration and then expand the life span of the construction, use ofa combination of different waterproofing systems is to prefer when waterproofing pile heads or pilefoundations.

The use of methylchlorosilanes as an agent to produce water-repellent characteristics in cotton fabrics was patented by W.I. Patnode of the General Electric Company. Since very little information has been published on the process, this investigation was undertaken to determine the optimum conditions for treating cotton fabric. Experimental tests were made using 10 inch square samples of three different poplin type cotton fabrics dried to constant weight in a vacuum dryer and over P₂O₅ in a desiccator. Each cotton sample was treated with one of five different organo chlorosilanes or a mixture of methyltrichlorosilane and dimethyldichlorosilane. The time of contact between the fabric and silane was established at 60 seconds by a number of preliminary tests. Room temperature of approximately 30°C and pressure of approximately 710 mm were arbitrarily chosen for the reaction. The tests were made with the fabric in a three liter distilling apparatus and the required amount of silane for the volume concentration desired was vaporized and transported into the reactor by a difference in pressure of the vaporizer and reaction vessel. Fabric samples were supported in the reactor over a glass distributor ring which disbursed the silane. Volume concentrations of silanes of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 percent were used in the investigation. Neutralization of end products was attempted with a 10 minute dried-air wash, 13-16 percent volume concentration of ammonia and five percent solution of sodium acetate. Data on results of tests on end products indicated the following conclusions: 1. Neutralization of end products is necessary to prevent deterioration of the fabric, as indicated by a maximum reduction in tensile strength of 80 percent as compared to an untreated sample. 2. The 60 second time of silane-fabric contact is sufficient to produce a water-repellent fabric. 3. Fabrics treated with a one percent volume concentration of mixtures of methyltrichlorosilane and dimethyldichlorosilane show a spray test rating of 90 as compared to a rating of 70-80 for fabrics treated with individual silanes. 4. Standard methods of testing treated fabrics do not indicate the hygienic properties of the treated fabrics. / Master of Science

В работе проанализированы виды защиты подземной части гражданских зданий от воздействия воды, установлены основные недостатки проектных решений и построечные дефекты, которые приводят к снижению надежности гидроизоляции рабочих швов монолитных железобетонных конструкций подземной части гражданских зданий, разработаны новые конструктивно-технологические решения по устройству гидроизоляции рабочих швов монолитных конструкций подземной части гражданских зданий, которые позволяют устранить выявленные недостатки проектных решений и построечные дефекты. / The paper analyzes the types of protection for the underground part of civil buildings against water damage; it identifies the main disadvantages of design solutions and structural defects, which lead to decreased reliability of waterproofing in working seams in monolithic reinforced concrete structures in the underground section of civil buildings. New structural and technological solutions for waterproofing working seams have been developed in monolith structures of underground civil buildings, eliminating the identified shortcomings in design solutions and defects in construction.