This research investigates wave propagation in an elastic half-space with a quadratic nonlinearity in its stress-strain relationship. Different boundary conditions on the surface are considered that result in both one- and two-dimensional wave propagation problems. The goal of the research is to examine the generation of second-order frequency effects and static effects which may be used to determine the nonlinearity present in the material. This is accomplished by extracting the amplitudes of those effects in the frequency domain and analyzing their dependency on the third-order elastic constants (TOEC). For the one-dimensional problems, both analytical approximate solutions as well as numerical simulations are presented. For the two-dimensional problems, numerical solutions are presented whose dependency on the material's nonlinearity is compared to the one-dimensional problems. The numerical solutions are obtained by first formulating the problem as a hyperbolic system of conservation laws, which is then solved numerically using a semi-discrete central scheme. The numerical method is implemented using the package CentPack. In the one-dimensional cases, it is shown that the analytical and numerical solutions are in good agreement with each other, as well as how different boundary conditions may be used to measure the TOEC. In the two-dimensional cases, it is shown that there exist comparable dependencies of the second-order frequency effects and static effects on the TOEC. Finally, it is analytically and numerically investigated how multiple reflections in a plate can be used to simplify measurements of the material nonlinearity in an experiment.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Neste trabalho são utilizados a técnica baseada na propagação de ondas acústicas e o método de otimização estocástica Luus-Jaakola (LJ) para solucionar o problema inverso relacionado à identificação de danos em barras. São apresentados o algoritmo algébrico sequencial (AAS) e o algoritmo algébrico sequencial aperfeiçoado (AASA) que modelam o problema direto de propagação de ondas acústicas em uma barra. O AASA consiste nas modificações introduzidas no AAS. O uso do AASA resolve com vantagens o problema de identificação de danos com variações abruptas de impedância. Neste trabalho são obtidos, usando-se o AAS-LJ e o AASA-LJ, os resultados de identificação de cinco cenários de danos. Três deles com perfil suave de impedância acústica generalizada e os outros dois abruptos. Além disso, com o objetivo de simular sinais reais de um experimento, foram introduzidos variados níveis de ruído. Os resultados alcançados mostram que o uso do AASA-LJ na resolução de problemas de identificação de danos em barras é bastante promissor, superando o AAS-LJ para perfis abruptos de impedância. / In this work the techniques based on the wave propagation approach and the Luus- Jaakola optimization method to solve the inverse problem of damage identification in bars are applied. The sequential algebraic algorithm (SAA) and the improved sequential algebraic algorithm (ISAA) that model the direct problem of acoustic wave propagation in bars are presented. The ISAA consists on modifications of the SAA. The use of the ISAA solves with advantages the problem of damage identification when the generalized acoustical impedance variations are abrupt. In this work the results of identification of five damage scenarios are obtained using the SAA and the ISAA. Three of them are smooth impedance profiles and the other two are rough ones. Moreover, to simulate signals obtained experimentally, different noise levels were introduced. It is shown that using the ISAA-LJ in solving problems of damage identification in bars is quite promising, furnishing better results than the SAA-LJ, specially when the impedance profiles are abrupt.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Neste trabalho são utilizados a técnica baseada na propagação de ondas acústicas e o método de otimização estocástica Luus-Jaakola (LJ) para solucionar o problema inverso relacionado à identificação de danos em barras. São apresentados o algoritmo algébrico sequencial (AAS) e o algoritmo algébrico sequencial aperfeiçoado (AASA) que modelam o problema direto de propagação de ondas acústicas em uma barra. O AASA consiste nas modificações introduzidas no AAS. O uso do AASA resolve com vantagens o problema de identificação de danos com variações abruptas de impedância. Neste trabalho são obtidos, usando-se o AAS-LJ e o AASA-LJ, os resultados de identificação de cinco cenários de danos. Três deles com perfil suave de impedância acústica generalizada e os outros dois abruptos. Além disso, com o objetivo de simular sinais reais de um experimento, foram introduzidos variados níveis de ruído. Os resultados alcançados mostram que o uso do AASA-LJ na resolução de problemas de identificação de danos em barras é bastante promissor, superando o AAS-LJ para perfis abruptos de impedância. / In this work the techniques based on the wave propagation approach and the Luus- Jaakola optimization method to solve the inverse problem of damage identification in bars are applied. The sequential algebraic algorithm (SAA) and the improved sequential algebraic algorithm (ISAA) that model the direct problem of acoustic wave propagation in bars are presented. The ISAA consists on modifications of the SAA. The use of the ISAA solves with advantages the problem of damage identification when the generalized acoustical impedance variations are abrupt. In this work the results of identification of five damage scenarios are obtained using the SAA and the ISAA. Three of them are smooth impedance profiles and the other two are rough ones. Moreover, to simulate signals obtained experimentally, different noise levels were introduced. It is shown that using the ISAA-LJ in solving problems of damage identification in bars is quite promising, furnishing better results than the SAA-LJ, specially when the impedance profiles are abrupt.

La compréhension et l’amélioration de l’environnement vibratoire des charges utiles demande la mise au point de démarches prédictives maîtrisées qui permettent de comprendre les phénomènes de transmission des ondes de chocs d’origine pyrotechnique dans le lanceur Ariane5. Plus particulièrement, la maîtrise du comportement transitoire des coques sandwichs en nid d’abeilles, principaux constituants de l’Adaptateur de Charges Utiles – structure porteuse des satellites, est nécessaire pour prédire les vibrations au pied des équipements électroniques des satellites et des lanceurs. Cette problématique présente un caractère multi-échelle tant d’un point de vue temporel (charge mobile supersonique, temps d’analyse) que spatial (dimensions des structures du lanceur, taille des cellules en nid d’abeilles, longueurs d’ondes liées aux hautes fréquences). Celui-ci a été traité dans cette thèse en s’appuyant d’une part, sur une qualification à la fois analytique et numérique des modèles classiques homogénéisés des plaques sandwichs en nid d’abeilles pour la gamme de fréquence mise en jeu et d’autre part, sur une application des stratégies de remaillage adaptatif pour la propagation des ondes développées dans le cadre de la méthode de Galerkin espace-temps discontinue en temps. Deux catégories de modèles de plaques épaisses ont été ainsi construites dans le but d’enrichir la cinématique classique de plaques épaisses de Mindlin-Reissner qui s’est avérée être insuffisante pour correctement représenter le comportement dynamique hors-plan des plaques sandwich en nid d’abeilles. Ainsi ont été analysés les modèles dits monocouches basés sur un enrichissement de la cinématique par ajout de degrés de liberté dans l’épaisseur, et les modèles multicouches composés d’une superposition de trois plaques avec une homogénéisation séparée des matériaux. Il a été montré que ces deux sortes de modèles améliorent la description des phénomènes de hautes fréquences, notamment ceux de flexion et de cisaillement transverse qui sont plus délicats à retranscrire. Toutes les études numériques ont été effectuées avec un code éléments finis qui emploie des solveurs adaptatifs dynamiques basés sur la méthode de Galerkin espace-temps discontinue en temps. Cette méthode d’intégration en temps introduit un amortissement numérique dépendant du pas de temps et qui peut interférer avec un amortissement physique susceptible d’être introduit dans un modèle numérique et conduire au final à un amortissement total différent de celui qui est attendu. Cette interaction a été analysée et mise en évidence dans ce travail à travers l’introduction de l’amortissement de Rayleigh dans les modèles de propagation de chocs. Les outils et les modèles de propagation ainsi développés ont été validés sur plusieurs structures académiques et industrielles. Des comparaisons avec des données expérimentales sur des structures industrielles de grande taille, plus particulièrement sur un Adaptateur de Charges Utiles d’Ariane5, sont effectuées et soulignent la cohérence de notre approche ainsi que la fiabilité et l’efficacité des modèles de propagation proposés. / Reliable and efficient numerical models for the pyrotechnic shock wave propagation in structures of the Ariane5 launcher are necessary for a good understanding and a predictive analysis of the payload vibration environment. More precisely, the correct modeling of the dynamic behaviour of the honeycomb sandwich shells, the main material composing the payload adaptor, is essential to control the vibration environment of the payload and the embarked electronic equipments and so to prevent them from damages caused by the shock wave propagation. The topic is obviously a multi-scale problem from both temporal and spatial points of view : short time intervals imposed by supersonic moving loads vs. large total time interval that the slowest waves need to travel throughout the adaptor ; very short wavelengths of high frequency waves, and very small size of the honeycomb cells vs. large structure dimensions. To take into account all involved space-time scales in a reliable and efficient way, the herein study is based both on the analytical and numerical qualification of the classical homogenized models of honeycomb sandwich shells for the frequency range introduced by the pyrotechnic shock wave, and on a dynamic solver based on the well-known space-time discontinuous Galerkin method, allowing the use of adaptive remeshes for the wave propagation. The classical Mindlin-Reissner’s kinematics of thick plates being inefficient to correctly represent the dynamic out-of-plane behaviour of the honeycomb sandwich plates, two kinds of its enrichment are considered : One-layered models based on an enrichment of the kinematics by adding degrees of freedom in the thickness, and multi-layered models composed of a superposition of three plates with separated material homogenisations. It has been shown theoretically and numerically that, both types of enrichment allow more precise descriptions of flexure and transverse shear modes in the high frequency range. However, the multi-layered models give much more promising results, as the important role played by the honeycomb core for the transverse shear behaviour of the whole sandwich is not “smeared” in a one-layered homogenized model. All the numerical studies were conducted with a finite element code which uses a dynamic solverbased on the time discontinuous space-time Galerkin method. The built-in numerical damping of this solver can interfere with a physical damping potentially introduced by the numerical model and results in a global damping totally unexpected. This interaction has been analysed and underlined in this work thanks to the introduction of the Rayleigh damping in the shock wave propagation models. Theoretical and numerical tools and propagating models thus developed have been validated on several academic and industrial structures. Comparison with experimental data on large size industrial structures, especially a real size payload adaptor, is performed and emphasizes the coherence of our approach and the reliability and the efficiency of the proposed propagating models.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-01-04T11:17:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 daniellerosanydemedeirosleal.pdf: 19032116 bytes, checksum: 03bebf3d76cd23f21fc6a647e7c00d77 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-01-31T10:32:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 daniellerosanydemedeirosleal.pdf: 19032116 bytes, checksum: 03bebf3d76cd23f21fc6a647e7c00d77 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-31T10:32:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 daniellerosanydemedeirosleal.pdf: 19032116 bytes, checksum: 03bebf3d76cd23f21fc6a647e7c00d77 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-29 / Este trabalho apresenta um novo esquema explícito de marcha no tempo para a análise problemas de propagação de ondas compatível com qualquer método de discretização espacial que seja baseado em elementos (e.g., Método dos Elementos Finitos, etc.). Por ser explícito, isto é, sem necessidade da solução de um sistema de equações, o método é de fácil implementação. Baseado em integradores de tempo adaptativos, a técnica aqui proposta contempla dissipação numérica local e otimizada, permitindo a minimização de oscilações espúrias e aumento da precisão. Também, com o emprego de discretização temporal local (subciclagem), acrescenta-se robustez ao algoritmo do método, flexibilizando a estabilidade e aumentando a eficiência da análise em foco. / This work presents a new explicit time marching procedure for wave propagation problems, which is compatible with any spatial discretization method based on elements (e.g. Finite Element Method - FEM, etc.). Because it does not require any system of equations to be solved, its implementation is very simple. Based on adaptive time integrators, it provides local and optimized numerical damping, allowing the influence of spurious oscillations to be minimized, improving accuracy. In addition, by employing local time discretization, considering a subclycing technique, the performance to the method is improved, enhancing the flexibility of the method regarding stability and increasing the efficiency of the proposed approach.

Este trabalho caracterizou os siltitos do Grupo Itararé, rocha branda proveniente da amostragem de pedreira localizada nas proximidades de futuro empreendimento brasileiro, o Trem de Alta Velocidade. Objetivou entender as causas da pronunciada e rápida alteração da rocha intacta, e simular, em condições controladas de laboratório, a degradação hidromecânica causada pela simples variação da umidade relativa do ar. Para tal, estabeleceu-se técnica de amostragem de testemunhos por meio da extração via seca com ar-comprimido, e processo de intemperismo artificial, composto por 4 ciclos de 2 etapas (secagem e umedecimento). O processo se deu em dessecadores, sendo a variação da umidade ocasionada pela técnica do vapor e sílica gel. O acompanhamento da degradação dos corpos de prova efetuou-se com duas técnicas não-destrutivas de propagação de ondas: o pulso ultrassônico e a excitação por impulso (sistema Sonelastic). Em paralelo, realizou-se a caracterização geotécnica dos siltitos em umidade natural, com ensaios mineralógicos, físicos, físico-mecânicos, físico-químicos e de alteração laboratorial. Por meio desta metodologia, foi possível estimar as minorações do módulo de deformabilidade e da resistência, além das causas físico-químicas da degradação. / This work characterized the siltstones of the Itararé Group, a soft rock sampled in a quarry located near a future Brazilian venture, the High Speed Train. It aims at understanding the causes of the pronounced and fast changes of the intact rock, and simulate in controlled laboratory conditions the hydro degradation process caused by simple variation of relative air humidity. Dry sampling technique with compressed air was used to extract samples from blocks, and the process of artificial weathering consisted on 4 cycles of 2 steps (drying and wetting). The process occurred in desiccators, where moisture variation was caused by the vapor technique and silica gel. The monitoring of the specimens degradation was performed with two non-destructive wave propagation techniques: the ultrasonic pulse and the impulse excitation (Sonelastic system). A geotechnical characterization of the siltstones in natural moisture condition was made in parallel, consisting on mineralogical, physical, physical-mechanical, physical-chemical and durability tests. By this methodology, it was possible to estimate the mitigation of the deformability modulus and strength besides the physical- chemical causes of degradation.

Orientador: Michel Daoud Yacoub / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T14:27:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Heinrich_RalphRobert_M.pdf: 7113070 bytes, checksum: 2a64f903bc44fb31b9ee53ef545bb24e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Este projeto de pesquisa objetiva responder a algumas questões sistêmicas levantadas por ocasião do início do desenvolvimento do sistema LTE-450, parte integrante do projeto RASFA - Redes de Acesso Sem Fio Avançadas, conduzido pelo CPqD - Fundação Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Telecomunicações, com recursos do FUNTTEL - Fundo para o Desenvolvimento Tecnológico das Telecomunicações. Esse projeto visa, como um de seus objetivos, o desenvolvimento de um sistema de rádio acesso sem fio LTE-450, operando na faixa de 450 a 470 MHz, baseado na tecnologia LTE - Long Term Evolution. A faixa de 450 a 470 MHz está atribuída em base global desde 2007 para o Serviço Móvel, conforme identificado pela União Internacional de Telecomunicações na World Radiocommunication Conference 2007. A Anatel - Agência Nacional de Telecomunicações - publicou a nova destinação de uso para a faixa de 450 a 470 MHz em 20 de dezembro de 2010, através da Resolução n º 558. Várias ações vêm sendo empreendidas em apoio ao uso da faixa 450 a 470 MHz, para a prestação de serviços banda larga sem fio para áreas rurais, como consta do Programa Nacional de Telecomunicações Rurais, publicado pela Portaria 431/2009 do Ministério das Comunicações, e do Plano Nacional de Banda Larga, publicado em 13 de maio de 2010. Entende-se que a faixa de 450 a 470 MHz é ideal para a implantação de serviços de banda larga sem fio em áreas rurais, devido às suas características de propagação. Por outro lado, a base de conhecimento sobre o canal rádio em sistemas de rádio acesso móvel banda larga considera o uso, em áreas urbanas, de faixas de frequências situadas entre 850 MHz e 3500 MHz. São notórias as diferenças entre as características de propagação nessas faixas e nas faixas de UHF, principalmente quando a área de prestação do serviço deixa de ser a urbana e passa a ser a rural. Nesse sentido, alguns requisitos sistêmicos podem ser questionados e mesmo redimensionados. Esses requisitos foram aqui endereçados através de levantamento de dados em campo e posterior análise crítica contra a base de conhecimento disponível. São questões como a amplitude do desvanecimento seletivo e por despolarização, a intensidade do ruído impulsivo, os modelos de propagação aplicáveis à área rural e à faixa de UHF, a variação da perda de percurso com a altura da antena do terminal e a discriminação de polarização da antena do terminal / Abstract: This research project aims to answer some systemic issues raised during the early development of the LTE-450 radio access system, part of a project RASFA - Advanced Wireless Networks Access, led by CPqD Foundation - Center for Research and Development in Telecommunications with resources of FUNTTEL - Technological Development of Telecommunications Fund. This project aims, as one of its objectives, the development of a LTE-450 wireless system, operating in the 450-470 MHz band, based on LTE - Long Term Evolution technology. The 450-470 MHz band is allocated, on a global basis, since 2007 for Mobile Service, as identified by the International Telecommunication Union in the World Radiocommunication Conference 2007. Anatel - The Brazilian National Telecommunications Agency has published a new destination for the 450-470 MHz band on December 20, 2010, through Resolution No. 558. Several actions have been undertaken in support of the use of the 450-470 MHz band, to provide wireless broadband services to rural areas, as set out in the National Rural Telecommunications Plan, published by the Decree 431/2009 of the Ministry of Communications and the National Broadband Plan (PNBL), published on May 13, 2010. It is understood that the 450-470 MHz band is ideal for deploying wireless broadband services in rural areas, due to its propagation characteristics. On the other hand, the base of knowledge about the mobile broadband access radio systems channel, considering the use in urban areas, situated between 850 MHz and 3500 MHz bands have notable differences between the propagation characteristics of these bands and the UHF bands, especially when the area of service provision ceases to be the urban and goes to the rural areas. Thus, some systemic requirements can be questioned and even resized. These requirements are addressed here through field data gathering and subsequent critical analysis against the knowledge base available. These issues are such as the extent of selective fading and depolarization, the intensity of the impulse noise, the propagation models applicable to the rural area and the UHF band, the variation of the path loss with the height of the terminal antenna and of terminal antenna polarization discrimination / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

La dynamique d’une structure peut être vue aussi bien en termes de modes (ondes stationnaires) qu’en termes d’ondes élastiques libres. Les approches modales sont largement utilisées en mécanique et de nombreuses techniques de réduction de modèles (Model Order Reduction - MOR) ont été développées dans ce cadre. Quant à la dynamique des structures périodiques, les approches propagatives sont majoritairement utilisées, où la périodicité est exploitée en utilisant la théorie de Bloch. Pour les structures périodiques complexes, plusieurs techniques MOR sur la base d’onde ont été proposées dans la littérature. Dans ce travail, une approche couplée propagative et modale a été développée pour étudier la propagation des ondes dans les structures périodiques. Cette approche commence par la description modale d’une cellule unitaire (échelle mésoscopique) en utilisant la synthèse modale (Component Mode Synthesis - CMS). Par la suite, la méthode propagative - Wave Finite Element Method (WFEM) est appliquée sur la structure (échelle macroscopique). Cette méthode est nommée “CWFEM” pour CondensedWave Finite Element Method. Elle combine les avantages de la CMS et WFEM. La CMS permet d’analyser le comportement local d’en extraire une base réduite. La WFEM exploite la périodicité de la structure d’en extraire les paramètres de propagation. Ainsi, l’analyse de la propagation des ondes dans la structure à l’échelle macroscopique peut être réalisée en prenant en compte l’échelle mésoscopique. L’efficacité de la CWFEM est illustrée par de nombreuse applications aux structures périodiques monodimensionnelle (1D) et bidimensionnelle (2D). Le critère de réduction optimale assurant la convergence est discuté. Les caractéristiques de propagation dans les structures périodiques sont identifiées: bande passante, bande interdite, la directivité marquée (wave beaming effects), courbe de dispersion, band structure, surface des lenteurs... Ces propriétés peuvent répondre au besoin de conception des barrières vibroacoustiques, pièges à ondes. La CWFEM est ensuite appliquée pour étudier la propagation des ondes dans des plaques perforées et plaques raidies. Une méthode d’homogénéisation pour déterminer le modèle équivalent de la plaque perforée est proposée. Les comportements à haute fréquence tels que la directivité marquée sont également prédits par CWFEM. Trois modèles de plaques avec perforations différentes sont étudiées dans ce travail. Une validation expérimentale est effectuée sur deux plaques. Pour la plaque raidie, l’influence des modes internes sur la propagation globale est discutée. La densité modale est estimée, en moyenne et haute fréquences, pour une plaque raidie finie, où une bonne corrélation est obtenue en comparant les résultats à l’issue des analyses modales. / Structural dynamics can be described in terms of structural modes as well as elastic wave motions. The mode-based methods are widely applied in mechanical engineering and numerous model order reduction (MOR) techniques have been developed. When it comes to the study of periodic structures, wave description is mostly adopted where periodicity is fully exploited based on the Bloch theory. For complex periodic structures, several MOR techniques conducted on wave basis have been proposed in the literature. In this work, a wave and modal coupled approach is developed to study the wave propagation in periodic structures. The approach begins with the modal description of a unit cell (mesoscopic scale) using Component Mode Synthesis (CMS). Subsequently, the wave-based method -Wave Finite Element Method (WFEM) is applied to the structure (macroscopic scale). The method is referred as “CWFEM” for Condensed Wave Finite Element Method. It combines the advantages of CMS and WFEM. CMS enables to analyse the local behaviour of the unit cell using a reduced modal basis. On the other hand, WFEM exploits fully the periodic propriety of the structure and extracts directly the propagation parameters. Thus the analysis of the wave propagation in the macroscopic scale waveguides can be carried out considering the mesoscopic scale behaviour. The effectiveness of CWFEM is illustrated via several one-dimensional (1D) periodic structures and two-dimensional (2D) periodic structures. The criterion of the optimal reduction to ensure the convergence is discussed. Typical wave propagation characteristics in periodic structures are identified, such as pass bands, stop bands, wave beaming effects, dispersion relation, band structure and slowness surfaces...Their proprieties can be applied as vibroacoustics barriers, wave filters. CWFEM is subsequently applied to study wave propagation characteristics in perforated plates and stiffened plate. A homogenization method to find the equivalent model of perforated plate is proposed. The high frequency behaviours such as wave beaming effect are also predicted by CWFEM. Three plate models with different perforations are studied. Experimental validation is conducted on two plates. For the stiffened plate, the influence of internal modes on propagation is discussed. The modal density in the mid- and high- frequency range is estimated for a finite stiffened plate, where good correlation is obtained compared to the mode count from modal analysis.

Motivée par le développement de diverses applications déployant des antennes près d'une interface, comme les systèmes militaires UGS, les réseaux corporels sans fil BAN et la surveillance environnementale impliquant des capteurs au sol, cette thèse porte sur la modélisation de la propagation des ondes électromagnétiques près d'une interface. Tout d'abord, la méthode classique de l'optique géométrique est confrontée à des formules approchées fournies par Norton et par Bannister. Cette étude met en évidence les cas où l'optique géométrique ne décrit pas correctement la propagation près de la surface. Pour une compréhension plus exhaustive, les fonctions de Green de ce type de propagation, présentées sous forme d'intégrales de Sommerfeld, sont évaluées à la lumière de la méthode de la plus grande pente. Cette évaluation permet d'extraire trois équations importantes pour la propagation près d'une interface. La première est la condition essentielle pour que la proximité au sol puisse profiter au bilan de liaison grâce à l'excitation d'une composante de l'onde diffractée qui se propage près de l'interface. Les deux autres identifient des distances critiques qui bornent le début et la fin de la zone présentant un affaiblissement de trajet amélioré. L'ensemble de ces trois équations permet d'évaluer le rôle de certains paramètres physiques, notamment les propriétés électromagnétiques du sol, la fréquence de travail et la hauteur des antennes. Cette thèse inclut également les pistes pratiques envisagées pour une démonstration de faisabilité de l'amélioration d'une liaison sans fil par la proximité des antennes à l'interface. La couverture du sol ayant une importance prépondérante, nous présentons des recherches préliminaires sur la réalisation et la caractérisation d'un matériau approprié pour ce type de propagation. Dans un axe de recherche parallèle, cette thèse évalue également l'exactitude et la pertinence d'une nouvelle formulation théorique pour la propagation près du sol. Cette formulation dite « de Schelkunoff » suscite des controverses dans la communauté scientifique / Motivated by the development of various applications deploying antennas near an interface, such as military systems (UGS), wireless body area networks (BAN) and environmental monitoring involving ground sensors, this thesis deals with the near-ground wave propagation modelling. First, the results of the geometrical optics are confronted with the approximations provided by Norton and Bannister. This study reveals the cases where geometrical optics does not correctly describe the wave propagation near the surface. For a more comprehensive understanding, Green's functions of this type of propagation, presented as Sommerfeld integrals, are evaluated using the steepest descent technique. This evaluation offers the possibility to extract three important equations for near-ground wave propagation. The first one presents the essential condition under which the link budget can benefit from the ground proximity through the excitation of a diffracted wave component propagating near the interface. The other two equations identify critical distances indicating the beginning and the end of the zone with an improved path loss. All these three equations highlight the role of certain physical parameters, in particular the electromagnetic properties of the ground, the working frequency and the heights of the antennas. This thesis also includes the practical solutions that can be considered to demonstrate the feasibility of improving a wireless link by the proximity of the antennas to the interface. Since floor coating is of major importance, we present preliminary research on the realisation and characterisation of a suitable material for this type of propagation. In a parallel research axis, this thesis also evaluates the accuracy and relevance of a new theoretical formulation for near-ground propagation. The "so-called Schelkunoff" formulation has become a controversial issue in the scientific community

Ce travail présente les développements récents réalisés sur le pénétromètre PANDA 3. Il s'agit d'un pénétromètre dynamique instrumenté qui permet à partir de la mesure puis du découplage des ondes créées par l’impact sur l’appareil, d’obtenir pour chaque coup une courbe charge-enfoncement σp-sp du sol ausculté. L’exploitation de cette courbe permet de déterminer des paramètres de résistance (résistance de pointe qd), de déformation (module dynamique Ed P3), des caractéristiques d’amortissement Js et de célérité d'ondes (CsP3 et CpP3) des sols auscultés en fonction de la profondeur tout au long du sondage. Cependant, et bien que la méthode soit très intéressante, celle-ci est restée au stade d’un prototype de laboratoire. Il est donc nécessaire de réaliser une étude plus approfondie sur l'essai lui-même et sur l’information contenue dans la courbe σp-sp en vue de fiabiliser la mesure et d’améliorer son exploitation. Dans un premier temps, nous présentons un bref aperçu sur les techniques de reconnaissance géotechnique et plus particulièrement celle des essais de pénétration dynamique. Le principe général du PANDA 3 est également présenté. La deuxième partie est consacrée au développement d'un nouveau prototype de pénétromètre PANDA 3. Ce développement s’appuie sur plusieurs études visant à valider la qualité des informations recueillies, leur bonne reproductibilité et le traitement des signaux d’acquisition. De même, un modèle numérique discret du battage pénétrométrique développé à l’aide du logiciel Particle Flow Code (Itasca) est présenté permettant de valider la technique de mesure. La troisième partie traite d'une étude comparative des résultats obtenus avec le PANDA 3 et d’autres techniques d'auscultation in situ afin de valider les résultats obtenus et l’utilisation de l’appareil dans des conditions réelles. Par ailleurs l’extension de cette technique de mesure au cas des pénétromètres lourds est appliquée dans le but de mesurer l'énergie transmise et d’étalonner le système de battage. Enfin, la dernière partie est consacrée à l'interprétation et l'exploitation des signaux en pointe afin d'affiner le modèle d'interprétation de la courbe charge-enfoncement. L'analyse de l'ensemble des signaux enregistrés au laboratoire a permis d’approcher une méthodologie d'exploitation de la courbe. L'application de la méthode proposée a été réalisée pour différents sols aussi bien au laboratoire que sur le terrain. Les résultats obtenus ont été confrontés avec d'autres types d’essais. / This work presents the recent developments made on the penetrometer PANDA®3. The instrumented dynamic penetrometer allowing, from the measurement and the decoupling of waves created by the impact, to obtain the load-penetration curve σp-sp of the soil. The exploitation of this curve allows determining the failure parameter (tip resistance qd), deformation (dynamic modulus EdP3), damping characteristics (Js) and wave speed (CsP3 and CpP3) of the investigated soil according to depth all along the sounding. However, although the proposed method is very interesting, it has remained at the stage of a laboratory prototype. It is therefore necessary to conduct a more thorough study of the test itself and the information provided from the σp-sp curve in order to obtain reliable measurement and improve their exploitation. First of all, we are presenting a brief overview of the geotechnical in-situ testing particularly that of the dynamic penetration tests as well as the general principle of PANDA 3 is presented. The second part is devoted to the development of a new prototype of the PANDA 3 penetrometer. This development is based on several studies aiming at validating the quality of the information, good reproducibility and treatment of the acquisition signals. Similarly, a discrete numerical model of the penetrometer developed using the Particle Flow Code software (Itasca) is presented to validate the measurement technique. The third part deals with a comparative study of the results obtained with the PANDA 3 and other in situ investigation techniques to validate the obtained results and the use of the device in real conditions. Moreover, the extension of this measurement technique in the case of heavy penetrometer is applied in order to measure the transmitted energy and to calibrate the driving system. The last part is devoted to refining the interpretation and exploitation of the load-penetration curve. The analysis of all the signals recorded in the laboratory allowed to approach a methodology of curve exploitation. The application of the proposed method was carried out for different soils both in the laboratory and on field. The results were confronted with other types of tests.