Abstract This thesis focuses on topographic mapping of rock formations with the use of new technologies in a comprehensive manner, from airborne laser scanning (ALS) data acquisition and processing in rocky terrains, followed by their processing to the content of topographic databases and their cartographic processing in maps. The introduction discusses issues of importance for practice, and the relation between topographic mapping of rocks and other fields of human activity. The ALS section describes products for topographic mapping of rocks derived from ALS data, and discusses the specifics of ALS data acquisition and processing in wooded rugged terrain. Existing solutions of this problem are explained and their limitations are identified. Author's own approaches to solving this task are presented as case studies, including three made a further three designed experiments with ALS data processing and evaluation of their results. Recommendation regarding mapping of sandstone landscapes in Czechia have been also addressed. The topographic section describes the current representation of rocks and related objects in the ZABAGED database (Czech national digital topographic database), explains the historical context, analyzes this data and identifies their shortcomings in relation to the ALS. Research...

Diese Arbeit widmet sich der Simulation von elektrischen/elektronischen Schaltungen welche um elektromagnetische Bauelemente erweitert werden. Im Fokus stehen unterschiedliche Kopplungen der Schaltungsgleichungen, modelliert mit der modifizierten Knotenanalyse, und den elektromagnetischen Bauelementen mit deren verfeinerten Modell basierend auf den vollen Maxwell-Gleichungen in der Lorenz-geeichten A-V Formulierung welche durch Finite-Integrations-Technik räumlich diskretisiert werden. Eine numerische Analyse erweitert die topologischen Kriterien für den Index der resultierenden differential-algebraischen Gleichungen, wie sie bereits in anderen Arbeiten mit ähnlichen Feld/Schaltkreis-Kopplungen hergeleitet wurden. Für die Simulation werden sowohl ein monolithischer Ansatz als auch Waveform-Relaxationsmethoden untersucht. Im Mittelpunkt stehen dabei Zeitintegration, Skalierungsmethoden, strukturelle Eigenschaften und ein hybride Ansatz zur Lösung der zugrundeliegenden linearen Gleichungssysteme welcher den Einsatz spezialisierter Löser für die jeweiligen Teilsysteme erlaubt. Da die vollen Maxwell-Gleichungen zusätzliche Ableitungen in der Kopplungsstruktur verursachen, sind bisher existierende Konvergenzaussagen für die Waveform-Relaxation von gekoppelten differential-algebraischen Gleichungen nicht anwendbar und motivieren eine neue Konvergenzanalyse. Auf dieser Analyse aufbauend werden hinreichende topologische Kriterien entwickelt, welche eine Konvergenz von Gauß-Seidel- und Jacobi-artigen Waveform-Relaxationen für die gekoppelten Systeme garantieren. Schließlich werden numerische Benchmarks zur Verfügung gestellt, um die eingeführten Methoden und Theoreme dieser Abhandlung zu unterstützen. / This work is devoted to the simulation of electrical/electronic circuits incorporating electromagnetic devices. The focus is on different couplings of the circuit equations, modeled with the modified nodal analysis, and the electromagnetic devices with their refined model based on full-wave Maxwell's equations in Lorenz gauged A-V formulation which are spatially discretized by the finite integration technique. A numerical analysis extends the topological criteria for the index of the resulting differential-algebraic equations, as already derived in other works with similar field/circuit couplings. For the simulation, both a monolithic approach and waveform relaxation methods are investigated. The focus is on time integration, scaling methods, structural properties and a hybrid approach to solve the underlying linear systems of equations with the use of specialized solvers for the respective subsystems. Since the full-Maxwell approach causes additional derivatives in the coupling structure, previously existing convergence statements for the waveform relaxation of coupled differential-algebraic equations are not applicable and motivate a new convergence analysis. Based on this analysis, sufficient topological criteria are developed which guarantee convergence of Gauss-Seidel and Jacobi type waveform relaxation schemes for introduced coupled systems. Finally, numerical benchmarks are provided to support the introduced methods and theorems of this treatise.

We discuss a full-waveform based material profile reconstruction in two-dimensional heterogeneous semi-infinite domains. In particular, we try to image the spatial variation of shear moduli/wave velocities, directly in the time-domain, from scant surficial measurements of the domain's response to prescribed dynamic excitation. In addition, in one-dimensional media, we try to image the spatial variability of elastic and attenuation properties simultaneously. To deal with the semi-infinite extent of the physical domains, we introduce truncation boundaries, and adopt perfectly-matched-layers (PMLs) as the boundary wave absorbers. Within this framework we develop a new mixed displacement-stress (or stress memory) finite element formulation based on unsplit-field PMLs for transient scalar wave simulations in heterogeneous semi-infinite domains. We use, as is typically done, complex-coordinate stretching transformations in the frequency-domain, and recover the governing PDEs in the time-domain through the inverse Fourier transform. Upon spatial discretization, the resulting equations lead to a mixed semi-discrete form, where both displacements and stresses (or stress histories/memories) are treated as independent unknowns. We propose approximant pairs, which numerically, are shown to be stable. The resulting mixed finite element scheme is relatively simple and straightforward to implement, when compared against split-field PML techniques. It also bypasses the need for complicated time integration schemes that arise when recent displacement-based formulations are used. We report numerical results for 1D and 2D scalar wave propagation in semi-infinite domains truncated by PMLs. We also conduct parametric studies and report on the effect the various PML parameter choices have on the simulation error. To tackle the inversion, we adopt a PDE-constrained optimization approach, that formally leads to a classic KKT (Karush-Kuhn-Tucker) system comprising an initial-value state, a final-value adjoint, and a time-invariant control problem. We iteratively update the velocity profile by solving the KKT system via a reduced space approach. To narrow the feasibility space and alleviate the inherent solution multiplicity of the inverse problem, Tikhonov and Total Variation (TV) regularization schemes are used, endowed with a regularization factor continuation algorithm. We use a source frequency continuation scheme to make successive iterates remain within the basin of attraction of the global minimum. We also limit the total observation time to optimally account for the domain's heterogeneity during inversion iterations. We report on both one- and two-dimensional examples, including the Marmousi benchmark problem, that lead efficiently to the reconstruction of heterogeneous profiles involving both horizontal and inclined layers, as well as of inclusions within layered systems. / text

Actuellement, le principal obstacle à la mise en œuvre de la FWI élastique en trois dimensions sur des cas d'étude réalistes réside dans le coût de calcul associé aux taches de modélisation sismique. Pour surmonter cette difficulté, je propose deux contributions. Tout d'abord, je propose de calculer le gradient de la fonctionnelle avec la méthode de l'état adjoint à partir d'une forme symétrisée des équations de l'élastodynamique formulées sous forme d'un système du premier ordre en vitesse-contrainte. Cette formulation auto-adjointe des équations de l'élastodynamique permet de calculer les champs incidents et adjoints intervenant dans l'expression du gradient avec un seul opérateur de modélisation numérique. Le gradient ainsi calculé facilite également l'interfaçage de plusieurs outils de modélisation avec l'algorithme d'inversion. Deuxièmement, j'explore dans cette thèse dans quelle mesure les encodages des sources avec des algorithmes d'optimisation du second-ordre de quasi-Newton et de Newton tronqué permettait de réduire encore le coût de la FWI. Finalement, le problème d'optimisation associé à la FWI est mal posé, nécessitant ainsi d'ajouter des contraintes de régularisation à la fonctionnelle à minimiser. Je montre ici comment une régularisation fondée sur la variation totale du modèle fournissait une représentation adéquate des modèles du sous-sol en préservant le caractère discontinu des interfaces lithologiques. Pour améliorer les images du sous-sol, je propose un algorithme de débruitage fondé sur une variation totale locale au sein duquel j'incorpore l'information structurale fournie par une image migrée pour préserver les structures de faible dimension. / Currently, the main limitation to perform 3D elastic full waveform inversion on a production level is the computational cost it represents. With this in mind, we provide two contributions. First, we develop a self adjoint formulation of the isotropic first order velocity-stress elastic equations that allow to implement only one forward modeling operator in the gradient computation. Second, we combine Newton and quasi-Newton optimization methods with source encoding techniques to see to what extent the computational cost could be further reduced. Finally, the optimization process associated to FWI is ill posed and requires regularization constraints. I show that the total variation of the model as a regularization term provides and adequate description of earth models, preserving the discontinuous character of the lithological layers. To improve the quality of the images, we propose a local total variation denoising algorithm based on the incorporation of the information provided by a migrated image.

Le concept du radar MIMO est prometteur en raison des nombreux avantages qu'il apporte par rapport aux architectures radars actuelles : flexibilité pour la formation de faisceau à l'émission - large illumination de la scène et résolution fine après traitement - et allègement de la complexité des systèmes, via la réduction du nombre d'antennes et la possibilité de transférer des fonctions de contrôle et d'étalonnage du système dans le domaine numérique. Cependant, le radar MIMO reste au stade du concept théorique, avec une prise en compte insuffisante des impacts du manque d'orthogonalité des formes d'onde et des défauts matériels.Ce travail de thèse, dans son ambition de contribuer à ouvrir la voie vers le radar MIMO opérationnel, consiste à anticiper et compenser les défauts du monde réel par des traitements numériques. La première partie traite de l'élaboration des formes d'onde MIMO. Nous montrons que les codes de phase sont optimaux en termes de résolution spatiale. Nous présentons également leurs limites en termes d'apparition de lobes secondaires en sortie de filtre adapté. La seconde partie consiste à accepter les défauts intrinsèques des formes d'onde et proposer des traitements adaptés au modèle de signal permettant d'éliminer les lobes secondaires résiduels induits. Nous développons une extension de l'Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) qui satisfait les conditions opérationnelles, notamment par sa robustesse aux erreurs de localisation, sa faible complexité calculatoire et la non nécessité de données d'apprentissage. La troisième partie traite de la robustesse des traitements vis-à-vis des écarts au modèle de signal, et particulièrement la prévention et l'anticipation de ces phénomènes afin d'éviter des dégradations de performance. En particulier, nous proposons une méthode numérique d'étalonnage des phases des émetteurs. La dernière partie consiste à mener des expérimentations en conditions réelles avec la plateforme radar MIMO Hycam. Nous montrons que certaines distorsions subies non anticipées, même limitées en sortie de filtre adapté, peuvent impacter fortement les performances en détection des traitements dépendant du modèle de signal. / The MIMO radar concept promises numerous advantages compared to today's radar architectures: flexibility for the transmitting beampattern design - including wide scene illumination and fine resolution after processing - and system complexity reduction, through the use of less antennas and the possibility to transfer system control and calibration to the digital domain. However, the MIMO radar is still at the stage of theoretical concept, with insufficient consideration for the impacts of waveforms' lack of orthogonality and system hardware imperfections.The ambition of this thesis is to contribute to paving the way to the operational MIMO radar. In this perspective, this thesis work consists in anticipating and compensating the imperfections of the real world with processing techniques. The first part deals with MIMO waveform design and we show that phase code waveforms are optimal in terms of spatial resolution. We also exhibit their limits in terms of sidelobes appearance at matched filter output. The second part consists in taking on the waveform intrinsic imperfections and proposing data-dependent processing schemes for the rejection of the induced residual sidelobes. We develop an extension for the Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) that satisfies operational requirements, especially localization error robustness, low computation complexity, and nonnecessity of training data. The third part deals with processing robustness to signal model mismatch, especially how it can be prevented or anticipated to avoid performance degradation. In particular, we propose a digital method of transmitter phase calibration. The last part consists in carrying out experiments in real conditions with the Hycam MIMO radar testbed. We exhibit that some unanticipated encountered distortions, even when limited at the matched filter output, can greatly impact the performance in detection of the data-dependent processing methods.

The challenges of measuring speech signals in the presence of a strong background noise cannot be easily addressed with traditional acoustic technology. A recent solution to the problem considers combining acoustic sensor measurements with real-time, non-acoustic detection of an aspect of the speech production process. While significant advancements have been made in that area using low-power radar-based techniques, drawbacks inherent to the operation of such sensors are yet to be surmounted. Therefore, one imperative scientific objective is to devise new, non-invasive non-acoustic sensor topologies that offer improvements regarding sensitivity, robustness, and acoustic bandwidth. This project investigates a novel design that directly senses the glottal flow waveform by measuring variations in the electromagnetic properties of neck tissues during voiced segments of speech. The approach is to explore two distinct sensor configurations, namely the“six-element" and the“parallel-plate" resonator. The research focuses on the modeling aspect of the biological load and the resonator prototypes using multi-transmission line (MTL) and finite element (FE) simulation tools. Finally, bench tests performed with both prototypes on phantom loads as well as human subjects are presented.

The purpose of this research was to explore the effects of small monetary or economic gains and/or losses on choice behavior through the use of a computerized game and to determine gain/loss ratio differences using both behavioral and electrophysiological measures. Participants (N=53) played the game in several 36 minute sessions. These sessions operated with concurrent variable-interval schedules for both rewards and penalties. Previously, asymmetrical effects of gains and losses have been identified through cognitive studies, primarily due to the work of nobel laureates Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky (1979). They found that the effect of a loss is twice (i.e., 2:1) that of a gain. Similar results have been observed in the behavioral laboratory as exemplified by the research of Rasmussen and Newland (2008), who found a 3:1 ratio for the effect of losses versus gains. The asymmetry of gains and losses was estimated behaviorally and through event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and the cognitive (Kahneman and Tversky) and behavioral (Rasmussen and Newland) discrepancy elucidated. In the game, the player moves an animated submarine around sea rocks to collect yellow coins and other treasures on the sea floor. Upon collecting a coin, one of three things can happen: The player triggers a penalty (loss), the player triggers a payoff (gain), or there is no change. The behavioral measures consisted in counting the number of clicks, reinforces, and punishers and then determining ratio differences between punished (loss) and no punished condition (gain) conditions. The obtained gain/loss ratio corresponded to an asymmetry of 2:1. Similarly ratio differences were found between male and female, virtual money and cash, risk averse versus risk seeking, and generosity versus profit behavior. Also, no ratio difference was found when players receive information about other player's performances in the game (players with information versus players without information). In electroencephalographic (EEG) studies, visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and ERPs components (e.g., P300) were examined. I found increased ERP amplitudes for the losses in relation to the gains that corresponded to the calculated behavioral asymmetry of 2:1. A correlational strategy was adopted that sought to identify neural correlates of choice consistent with cognitive and behavioral approaches. In addition, electro cortical ratio differences were observed between different sets of electrodes that corresponded to the front, middle, and back sections of the brain; differences between sessions, risk averse and risk seeking behavior and sessions with concurrent visual and auditory stimuli and only visual were also estimated.

En décembre 2015, les détecteurs LIGO ont pour la première fois détecté une onde gravitationnelle émise lors de la coalescence d'une paire de trous noirs il y a de cela 1.3 milliards d'années. Une telle première dans la toute nouvelle astronomie gravitationnelle a été suivie par plusieurs autres observations. La dernière en date est la fusion de deux étoiles à neutron dont la contrepartie électromagnétique a pu être observée par plusieurs observatoires à travers le monde. A cette occasion, les ondes gravitationnelles se sont inscrites dans l'astronomie multi-messager. Ces observations ont été rendues possibles par des techniques avancées d'analyse de données. Grâce à elles, la faible empreinte laissée par une onde gravitationnelle dans les données de détecteurs peut être isolée. Le travail de cette thèse est dédié au développement d'une technique de détection d'ondes gravitationnelles ne reposant que sur une connaissance minimale du signal à isoler. Le développement de cette méthode consiste plus précisément à introduire une information sur la phase du signal d'onde gravitationnelle selon un contexte astrophysique déterminé. La première partie de cette thèse est consacrée à la présentation de la méthode. Dans une seconde partie cette méthode est appliquée à la recherche de signaux d'ondes gravitationnelles en provenance de systèmes binaires de trous noirs de masse stellaire dans du bruit Gaussien. Puis l'étude est répétée dans du bruit de détecteurs collecté pendant la première période de prise de données. Enfin la troisième partie est dédiée à la recherche de binaires de trous noirs dont l'orbite montre un écart à la géométrie circulaire, ce qui complexifie la morphologie du signal. De telles orbites sont qualifiées d'excentriques. Cette troisième analyse permet d'établir de premiers résultats quant à la méthode proposée lorsque le signal d'intérêt est peu connu / In december 2015 the LIGO detectors have first detected a gravitational wave emitted by a pair of coalescing black holes 1.3 billion years ago. Many more observations have been realised since then and heralded gravitational waves as a new messenger in astronomy. The latest detection is the merge of two neutron stars whose electromagnetic counterpart has been followed up by many observatories around the globe. These direct observations have been made possible by the developpement of advanced data analysis techniques. With them the weak gravitational wave inprint in detectors may be recovered. The realised work during this thesis aims at developping an existing gravitational wave detection method which relies on minimal assumptions of the targeted signal. It more precisely consists in introducing an information on the signal phase depending on the astrophysical context. The first part is dedicated to a presentation of the method. The second one presents the results obtained when applying the method to the search of stellar mass binary black holes in simulated Gaussian noise data. The study is repeated in real instrumental data collected during the first run of LIGO. Finally, the third part presents the method applied in the search for eccentric binary black holes. Their orbit exhibits a deviation from the quasi-circular orbit case considered so far and thus complicates the signal morphology. This third analysis establishes first results with the proposed method in the case of a poorly modeled signal

Les principaux objectifs des opérateurs ferroviaires visent à accroître la sécurité, réduire les coûts d’exploitation et de maintenance et augmenter l’attractivité et les bénéfices du transport ferroviaire en offrant de nouveaux services aux passagers. Ceci ne pourra être atteint que grâce à la multiplication des échanges de données entre les différents acteurs du monde ferroviaire. L’interopérabilité, l’efficacité spectrale, l’optimisation de l’usage des ressources radio et l’amélioration de la fiabilité des communications sont des exigences fortes pour les applications de télécommunication ferroviaires. Les recherches dans le domaine de la radio cognitive ont vu le jour afin de répondre aux besoins de communication de l’armée ainsi qu’aux besoins dans les secteurs de la sécurité publique. Ces domaines partagent souvent les mêmes exigences que les chemins de fers. Ainsi, la radio cognitive a montré un potentiel prometteur pour répondre aux besoins listés précédemment. Une des principales fonctionnalités d’un dispositif de radio cognitive est de prendre conscience de son environnement radioélectrique et de détecter les bandes disponibles. Trois principaux éléments définissent l’environnement de la radio cognitive : l’utilisateur, les règles d’accès au spectre radio et les domaines radio. Cette thèse met en avant plusieurs contributions relatives à la reconnaissance de l’environnement radiofréquence et la détection de bandes libres. Plus spécifiquement, ces contributions portent sur la reconnaissance par la radio cognitive de l’occupation du spectre et de la modulation des signaux présents dans les bandes analysées. Ces fonctions ont été conçues pour le contexte ferroviaire, c’est-à-dire la grande vitesse et un environnement électromagnétique difficile en présence de bruit impulsif. / An essential goal of railway operators is to increase safety, reduce operation and maintenance costs, and increase attraction and profit by offering new services to passengers. These objectives will be reached thanks to a huge increase of data fluxes exchanges between railways stakeholders and infrastructures.Interoperability, spectral efficiency, optimization of radio resource usages, and improvement of communications reliability are of significant interest for railway applications. The Cognitive Radio (CR) research has been successfully applied to meet the communication needs of the military as well as the public-safety sectors, which share many of the same needs as railway. CRs have shown significant promise to answer all of the previously listed requirements. One of the main capabilities of a CR device is to sense and finally become aware of its environment. Three major domains define the environment of the CR, namely, the user, policy, and radio domains. This thesis highlights several contributions to radio environment awareness of a CR device. More specifically, these contributions lie in the spectrum awareness and waveform awareness functions of the CR. We designed these functions for the railways context, that is, a high speed vehicular context, besides difficult electromagnetic environments resulting a heavy-tailed impulsive noise.

<p>The topic of this thesis is computation of Mass waveforms, and we consider a number of different cases: Congruence subgroups of the modular group and Dirichlet characters (chapter 1); congruence subgroups and general multiplier systems and real weight (chapter 2); and noncongruence subgroups (chapter 3). In each case we first discuss the necessary theoretical background. We then outline the algorithm and display some of the results obtained by it.</p>