O principal objetivo deste trabalho é a avaliação das limitações de desempenho de multiplexadores \"add/drop\", a serem empregados em sistemas de comunicações ópticas multiplexados em comprimentos de onda (Wavelength Division Multiplexing -WDM) de alta velocidade, que operam em torno de 1.55 &#956m. Com a introdução da transmissão de dados utilizando-se a técnica WDM há a necessidade do desenvolvimento de novos componentes ópticos, como multiplexadores e demultiplexadores \"add/drop\" e \"cross-connects\" ópticos. O desenvolvimento destes componentes possibilitará a evolução dos simples enlaces WDM ponto a ponto para a rede totalmente óptica. Neste cenário os multiplexadores ópticos add/drop (Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer - OADM) desempenharão um papel chave, permitindo maior conectividade e flexibilidade nas redes WDM. Neste trabalho é especificamente analisado o OADM mencionado acima. É realizado o estuido individual dos componentes que constituem uma configuração genérica deste dispositivo. São analisados a chave óptica e o divisor/combinador de potência, sendo discutido o procedimento de projeto para a otimização do seu desempenho. / The main goal of this work is the evaluation of the limitations regarding the performance in add/drop multiplexers, which will be used in optical systems employing wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), working in high speed and operating around 1.55 &#956m. With the introduction of WDM technique in order to transmit optical signals, there is a need to develop new optical devices, such as optical add/drop multiplexers (OADM) and demultiplexers. The development of these devices will allow the evolution of lightwave systems from single-wavelength point-to-point links to the wavelength division multiplexed optical networks. In this context, optical add/drop multiplexers will play a main role, making possible the connectivity and flexibility increase of WDM networks. In this work the OADM cited above is specifically studied. An individual study of the devices that constitute a generic configuration of the OADM is carried out. The optical switch and the power divider/combiner are analyzed, as well as the design techniques to improve their performances.

Les progrès dans la fabrication des systèmes de calcul reconfigurables de type « Field Programmable Gate Arrays » (FPGA) s’appuient sur la technologie CMOS, ce qui engendre une consommation des puces élevée. Des nouveaux paradigmes de calcul sont désormais nécessaires pour remplacer les architectures de calcul traditionnel ayant une faible performance et une haute consommation énergétique. En particulier, optique intégré pourrait offrir des solutions intéressantes. Beaucoup de travail sont déjà adressées à l’utilisation d’interconnexion optique pour relaxer les contraintes intrinsèques d’interconnexion électronique. Dans ce contexte, nous proposons une nouvelle architecture de calcul reconfigurable optique, la « optical lookup table » (OLUT), qui est une implémentation optique de la lookup table (LUT). Elle améliore significativement la latence et la consommation énergétique par rapport aux architectures de calcul d’optique actuelles tel que RDL (« reconfigurable directed logic »), en utilisant le spectre de la lumière au travers de la technologie WDM. Nous proposons une méthodologie de conception multi-niveaux permettant l'explorer l’espace de conception et ainsi de réduire la consommation énergétique tout en garantissant une fiabilité élevée des calculs (BER~10-18). Les résultats indiquent que l’OLUT permet une consommation inférieure à 100fJ/opération logique, ce qui répondait en partie aux besoins d’un FPGA tout-optique à l’avenir. / Advances in the design of high performance silicon chips for reconfigurable computing, i.e. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), rely on CMOS technology and are essentially limited by energy dissipation. New design paradigms are mandatory to replace traditional, slow and power consuming, electronic computing architectures. Integrated optics, in particular, could offer attractive solutions. Many related works already addressed the use of optical on-chip interconnects to help overcome the technology limitations of electrical interconnects. Integrated silicon photonics also has the potential for realizing high performance computing architectures. In this context, we present an energy-efficient on-chip reconfigurable photonic logic architecture, the so-called OLUT, which is an optical core implementation of a lookup table. It offers significant improvement in latency and power consumption with respect to optical directed logic architectures, through allowing the use of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) for computation parallelism. We proposed a multi-level modeling approach based on the design space exploration that elucidates the optical device characteristics needed to produce a computing architecture with high computation reliability (BER~10-18) and low energy dissipation. Analytical results demonstrate the potential of the resulting OLUT implementation to reach <100 fJ/bit per logic operation, which may meet future demands for on-chip optical FPGAs.

De nos jours, la montée en débit observée dans les réseaux mobiles est une problématique. A long terme, la densification des réseaux radios mobiles s'avérera inefficace. En plus de cela cette densification entraînera une baisse de rentabilité des réseaux d'accès mobiles et augmentera la complexité au niveau de la gestion des fréquences mobile qui accroîtra inéluctablement le risque de la présence des interférences. Pour pallier ce manque de rentabilité et pour faciliter le déploiement de certaines techniques d'optimisation et d'amélioration de l'interface air comme le « Coordinated MultiPoint » (CoMP), les acteurs des télécommunications proposent une nouvelle architecture innovante désignée par les termes Mobile Cloud ou « Centralized or Cloud Radio Access Network » (C-RAN). Le C-RAN consiste à déporter l'entité de traitement des données numérisées appelée « Base Band Unit » (BBU) du site d'antenne vers un local plus sécurisé nommé « Central Oce (CO) ». L'entité de traitement radio dénommée « Remote Radio Head (RRH) »est toujours localisée sur le site d'antenne. Cette délocalisation crée un nouveau segment réseau appelé « fronthaul ». Le fronthaul est un segment réseau très gourmand en bande passante par conséquent la fibre est désignée comme le support idéal pour assurer la communication bidirectionnelle entre la RRH et la BBU. Dans notre thèse, nous avons étudié les solutions de déploiement du fronthaul. Etant donné que l'interface fronthaul utilise de grands débits pour la transmission de données numérisées, elle est soumise à un phénomène physique nommé gigue qui a tendance à dégrader les performances de transmission. Les effets et l'impact de la gigue sur l'interface fronthaul et sur l'interface air ont été aussi étudiés. / In Europe, the competition between the mobile operators is so strong that the profitability of the mobile network has decreased. The cost to implement, to operate and to upgrade the mobile network is increasing while the revenues generated by the latter are not sufficient. Therefore, the operators should find the way to reduce the CAPEX and the OPEX. To keep competitive, the operators have begun to think about a novel RAN architecture. This new architecture is called Centralized or Cloud Radio Access Network. The traditional antenna site consists of the Radio Remote Head (RRH) which performs the radio processing, and the Base Band Unit (BBU) which carries out the digital processing. The principle of C-RAN consists to move the BBU from antenna site towards the local secured belonging to an operator called Central Office (CO). The move of BBU from antenna site to CO leads to the appearance of a new network segment called fronthaul. During this thesis, the different solutions to the deployment of fronthaul are studied and also the effects and the impacts of jitter on the fronthaul interface.

Orientadores: Hugo Enrique Hernandez Figueroa, Júlio César Rodrigues Fernandes de Oliveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T11:25:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Januario_JoaoCarlosSorianoSampaio_M.pdf: 2247178 bytes, checksum: 866411501272be6234f26634c08a5397 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O alto crescimento da demanda por tráfego nas redes ópticas de comunicações impulsionaram sua rápida evolução a fim de que esta passasse a suportar altas taxas de transmissão e otimizasse os recursos presentes em sua camada física. Para acompanhar este desenvolvimento as arquiteturas de rede também se modernizaram, partindo das redes ponto a ponto para as atuais redes em malha, as quais requerem que uma monitoração da performance do sinal óptico seja realizada ao longo de todo o seu enlace para que os parâmetros adquiridos sirvam de entrada para um controle capaz de proporcionar a flexibilidade que a rede necessita. Por esta razão este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de monitorador da relação sinal ruído óptica (Optical Signal to Noise Ratio, OSNR), principal parâmetro associado à qualidade do sinal em um enlace óptico, baseado nas propriedades de um interferômetro Mach Zehnder. Análises em simulação e experimentais foram conduzidas para avaliar a robustez do método na presença de efeitos dispersivos e verificou-se sua validade tanto para sinais não coerentes modulados em apenas uma polarização quanto para sinais codificados a partir da multiplexação de polarizações. Experimentalmente esta afirmação se confirma através da obtenção de um erro de monitoração menor que 1,5 dB para uma faixa de OSNR de 5 dB à 25 dB para o sinal OOK à 10 Gb/s e uma erro de menor que 3,0 dB para os sinais DP-QPSK à 112 Gb/s e 16QAM à 224 Gb/s para a mesma faixa de variação de OSNR / Abstract: The increasing demand for data in an optical network boosted its fast development in order to allow higher transmission rates and ensure a new generation of components on network physical layer. To follow this development the network architectures evolved too, starting from point to point network and going to actual mesh scenario, which requires a performance monitoring to guarantee a high level of reconfigurability and flexibility. Because of that, this work shows a new approach based on a Mach Zehnder interferometer to monitor optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR), the main parameter related to signal quality in an optical link. Analysis in a simulation environment and experimentally were made to evaluate the robustness of this new method in presence of dispersive effects. With that, it was validated its accuracy for non coherent signals modulated with only one polarization and for signals which exploit polarization multiplexing. Experimental analysis show a monitoring error below 1.5dB for a signal OOK at 10Gb/s with an OSNR range from 5dB to 25dB and for a signal DP-QPSK at 112Bb/s and 16QAM at 224Gb/s a monitoring error below 3.0dB was reached with the same OSNR range / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

[pt] Este trabalho propõe um estudo da PMD (Polarization Mode Dispersion) para um sistema com múltiplos comprimentos de onda. Para tanto, apresenta uma ferramenta computacional que permite simulações do comportamento do DGD (Dispersion Group Delay) em função da variação contínua temporal. Estes dados são validados através da comparação com simulações convencionais, em função do comprimento de onda. Também são apresentados métodos de controle de polarização e compensação de PMD utilizando o simulador temporal desenvolvido. Foram realizadas medidas experimentais analisando o sinal de potência de RF de saída e a polarização de saída do sinal para diferentes canais WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplex). / [en] This work proposes a PMD (Polarization Mode Dispersion) study in WDM communications systems. A simulation tool for the calculation of the statistics and correlations of PMD-related variables in time domain is presented here. Calculations are performed in time domain, allowing the simulation of the temporal evolution of differential group delay (DGD), principal states of polarization (PSP) among others. Results are validated with predictions from spectral calculations. A polarization control and a PMD mitigation scheme are also presented.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 26-29, 1998 / Town & Country Resort Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California / This paper illustrates a device driver implementation used to support a PC compatible telemetry device. Device requirements included operation on Windows NT 4.0, Windows 95, Windows NT 5.0 and Windows 98 platforms. A single device driver was not possible due to the differences between driver requirements on the various operating systems. The Windows Driver Model (WDM) was considered for NT 5.0 and Win98, however, NT 4.0 and Win95 does not support the WDM. To minimize software development and support efforts, it was clear that an architecture compatible to both WDM, NT 4.0 and Windows 95 needed to be developed. The resulting layered device driver architecture provides a common upper interface and uses a register based model to describe the hardware at the lower interface. The common upper interface is compatible with all of the target operating systems and presents a consistent Applications Programming Interface (API) for the telemetry application developer. The lower interface is specific for each platform but contains minimal device specific functionality. A simple register I/O driver is easily implemented using all of the target operating systems. The layered architecture and register based interface to the hardware results in a multiple operating system code set which differs only at the lowest layer.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

O oferecimento de serviços faixa larga pelo setor de telecomunicações tem exigido das redes de transporte novos esquemas que permitam a transmissão de sinais em taxas cada vez mais elevadas. A fibra e os amplificadores ópticos viabilizaram boa parte deste objetivo, associados ao esquema de multiplexação por divisão em comprimento de onda (WDM). Embora a limitação da taxa de cada sinal tributário possa ficar por conta da comutação eletrônica, a taxa do sinal agregado fica limitada pelo número de comprimentos de onda que se pode alocar na fibra. Quanto mais canais, tanto mais críticas devem ser as exigências de desempenho dos dispositivos que os separam. Neste contexto, os dispositivos que realizam as tarefas de separação de canais desempenham um importante papel nos sistemas ópticos WDM. Neste trabalho, os filtros ópticos com elementos ressonantes são analisados e projetados a fim de verificar seus potenciais para utilização em esquemas add-drop. São investigadas as configurações de filtros ópticos que utilizam anéis como elementos ressonantes. Estes anéis são inseridos entre dois guias ópticos, formando um dispositivo de quatro portas. O sinal correspondente ao comprimento de onda de ressonância é extraído em uma das portas. São apresentados os principais esquemas para filtros ressonantes divulgados na literatura, nos quais a disposição do elemento ressonante determina as características de resposta do filtro. Como resultado da simulação numérica destas estruturas, são apresentadas diversas curvas de resposta em frequência, que possibilitam analisar o comportamento e o desempenho das configurações. Nestas simulações são verificadas as principais figuras de mérito envolvidas, tais como finesse, faixa de espectro livre e razão de extinção. Estes resultados são comparados com os resultados existentes na literatura para garantir a validade da análise desenvolvida nesta pesquisa. / The demand for wideband telecommunication services has required higher transmission rates from transport networks. Optical fiber and amplifiers have accomplished part of this objective, in association with the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) scheme. Although the transmission rate of each tributary sign is restricted by electronic commutation, the aggregated sign is limited by the number of wavelengths that can be allocated in the optical fiber. The more the number of channels, the more severe the performance requirements of the devices that separate them should be. In this context, the optical devices that separate these channels play an important role in WDM systems. In this work the optical filters with resonant elements are analyzed and designed in order to verify their potentials to be utilized in add-drop schemes. Configurations of optical filters that use rings as resonant elements are investigated. These rings are placed between two optical waveguides, forming a device with four ports, in which the resonant element arrangement determines the filter response characteristics. The resonant wavelength is extracted from one of the ports. The main schemes for resonant filters reported in the literature are analyzed. As a result of the numerical simulation of these structures, several curves of frequency response are presented, that make it possible to analyse their behavior and performance. In the simulations, the following figures of merit are verified: finesse, free spectral range and extinction ratio. The results are compared with the ones reported in the literature to confirm the validity of the analysis developed in this research.

With the essence of robustness toward fiber nonlinearity owing to the increasingly required high-speed data rate from the country to country or country to the state, many useful methods are proposed upon the long-haul optical fiber transmission, such as modulation format, dispersion map and repeater spacing, etc. Return-to-zero differential phase shift keying (RZ-DPSK) format was chosen in this master thesis because of its high tolerance toward nonlinear effect in the wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) system transmission. It has been realized that the system performance is wavelength-dependent by the combination of the WDM technology and the RZ-DPSK system with the commonly used block-type dispersion map, especially for the significant performance difference between including or excluding the self-phase-modulation (SPM) effect. Therefore, it is quite significant to investigate the unwanted fiber nonlinearity. In this master thesis, the influence relating to the cross-phase modulation (XPM) effect and the SPM effect with the conventional dispersion map after long distance transmission is the mainly concerned issue to be discussed. In this master thesis, both experiment and theoretical simulation are investigated. On the theoretical simulation part, the Q-factor of the system zero dispersion wavelength at 1543.8nm, 1550nm, 1556.2nm were degraded and their value were less than 10dB. The Q-factor was around 1.5dB less than the averaged value. However, the performance of the long-haul RZ-DPSK system based on the block-type dispersion map shows no significant performance by shifting the system zero dispersion wavelength out of the WDM signal wavelength band. On the experimental part, the impact of the XPM effect and the SPM effect on the long-haul optical fiber communication system is investigated quantitatively. For the XPM experiment, the system performance was just only 0.1 dB difference after 6000km transmission. On the contrary, for the SPM experiment, the Q-factor between best and worst performance was up to 1.3dB difference. At last, the experiment and the simulation support each other successfully in this master thesis.