<p>Two new specification tests for overidentifying restrictions proposed by Hahn and Hausman (2002:b) are here tested and compared to the classical Sargan test. Power properties are found to be very similar in overall performance, while Sargan generally has better size than the new tests. Also, size is distorted for one of the new tests, thus a tendency to reject prevails. In addition, sometimes severe bias is found which affects the tests’ performances, something that differs from earlier studies.</p>

A well known result in probability is that convergence almost surely (a.s.) of a sequence of random elements implies weak convergence of their laws. The Ukrainian mathematician Anatoliy Volodymyrovych Skorohod proved the lemma known as Skorohods a.s. representation Theorem, a partial converse of this result. In this work we discuss the notion of continuous representations, which allows us to provide generalizations of Skorohods Theorem. In Chapter 2, we explore Blackwell and Dubinss extension [3] and Ferniques extension [10]. In Chapter 3 we present Cortissozs result [5], a variant of Skorokhods Theorem. It is shown that given a continuous path inM(S) it can be associated a continuous path with fixed endpoints in the space of S-valued random elements on a nonatomic probability space, endowed with the topology of convergence in probability. In Chapter 4 we modify Blackwell and Dubins representation for particular cases of S, such as certain subsets of R or R^n. / Mathematics

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This thesis investigates the various techniques to achieve large time constants and the ultimate limitations therein. A novel circuit technique for the realization of large time constants for high pass corners in switched-capacitor filters is also proposed and compared with existing techniques. The switched-capacitor technique is insensitive to parasitic capacitances and is area efficient and it requires only two clock phases. The circuit is used to build a typical switched-capacitor front end with a gain of 10. The low pass corner is fixed at 200 Hz. The high pass corner is varied from 0.159Hz to 4 Hz and various performance parameters, such as power consumption, silicon area etc., are compared with conventional techniques and the advantages and disadvantages of each technique are demonstrated. The front-ends are fully differential and are chopper stabilized to protect against DC offsets and 1/f noise. The front-end is implemented in AMI0.6um technology with a supply voltage of 1.6V and all transistors operate in weak inversion with currents in the range of tens of nano-amperes.

No description available.

This licentiate thesis contains results on the maximum principle forCauchy–Riemann functions (CR functions) on weakly 1-concave CRmanifolds and hypocomplexity of locally integrable structures. Themaximum principle does not hold true in general for smooth CR functions,and basic counterexamples can be constructed in the presenceof strictly pseudoconvex points. We prove a maximum principle forcontinuous CR functions on smooth weakly 1-concave CR submanifolds.Because weak 1-concavity is also necessary for the maximumprinciple, a consequence is that a smooth generic CR submanifold ofCn obeys the maximum principle for continuous CR functions if andonly if it is weakly 1-concave. The proof is then generalized to embeddedweakly p-concave CR submanifolds of p-complete complexmanifolds. The second part concerns hypocomplexity and hypoanalyticstructures. We give a generalization of a known result regardingautomatic smoothness of solutions to the homogeneous problemfor the tangential CR vector fields given local holomorphic extension.This generalization ensures that a given locally integrable structureis hypocomplex at the origin if and only if it does not allow solutionsnear the origin which cannot be represented by a smooth function nearthe origin. / Uppsatsen innehåller resultat om maximumprincipen för kontinuerligaCauchy–Riemann funktioner (CR-funktioner) på svagt 1-konkava CRmångfalder,samt hypokomplexitet för lokalt integrerbara strukturer.Maximumprincipen gäller inte generellt för släta CR funktioner ochmotexempel kan konstrueras givet strängt pseudokonvexa punkter.Vi bevisar en maximumprincip för kontinuerliga CR-funktioner påsläta inbäddade svagt 1-konkava CR-mångfalder. Eftersom svagt 1-konkavitet också är nödvändigt får vi som konsekvens att för slätageneriska inbäddade CR-mångfalder i Cn gäller att maximum-principenför kontinuerliga CR-funktioner håller om och endast om CR-mångfaldenär svagt 1-konkav. Vi generaliserar satsen till svagt p-konkava CRmångfalderi p-kompletta mångfalder. Den andra delen behandlarhypokomplexitet och hypoanalytiska strukturer. Vi generaliserar enkänd sats om automatisk släthet för lösningar till de tangentiella CRekvationerna,givet existensen av lokal holomorf utvidgning. Generaliseringenger att en lokalt integrerbar struktur är hypokomplex iorigo om och endast om den inte tillåter lösningar nära origo som inteär släta nära origo. / <p>Forskning finansierad av Forskarskolan i Matematik och Beräkningsvetenskap (FMB), baserad i Uppsala.</p>

Firms in highly dynamic environments focusing on innovation in their products and services, often encounter elevated amounts of uncertainty regarding the future direction of technological change. Finding reliable and imbedded information enhances a firm’s ability to tackle new markets and take advantage of possible hidden opportunities. To reduce uncertainty, obtain hidden knowledge, and gain competitive advantage, environmental scanning, which is one of the main components of foresight, is recommended by scholars of strategic management. The process of detecting weak signals for shedding light what one authority calls “blurry future zones” (Day & Schoemaker, 2005, p.1) has currently been receiving attention in environmental scanning studies. Some studies emphasize the importance of the subject; yet they offer few practical methodologies for actual cases. To help address this gap, this research introduces a new approach for detecting weak signals during Internet-based environmental scanning by applying the Cluto toolkit (see Section 4.7) plus using human judgment. This novel methodology is applied to the application of Micro Tiles, a recent innovative product of a digital display company located in Ontario, Canada, Christie Digital Company. In the conduct of this exploratory research, about 40,000 HTML pages were retrieved from the Internet in a search during 2009. To extract weak signals information from the retrieved unstructured texts, documents were grouped into a number of clusters by the CLUTO software. Two subject matter experts compared and evaluated the cluster results for the purpose of finding potentially relevant information in regard to the company’s strategic intent. Analyzing the clusters, the experts reduced the number of clustered documents from the original corpus into smaller sets with the goal of finding more relevant and unexpected documents (weak signals). The relevancy and expectedness of information in documents were two measurements as related to weak signals. The trends of the study indicate that as anticipated both experts found more unexpected documents in the smaller sets rather than the larger ones. Moreover, regarding one expert’s analysis, the smaller sets contain documents that are more relevant to the domain of interest. Overall, according to one expert, documents existing in the smaller sets display more weak signals. This emerging methodology offers a practical procedure to apply web-based information in the development of a company’s environmental scanning procedures. Using this methodology, managers can employ both computer tools and human sense-making methods to detect potential weak signals and reduce certain biases in the detection process.

The aim of this project was to explore the shapes of dark matter halos using high resolution N-body simulations. One of the main aspects explored was how well the shape can be measured through weak lensing. To explore this, simulations were run using the GADGET-2 code \cite{SPRING05} and a method used to measure ellipticities was tested \cite{oguri1}. It was found that Large Scale Structure along the line of sight diluted the measurements and made halos appear more spherical. On the other hand, substructure close to the halo introduced a bias where intrinsically elliptical halos appeared to be slightly more spherical and intrinsically spherical halos appeared to be slightly more elliptical. The effects of projection on concentration were also explored, it was concluded that halos which are most elliptical in 3D tend to appear the most concentrated in projection. Finally, we tested the possibility of using shape or concentration measurements to help break the degeneracy in $\Omega_M$ and $\sigma_8$. We found that this may be possible with $\sim$ 3000-4000 shape measurements or $\sim$ 400-500 concentration measurements.

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This thesis investigates the various techniques to achieve large time constants and the ultimate limitations therein. A novel circuit technique for the realization of large time constants for high pass corners in switched-capacitor filters is also proposed and compared with existing techniques. The switched-capacitor technique is insensitive to parasitic capacitances and is area efficient and it requires only two clock phases. The circuit is used to build a typical switched-capacitor front end with a gain of 10. The low pass corner is fixed at 200 Hz. The high pass corner is varied from 0.159Hz to 4 Hz and various performance parameters, such as power consumption, silicon area etc., are compared with conventional techniques and the advantages and disadvantages of each technique are demonstrated. The front-ends are fully differential and are chopper stabilized to protect against DC offsets and 1/f noise. The front-end is implemented in AMI0.6um technology with a supply voltage of 1.6V and all transistors operate in weak inversion with currents in the range of tens of nano-amperes.