Wear particle-induced inflammation leading to periprosthetic osteolysis remains a major cause of hip implant failure. As polyethylene particles from conventional metal-on-polyethylene implants have been associated with these failures, an interest in lower wear metal-on-metal (MM) bearings has emerged. However, the biological effects of nanometer-size chromium oxide particles, predominant type of wear particles produced by MM implants, remain mostly unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the cytotoxicity of nanometer-size Cr2O3 particles on macrophages in vitro, by analyzing their effects on cell mortality and cytokine release and comparing them with those of similarly-sized alumina (Al2O3) particles (known to be relatively bioinert). Results showed that at high concentrations, nanometer-size Cr2O3 particles can be cytotoxic to macrophages, inducing significant decreases in total cell numbers and increases in necrosis. Results also showed that, at high concentrations, the cytotoxicity of Cr2O3 particles was overall higher than that of Al2O3 particles, even though Cr2O3 and Al2O3 are both stable forms of ceramic materials. However, it appeared to be lower than that of previously reported conventional polyethylene and CoCrMo particles. Therefore, chromium oxide particles may not be the main culprit in initiating the inflammatory reaction in MM periprosthetic tissues.

Slurry coating technique, as one of the most popular deposition methods, is widely used to produce various material coatings. This method includes two processes: spraying, brushing or dipping of slurry, and sintering heat treatment of the coated specimen. Superalloys and stainless steels are the most common materials used as either coating materials or substrate materials because of their excellent corrosion, wear, high-temperature and mechanical properties. This research is aimed at investigating the influence of the sintering heat treatment in the slurry coating process developed at Kennametal Stellite Inc. on the microstructure, hardness and wear behavior of superalloys and stainless steels. Low-carbon Stellite 22, cobalt-based Tribaloy T-400C, martensitic AISI 420 and AISI 440C stainless steels are studied in this research. The microstructure, hardness and wear resistance of these alloys before and after the heat treatment are investigated, stressing the influence of the heat treatment on these material characteristics. The hardness and wear tested are conducted on these alloys at both room temperature and at elevated temperatures. The worn surfaces of each specimen are analyzed using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with backscatter electron imaging (BEI) and energy dispersive X ray (EDX) spectrum. It is demonstrated that the heat treatment alters the microstructures of these alloys differently; it increases the hardness but affects the wear resistance more complexly than hardness. At room temperature, the wear resistance of these alloys is governed by their microstructures. However, at high temperatures, oxidation, resulting in formation of oxide films on the specimen surface, influences the wear resistance significantly.

La sollicitation de fretting apparait comme un processus de dégradation très pénalisant dans les multiples systèmes industriels (aéronautique, industrie automobile, industriels du nucléaire, transports ferroviaires etc. …). Ce processus d’usure engendre dans la plupart des cas soit une réparation (rechargement) des surfaces soit le remplacement des composants (situation la plus souvent observée). La sollicitation de fretting est associée à des micro-déplacements alternés entre deux surfaces en contact. On observe généralement ce type de sollicitation dans tous les contacts soumis à des vibrations ou à des cycles thermiques. La sollicitation de fretting usure dans les contacts électriques est particulièrement pénalisante. Outre l’endommagement des surfaces, ce processus induit une augmentation significative de la résistance électrique des contacts et une perte de fonctionnalité du connecteur en particulier dans les connecteurs basses tensions très sensibles aux fluctuations de la résistance électrique. Pour palier ce problème les industriels de la connectique et leurs clients (industriels de l’automobile) cherchent à mettre en place de nouveaux dépôts palliatifs pour résoudre ces problèmes tout en limitant les surcouts liés à l’utilisation de dépôts nobles tels que l’or.Le sujet de cette thèse porte sur cette problématique avec pour objectif de mettre en place une méthodologie de choix des dépôts pour optimiser la durée de vie des connecteurs. L’étude aborde essentiellement l’influence des conditions de chargements mécaniques et plus particulièrement l’amplitude de débattement / The degradation by fretting appears as a very troublesome process in many industrial systems (spatial, automotive, nuclear industry, railway systems etc. …). This wear process makes it necessary to repair or to replace the destroyed component. The process of degradation by fretting is associated with the micro-displacement between two surfaces in contact. This type of degradation is observed in all types of contacts subjected to the vibrations or thermal variations. The degradation by fretting in electrical contact is particularly dangerous. The wear of the contacting surfaces causes a significant increase of the electrical resistance of the contact and the decay of the functional properties of the connector. This situation concerns especially the low tension connectors very sensible to the fluctuations of the electrical resistance. In order to avoid this situation the automotive industry and its suppliers, the manufacturers of the electrical connectors, are looking for new materials and coatings.The objective of this thesis consists to develop the methodology of choice of the coating materials in order to optimise the lifetime of the electrical contact. The study focuses mainly on the influence of the mechanical conditions, the displacement amplitude in particular, on the performance of the electrical connector.

This research explores the phenomenon of Bronze Age spearheads between the Middle and Final Bronze Age (18th century-9th century B.C.) in Italy. It will explore how these objects change over time and analyse patterns of distribution as well as changes in depositional context. The thesis consists of a catalogue of examples from the Italian Peninsula which are analysed in two ways: first, a typological sequence has been constructed, in order to identify differences in form, appearance and dimension, in order to analyze chronological and regional variation. Second, edge-wear analysis is conducted on a sample of objects in order to gain an appreciation of how this method can inform the archaeological interpretation of artefact biographies. The premise of such a study is rooted in a theoretical framework which argues that objects embody fundamental aspects of people’s social lives. As weapons for both hunting and warfare, spears embody rich symbolism which was drawn upon by Bronze Age communities, in many different ways. The biographical approach reveals close connections between these objects and the lives of individuals, the places they lived in as well locales which were of ritual importance to them. The edge-wear analysis also suggests that these objects were conceptualized as having lives which were ritually ended through deliberate damage, in addition to natural wear, damage and repair. These studies are situated within broader traditions of northern European archaeological evidence. The thesis concludes by arguing this biographical approach considerably enriches more traditional typological approaches to material culture. When used in combination with the study of the context of deposition, it suggests Mediterranean scholarship on prehistoric metallurgy can benefit greatly from these conjoined methodologies.

Orientadores: Cecilia Amelia de Carvalho Zavaglia, Marcelo de Carvalho Reis / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T01:42:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bavaresco_VanessaPetrilli_D.pdf: 14276021 bytes, checksum: d5ab24900afcc34fe160b1d9a55fa2bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: O desenvolvimento de próteses articulares com superfície complacente, capaz de favorecer ou permitir a lubrificação entre os componentes das juntas artificiais, como acontece nas juntas naturais, vem despertando grande interesse visto que diminui o coeficiente de atrito entre as superfícies, favorecendo o deslizamento entre as mesmas e minimizando o desgaste. A proposta deste trabalho foi estudar e melhorar as propriedades mecânicas de hidrogéis poliméricos de poli (metacrilato de 2-hidroxietila) (pREMA) e poli (álcool vinílico) (PVA) reconhecidamente utilizados no estudo de reparadores da cartilagem articular natural. Para tanto foram obtidos copolímeros de pREMA e n-vinil pirrolidona (NVP) (polímero hidrofílico de reforço) variando-se a concentração de agente de reticulação e blendas de poliHEMA com o copolímero poli(metacrilato de metila-co-ácido acrílico) (75:25) enquanto que, os hidrogéis a base de poli (álcool vinílico) foram reticulados com radiação ionizante de feixe de elétrons. O estudo envolveu a caracterização térmica, mecânica e morfológica desses materiais bem como sua caracterização quanto ao desgaste em um equipamento do tipo PIN-ON-DISK com uma contra-superficie de metal em condições próximas à fisiológica com movimento relativo rotativo e, ainda, com movimento recíproco ou alternado / Abstract: There is an increasing interest in the development of soft layered articular prostheses, which favour sliding between components, as natural joints do, thus reducing contact stresses and wear. The purpose of this work was to characterize and improve the mechanical properties of poly (2-hydroxyethyl metacrylate) (pHEMA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels. These hydrogels are extensively studied for articular cartilage repair. Samples of pHEMA and n-vinyl pirrolidone (NVP) copolymers with different amounts of trimethylol propane trimethacrylate (TMPTMMA) crosslinking agent, and samples of pHEMA/poly (methyl metacrylate-co-acrylic acid) blends were prepared by thermal polymerization. Additionally, PVA based hydrogels were prepared by means of electron beam ionizing radiation. Hydrogel samples were characterized by indentation creep test, equilibrium water content (EWC) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The tribological characterization of hydrogels was performed under nearly looading physiological conditions at room temperature on a pin-on-disc equipment, Plint TE67, using a stainless steel 316L disc counter surface / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Os óleos lubrificantes utilizados nos diferenciais de veículos comerciais, do tipo SAE 90 API GL-5, sob condições extremas de trabalho, para o qual o diferencial não foi projetado, por exemplo (estradas com má conservação, excesso de carga, eixo não apropriado para determinados usos, etc.) se degradam, impossibilitando a identificação do tipo de óleo lubrificante, aplicado originalmente e dificultando a avaliação correta em um processo de garantia ou de assistência técnica. A adição de\"tracer\" (substância organometálica) ao óleo lubrificante do diferencial, desde que o mesmo seja estável em condições extremas de trabalho, pode indicar qual a sua formulação. O estudo da estabilidade do \"tracer\" no óleo é feito utilizando o aparelho de quatro esferas, no qual a propriedade antidesgaste é avaliada através de um ensaio força do de degradação do óleo lubrificante, onde se medem o desgaste da calota da esfera, a rugosidade e a temperatura gerada durante o ensaio. A propriedade de extrema pressão do óleo lubrificante é avaliada pelo ensaio de extrema pressão DIN 51350. Em ambos os casos, são adicionadas proporções variadas de \"tracer\" e comparados os resultados dos mesmos, com aqueles obtidos anteriormente sem a sua utilização. / The used oil in differential of commercial vehicles, like type SAE 90 API GL-5, in extreme work conditions - for which the differential was not projected (for example highways with bad conservation, load excess, axis not adapted for certain uses, etc.) - degrades and cease the condition to identify the type of oil (formulation) originally applied, eliminating the correct evaluation in a warranty process, or the technical attendance. The \"tracer\" addition (substance organometallic) to the lubricant oil at the differential - since it is stable to extreme work conditions - can indicate the type of used formulation. The study of the \"tracer\" stability in the oil is made with the four-ball-device, in which the property is evaluated, through a forced test of the lubricant oil degradation, on which is measured the wear from the concave sphere, roughness and the temperature, generated during the test. The property to extreme pressure of the lubricant oil (formulation) is evaluated by the extreme pressure test accordingly to DIN 51350. In both cases varied \"tracer\" proportions are added and the results compared with the same ones obtained previously without the \"tracer\".

The gun barrel is one of the most important parts of the whole artillery system. During firing, the wear leads to reduced performance and availability. Wear in gun barrels has different types of erosion mechanisms, in particular chemical-, thermal- and mechanical erosion. This takes place in the internal ballistic process when the projectile is fired from the gun barrel and it will affect the external ballistic parameters. Therefore, an equipment is needed to monitor and measure the wear inside different calibre gun barrels. Wear in gun barrels takes place under extreme conditions during firing due tohigh gas pressures and high temperatures arise as propellant burns. The present thesis aims to develop a type of measuring equipment that should be able to measure and monitor wear inside gun barrels between the diameter ranges of A-C mm. In this master thesis, the product development process has been adapted in order to reach the following goal which is to accomplish a technical solution for the problem associated with wear in gun barrels. The product development process is a systematical approach of developing new products. The different steps that have been evaluated are the product specification, generation of concepts, selection of concepts and layout- and detail design. Before these steps where performed, a project plan was done in order to organize the project. This was then followed by a literature review to obtain information about the problems in the project and to find inspiration from similar applications. The results of the product development process led to a concept of a moveable measure-head which uses a crawler to move inside the gun barrel and adapters to be able to use inside different calibre gun barrels. Then a rotating 3D-laser scanner to measure the change in diameter of the bore. A laser distance sensor and a receiver in order to measure the straightness and to be able to know the position of the moving measure-head in the gun barrel. At last, a wireless camera to monitor the wear inside the gun barrel. The selected concept has been developed and potential solutions for the problem have been described and formed. For the next phase of the project, the concept needs to be developed into a complete model. The next phase of the project is the prototype testing phase.

The Casas Grandes Valley is located in the northwestern corner of the modern state of Chihuahua, Mexico. This area falls into the greater Northwest/Southwest cultural region. Research conducted on Casas Grandes ceramics up to this point has focused on form and design in connection with burials, authority, sociopolitical organization, ceremony and ritual, communication, and identifying cultural boundaries and influences. Very little has been said about some of the everyday uses of Casas Grandes ceramics. My thesis explores the evidences of use on ceramic vessels in the Casas Grandes region during the Medio period (AD 1200-1450). I conducted a use-alteration analysis on the interiors and exteriors of 300 vessels. The purpose of this study was to examine the question: how were the vessels used by the people of Casas Grandes? These analyses suggest that the vessels were typically used for separate but not altogether distinct use activities. All vessels had some evidences of wear, regardless of vessel form, size, or decoration. The general use patterns followed some intended functional categories, with enough variety to suggest vessels were also used according to individual needs.

Fretting wear occurs when two bodies in contact are subject to small oscillatory displacements. This wear phenomenon is common in many industrial applications, such as gears, couplings, bearings, screws, valves and joints where vibrations occur. It has been shown that many factors affect the fretting wear rate, e.g. the normal load, sliding distance, geometry of the bodies, surface roughness, material properties, lubrication status, temperature and presence of third bodies. Fatigue has also been the subject of much investigation over the past century. Fatigue damage is observed in the form of microcracks, debonding, etc. in the vicinity of stress risers (e.g. inclusions, voids etc.) within the materials. The stress component causing fatigue failure can be normal, shear, or a combination due to a compound state of loading. In order to investigate the shear mode of fatigue failure, torsional fatigue testing has been the subject of many studies. Shear mode of failure is of significant importance in triaxial state of stress present for ball and rolling element bearings and machine component which are subject to fretting fatigue. A number of different experimental and numerical techniques have developed to study the torsion fatigue and fretting wear of materials at different conditions. An in-situ fretting wear measurement technique was developed to investigate the effects of temperature on the coefficient of friction and wear rate of Inconel 617 in fretting wear in air and helium environments. Due to the importance of the shear mode of stress in fretting fatigue phenomenon, another set of experiments were designed to measure high cycle torsional fatigue properties of Inconel 617 at elevated temperatures. An MTS torsional fatigue test rig was modified with customized mechanical grips and cooling fins. In order to achieve the objectives of analytical aspects of this investigation, a 3D elastic-plastic finite element model was developed to examine the torsional fatigue damage in Inconel 617 material at high temperatures. Then, a 3D finite element model was developed to study fretting wear of similar materials in Hertzian line and circular contacts. The wear law incorporated in this model is based on the accumulated dissipated energy law. The FEM was used to investigate partial slip regime. Then, the model was verified by performing several experimental tests for the circular contact configuration. During fretting wear, the generated wear debris is of significant importance. A finite element model was created to study the third body effects on fretting wear of Hertzian contacts in the partial slip regime. Both first bodies and third bodies were modeled as elastic-plastic materials. The effect of the third body particles on contact stresses and stick-slip behavior was investigated. The influence of the number of third body particles and material properties including modulus of elasticity, hardening modulus, and yield strength were analyzed. Finally, A new thermally cured polymer-graphene-zinc oxide-based solid lubricant was developed that reduced friction and wear significantly during the sliding wear of bearing steel under extreme contact pressure and long duration. The dry solid coating composite was made from a mixture of graphene, zinc oxide, and a specific industrial binder and then laminated on the surface of 52100 steel disks using the spin-coating technique. After ∼3000 cycles, the 15 μm thick coating created a significant reduction in the steel's coefficient of friction (approximately 82%) and wear loss compared to the uncoated surfaces. Following the tribological<a></a> examination, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy were conducted to determine the topography and morphology of the composite coating and resultant wear scars.

The aim of this work is to set similar tribological conditions at different levels of testing and to determine the resultant parameters, which can be compared with a special testing device for testing of journal bearings.