5 pp. / Revised / A growing number of equipment manufacturers are providing weather stations and computer software that help the groundskeeper with irrigation management decisions. The level of sophistication of this equipment varies, but all systems use the weather station to estimate a parameter known as evapotranspiration (ET). ET is the scientific term for the more common terms water use or consumptive use. Effective utilization of ET information in irrigation management can assist in efforts to manage limited and/or expensive water supplies more effectively, provided the stations are 1) sited and installed correctly, and 2) properly maintained. The purpose of this bulletin is to provide turf facilities information and guidance on siting and maintenance of automated weather stations.

Multimedia environmental monitoring involves capturing valuable visual and audio information from the field station. This will permit the environmentalists and researchers to analyze the habitat and vegetation of a region with respect to other environmental specifics like temperature, soil moisture, etc. This thesis deals with the development of a test bed for multimedia monitoring by capturing image information and making it available for the public. A USB camera and a Single board computer are used to capture images at a specified frequency. A web-client is designed to display the image data and establish a secured remote access to reconfigure the field station. The development includes two modes of image acquisition including a basic activity recognition algorithm. Good quality images are captured with the cost for development of the system being less than 2 hundred dollars.

<p>Syftet med detta examensarbete är att titta på och eventuellt upptäcka vissa samband mellan de vanligaste klimatparametrarna (lufttemperatur, sol, vind, luftfuktighet och lufttryck) och inomhusklimatet. Inomhusklimatet är i detta arbete det samma som luftens temperatur inomhus.</p><p>Även en sammanställning av två studier kring NordIQ’s styrning av värmesystemet och tappvarmvattnet görs.</p><p> </p><p>En stor del av arbetet har varit att sammanställa och studera insamlad data från bland annat en väderstation.</p><p>Under den här perioden (våren) är det solen och utomhustemperaturen som har störst påverkan på temperaturen inomhus.</p><p> </p><p>En stor del inom energisektorn idag handlar om att använda energin effektivare och minska på utsläppen. Förhoppningen är att detta arbete ska kunna hjälpa till i den riktningen. Att utnyttja gratisenergin och dra ner på t.ex. fjärrvärmen är ett sätt, att inte kyla bort övertemperaturer utan att istället dra ner på den köpta energin.</p><p> </p><p>Ett annat sätt att utnyttja energin på ett effektivare sätt är att öka avkylningen och minska på flödet i uppvärmningssystemet. Det är något som NordIQ säger sig göra med sin styrning av värme och tappvarmvatten.</p><p>Sammanställningen visar att det stämmer.</p> / <p>The purpose of this thesis is to study and contingently discover some linkage between the most common climate parameters (air temperature, sun, wind, air humidity and air pressure) and the indoor climate. The indoor climate in this thesis is the same as the air-temperature indoor.</p><p>Also a compilation of two studies about NordIQ´s controlling of the heating system and hot water is done.</p><p> </p><p>A major portion of the work has been to compile and study collected data from among other things a weather station.</p><p>During this period (spring) the sun and the outdoor temperature have the greatest impact on the indoor temperature.</p><p> </p><p>A major portion of the energy sector today is about how to use the energy in a more effective way and decrease the emissions. Hopefully this thesis will help in that direction. To use the free energy and reduce for example district heating is one way, not cooling the high indoor temperatures, rather reduce the bought energy.</p><p> </p><p>Another way to take advantage of the energy in a more efficient approach is to increase annealing and reduce the flow in the heating system. That´s something with the aim of NordIQ`s controlling of the heat and hot water.</p><p>The compilation shows that it´s true.</p>

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att titta på och eventuellt upptäcka vissa samband mellan de vanligaste klimatparametrarna (lufttemperatur, sol, vind, luftfuktighet och lufttryck) och inomhusklimatet. Inomhusklimatet är i detta arbete det samma som luftens temperatur inomhus. Även en sammanställning av två studier kring NordIQ’s styrning av värmesystemet och tappvarmvattnet görs.   En stor del av arbetet har varit att sammanställa och studera insamlad data från bland annat en väderstation. Under den här perioden (våren) är det solen och utomhustemperaturen som har störst påverkan på temperaturen inomhus.   En stor del inom energisektorn idag handlar om att använda energin effektivare och minska på utsläppen. Förhoppningen är att detta arbete ska kunna hjälpa till i den riktningen. Att utnyttja gratisenergin och dra ner på t.ex. fjärrvärmen är ett sätt, att inte kyla bort övertemperaturer utan att istället dra ner på den köpta energin.   Ett annat sätt att utnyttja energin på ett effektivare sätt är att öka avkylningen och minska på flödet i uppvärmningssystemet. Det är något som NordIQ säger sig göra med sin styrning av värme och tappvarmvatten. Sammanställningen visar att det stämmer. / The purpose of this thesis is to study and contingently discover some linkage between the most common climate parameters (air temperature, sun, wind, air humidity and air pressure) and the indoor climate. The indoor climate in this thesis is the same as the air-temperature indoor. Also a compilation of two studies about NordIQ´s controlling of the heating system and hot water is done.   A major portion of the work has been to compile and study collected data from among other things a weather station. During this period (spring) the sun and the outdoor temperature have the greatest impact on the indoor temperature.   A major portion of the energy sector today is about how to use the energy in a more effective way and decrease the emissions. Hopefully this thesis will help in that direction. To use the free energy and reduce for example district heating is one way, not cooling the high indoor temperatures, rather reduce the bought energy.   Another way to take advantage of the energy in a more efficient approach is to increase annealing and reduce the flow in the heating system. That´s something with the aim of NordIQ`s controlling of the heat and hot water. The compilation shows that it´s true.

The diploma thesis is focused on the design and implementation of a prototype wireless home weather station. The goal is to measure the air temperature, relative humidity and atmospheric pressure. Measured data are stored in external memory and it is posibility to send to the computer for subsequent processing and evaluation.

Weather stations provide key information related to soil moisture and have been used by farmers to decide various field operations. We first evaluated the discrepancies in soil moisture between a weather stations and nearby field; due to soil texture, crop residue cover, crop type, growth stage and duration of temporal dependency to recent rainfall and evaporation rates using regression analysis. The regression analysis showed strong relationship between soil moisture at the weather station and the nearby field at the late vegetative and early reproductive stages. The correlation thereafter declines at later growth stages for corn and wheat. We can adduce that the regression coefficient of soil moisture with four-day cumulative rainfall slightly increased with an increase in the crop residue resulting in a low root mean square error (RMSE) value. We then investigated the effectiveness of machine learning techniques such as random forest regression (RFR), boosted regression trees (BRT), support vector regression, and artificial neural network to predict soil moisture in nearby fields based on RMSE of a 30% validation dataset and to determine the relative importance of predictor variables. The RFR and BRT performed best over other machine learning algorithms based on the lower RMSE values of 0.045 and 0.048 m3 m-3, respectively. The Classification and Regression Trees (CART), RFR and BRT models showed soil moisture at nearby weather stations had the highest relative influence for moisture prediction, followed by the four-day cumulative rainfall and Potential Evapotranspiration (PET), and subsequently followed by bulk density and Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity (Ksat). We then evaluated the integration of weather station data, RFR machine learning, and remotely sensed satellite imagery to predict soil moisture in nearby fields. Soil moisture predicted with an RFR algorithm using OPtical TRApezoidal Model (OPTRAM) moisture values, rainfall, standardized precipitation index (SPI) and percent clay showed high goodness of fit (r2=0.69) and low RMSE (0.053 m3 m-3). This research shows that the integration of weather station data, machine learning, and remote sensing tools can be used to effectively predict soil moisture in the Red River Valley of the North among a large diversity of cropping systems.

This master´s thesis deals with the design of measuring station used for the temperature and humidity measurement. There is a theoretical basical description of sensores for temperature and humidity measurement in the first part. Furthermore I deal with a theoretical design of measuring system, especially with types of materials and possibilities of communication between these parts. The main part of thesis is about communication on buses I2C,UART, SPI, RS485. There is a description of function procedure of particular integrated circuit, moduluses which are used in task in the next part of thesis.In the practical part I was engaged in a functional design of autonomous system for the temperature and ralative humidity measurement. Data could be presented by the computer after connection with the station. There is a description of testing the particular circuits and the full description of function particular blocks of system in the task. I have used the program called Eagle for schemes and printed wirings designing. The copy is placed on CD ready for next using. In the last part of thesis is a brief description of program algorithm "Meteostanice", which I have created for data presentation. There is an illustration of measuring results in these last part. The task is completely ready for the realization of autonomous system of weather station with its own memory.

Previous studies, such as van der Veen (2012) and White et al. (2017), have demonstrated the potential of using measurement-based cloud data to improve Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) based cloud forecasts. This can be done through cloud initialization; a process of injecting cloud data after the regular data assimilation in an NWP model. The purpose of this study was to use cloud data from the Mesoscale Analysis system MESAN to investigate cloud initialization in the HARMONIE-AROME model system for improving short-range cloud forecasts. The cloud initialization method that was used was similar to a method used by van der Veen (2012), where specific humidities, temperatures, and hydrometeor concentrations were altered using information on cloud fractions, cloud base heights and cloud top heights. MESAN input data analyses as well as cloud initialization investigations were carried out. MESAN input data analyses revealed significant differences in cloud fractions between MESAN and the background model field in MESAN. Overestimations of cloud fractions in MESAN over sea were caused by satellite data, particularly due to the inclusion of the fractional cloud category. Underestimations of cloud fractions over land were caused by limitations of the synoptic weather (SYNOP) stations in measuring clouds. Furthermore, larger differences between MESAN and SYNOP were found over Sweden and Finland compared to Norway, which may be tied to Norway having mostly manual SYNOP stations, and Sweden and Finland having mostly automatic stations. Shortcomings were found in the investigated cloud initialization method. Such shortcomings involved a limit check on the specific humidity change, the cloud initialization being repeated for an unnecessarily large amount of iterations, and the use of a sub-optimal profile of critical relative humidity. Using a one-dimensional vertical column version of HARMONIE-AROME, named MUSC, to integrate forward in time revealed a large sensitivity to the use of forcing profiles and forcing time scales in MUSC. Alterations made through cloud initialization were found to last over 12 h, with varying effects depending on the investigated height. A reasonably good agreement between MUSC results and results from the three-dimensional version of HARMONIE-AROME was found. Findings in this thesis point at potential to further enhance the HARMONIE-AROME cloud initialization technique. These enhancements concern a revised MESAN cloud product and taking care of some flaws in the cloud initialization method. / I en operationell vädermodell inkluderas olika mätdata, såsom temperatur och atmosfärstryck, i ett regelbundet intervall. Molnighet är inte vanligtvis en del av dessa cykler; istället bildas molnen av modellen utifrån balanser i de andra fysikaliska fälten. Detta projekt gick ut på att direkt införa molnmätningar från väderanalyssystemet MESAN i vädermodellsystemet HARMONIE-AROME genom en metod som kallas molninitialisering. Specifikt förbättringar för korttidsprognoser var av i ntresse. MESAN är ett system vars produkter är en sammanslagning av ett bakgrundsfält från en vädermodellkörning med olika mätdata. I MESAN kommer molndata från tre källor: bakgrundsfältet, satellitdata och synoptisk väderstationsdata (SYNOP-data). Undersökningar av indata till MESAN samt molninitialiseringsmetoden har utförts. Analyser av indata till MESAN visade på överskattningar av moln i satellitdata över hav och underskattningar av moln i SYNOP-data över land. För satellitdatat berodde detta på medtagande av moln på liten skala eller väldigt tunna moln, medan det för SYNOP berodde på begränsningar i mätmetoderna. Det fanns även en skillnad i kvalitet i SYNOP-data i Sverige och Finland gentemot Norge, vilket kan bero på att de flesta mätstationer i Norge är manuella medan de flesta i Sverige och Finland är automatiska. Molninitialiseringsmetoden bestod i att extrahera data om molnbashöjd och molntopphöjd från MESAN, och sedan modifiera fuktighet, temperatur och hydrometeorer (såsom molndroppar och iskristaller) i HARMONIE-AROME utifrån molnens position. Brister i metoden hittades. Initialiseringsprocessen upprepades ett suboptimalt antal gånger. En begränsning i hur mycket fuktigheten tillåts modifieras förändras under initialiseringsprocessen och fungerade inte som avsett. Dessutom, jämförese med radiosonddata pekar på att relativa fuktighetsgränserna för villket moln bildas inledningsvis inte ansattes korrekt. Effekterna av metoden kunde vara i över 12 timmar, men denna studie pekar på ytterligare troliga förbättringsmöjligheter i HARMONIE-AROME genom införande av reviderad version av metoden samt förbättrade satellitprodukter.

Data are presented from an automatic weather station on the Brintnell-Bologna Icefield that operated from August 2014 to August 2016 in Nahanni National Park Reserve. This location is notable for being the northernmost mass balance alpine study location of the federal government’s glaciology program (NRCan/GSC). The link between atmospheric forcing at the synoptic scale and response at the glacier surface has been shown to be strongly dependent on continentality and latitude. In this region, however, many aspects of the physical processes controlling the interaction between atmospheric forcing and snowpack response are virtually unknown, especially at the daily to hourly timescale. The character of snowfalls during the accumulation seasons for this icefield are investigated using high resolution time series from two acoustic snow depth sensors and other relevant meteorological parameters. It is found that the most drastic changes in snow depth occur from infrequent large snowfalls. Using an adaption of an Environment Canada snow depth algorithm, snowfall events are identified and their timing is quantified based on a system of thresholds, running averages and ratios between the snow depth sensors. Synoptic conditions are examined using meteorological reanalysis data and trajectory analysis to determine the moisture origin and pathway. / Graduate

L’urbanisation engendre, par l’imperméabilisation des surfaces et la présence de bâtiments, une modification locale du climat et, plus spécifiquement, le phénomène d’îlot de chaleur urbain (ICU). Ce phénomène se traduit par l’augmentation de la température en ville la nuit. Lors des vagues de chaleur ce phénomène peut causer un inconfort voire une surmortalité. Dans le contexte du changement climatique et d’une dynamique démographique importante, la thèse est réalisée sur le territoire de Rennes Métropole. Au cours de cette thèse, plusieurs objectifs sont poursuivis. Dans un premier temps, l’étude porte sur l’analyse de la variabilité spatiale de l’ICU selon l’occupation du sol et des formes urbaines. Afin d’observer ce phénomène sur le territoire de Rennes Métropole, plusieurs réseaux de mesuressont mis en place. Le premier réseau concerne l’échelle de l’agglomération avec 22 stations météorologiques. Le second réseau est établi à l’échelle intra-urbaine avec l’installation de 20 capteurs de température. Enfin, le troisième réseau de mesures vise à observer la variabilité de l’ICU au sein de deux quartiers rennais et d’une petite ville, Vezin-le-Coquet. Dans un second temps, des modèles de spatialisation de l’ICU sont construits à l’échelle de l’agglomération, puis, à l’échelle intra-urbaine. Ces modèles permettent de réaliser des cartes de l’ICU pour ces deux échelles emboitées. Dans un troisième temps, l’analyse temporelle est établie par la relation entre les types de temps et l’ICU. Cette analyse permet de construire un modèle de prévision de l’ICU quotidien. A partir de ce modèle, l’ICU quotidien est projeté par les sorties régionalisées des modèles du changement climatique. Plusieurs outils d’aide à la décision sont proposés à partir des modèles développés de l’ICU. L’exposition de l’agglomération rennaise au changement climatique est évaluée à partir des cartes de l’ICU et de plusieurs indices projetés par les sorties régionalisées des modèles du changement climatique / Urban development, characterized by the presence of buildings and impervious surfaces, modify the local climate and in particular, enhance the urban heat island (UHI). This phenomenon raises temperatures in cities at night, which could cause discomfort and over-mortality during heat waves. In the context of climate change and important population dynamics, this thesis is carried out in the Rennes Metropolitan area (in Brittany). Firstly, this thesis focuses on the spatial analysis of UHI variability according to land use and urban forms. To observe UHI in the Rennes Metropolitan area, a network of multiple measurement types were implemented at various scale. 1) a network of 22 permanents weather stations located in urban/rural sites; 2) a network of 20 temperature sensors placed in intra-urban area; and 3) a network of temperature measurements in two neighborhoods of Rennes and a small town, Vezin-le-Coquet. Secondly, spatial models of UHI were designed in this thesis at both the urban agglomeration and intra-urban scale. This multi-scale approach produced UHI map for these nesting-scales. Thirdly, this thesis determined the temporal variability of UHI by looking at the interaction between weather types and UHI. This analysis produced a statistical model of daily UHI magnitude according to meteorological observations. This model combined with data from downscaled climate change scenarios provided future projections of UHI. Lastly, this study deals with tools for town planning to prevent intensive UHI. UHI maps and downscaled climate change scenarios defined the risk assessment in the Rennes Metropolitan area