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This dissertation examines the various discursive expressions of black agency that formed the stereotypical representations of African descendants found in Victorian racial discourse. It is, therefore, an analysis of the discursive practices of peoples of African descent and not of the actual stereotypes frequently associated with Victorian racial discourse. I believe that a close reading and analysis of the discursive practices of peoples of African descent subject to British rule will generate more focused critical narratives about the fantasies that plagued the British imagination well into the twentieth century. This study also suggest that contemporary scholars should start looking at Victorian racial discourse as an active dialogue and conversation with the Other, rather than a description of the psychology of power. / English

Cette thèse explore les relations entre histoire et archéologie sous-marine pour étudier le risque de perte en mer aux Petites Antilles à travers l' exemple de la Guadeloupe. Le phénomène du naufrage est envisagé comme un prisme pour aborder les aspects maritimes de l'histoire de la Guadeloupe à l' époque de la marine à voile, entre la fin du XVIIe siècle et la première moitié du XIXe siècle. L' étude repose sur un dépouillement exhaustif de la correspondance administrative et des sondages ciblés dans les archives de la Marine et de quelques-uns des principaux ports du royaume de France liés aux Antilles (Nantes, Bordeaux, Le Havre, Marseille). Le naufrage est défini à travers une étude quantitative des pertes en mer : nombre, fréquence, localisation, répartition chronologique. Cette perspective conduit à qualifier le phénomène de sériel mais marginal en comparaison avec la fréquentation maritime, ce qui n' ôte pas de son intérêt en tant que clé de lecture d'une colonie française d' Amérique et de son économie et de sa société si part iculières , entre cultures d'exportation et esclavage. Environ 550 naufrages son répertoriés en archives entre la fin du XVIIe siècle et le début du XIXe siècle, ce qui représente moins de 1 % de la fréquentation maritime de la colonie. Il s' agit d'un phénomène essentiellement côtier et portuaire lié à la survenue d'événements climatiques exceptionnels (coups de vent et ouragans). Mais, ponctuellement, d'autres causes sont mises en évidence. L'objectif est de dresser une typologie des pertes en mer s'intéressant aussi bien aux différents types de navires perdus qu'à leur fonction , leur cargaison et leur équipage. La question de la perception des risques de pertes (conditions de navigation, dangers d'échouage, aléas climatiques) est envisagée pour analyser les relations entre risques et les moyens mis en oeuvre pour en réduire l'impact. Les différentes pistes allant des premières missions à caractère hydrographique au XVIIIe siècle, aux premiers aménagements portuaires au XIXe siècle, sont étudiées pour voir si elles répondent aux risques de pertes en mer. L'étude des documents d'archives trouve une application dans l'évaluation du potentiel archéologique sous-marin de la Guadeloupe. Celui-ci est évalué à une fourchette entre 50 et 120 sites d'épaves. La lecture critique des sources propose par ailleurs des hypothèses d'identification de 5 sites sur les 15 sites d' épaves anciennes connus, permettant ainsi une vision différente de la question des risques maritimes. / This Ph D explores relationships between history and underwater archaeology in order to study the martime risks in West Indies through the example of Guadeloupe. Shipwreck phenomenon is presented as a prism to analyze maritime aspect of Guadeloupe history during the time of sailing, from the end of 17th to first half of 19th century. The study is based on a archivaI analysis of administrative correspondence and surveys in marine archives and French kingdom main ports linked with West Indies. Shipwreck is defined through an quantitative study of losses : quantity, frequency, localization, chronological spread. This point of view permits to qualify the this phenomenon as serial but low regarding to the maritime activity, This fact is not a lack in order to use this event as a reading key of an American French colony, its economy and society. About 550 shipwrecks have been recorded from the end of 17th to first half of 19th century, thi represents less than 1% of maritime activity of the colony .. This phenomenon is mainly a coastal and a port event, linked with climatic hazard as hurricanes, but the study focused also on others causes . The objective is to set up a losses' typology dealing with ships types, functions, cargos, and crews. The perception of losses risks (seafaring conditions, wrecks dangers and climatic hazards) is presented in order to analyze relationships between risks and means in order to prevent them or reduce their consequences. Different projects from first hydrographical missions during 18th century to first ports building projects at the beginning of 19th century have been studied in order to establish if they answer the losses risks.

Le plan de restauration des tortues marines aux Antilles françaises a été validé par le Conseil National pour la Conservation de la Nature en 2006. Les captures accidentelles dans les filets de fond, i.e. les trémail, folle et filet droit, sur le plateau continental constituent la principale menace. Des filets faisant varier la hauteur, le maillage et l’inclinaison ont été comparés à des filets professionnels au cours de 226 pêches expérimentales. Le trémail est peu sélectif. Des filets à profil bas permettent d’obtenir des rendements comparables et réduiraient les captures de tortues. Les captures accidentelles sont plus abondantes dans les trémails et les folles. Les pêches à longs temps de calée provoquent plus de 90% de taux de mortalité de tortues et augmentent les quantités de rejets. Près de deux milliers de tortues seraient capturées chaque année aux Antilles françaises, avec une mortalité avoisinant les 60%. Les tortues adultes pêchées l’ont été en période de nidification et les tortues dites résidentes sont dans la grande majorité des juvéniles ou sub-adultes, cause de la surexploitation locale passée et signe de populations non stables. La menace « pêche » est d’autant plus importante qu’elle touche les femelles nidifiantes, meilleurs espoirs de rétablissement des stocks. En étroite collaboration participative avec les professionnels de la mer, la protection des tortues et des ressources marines passerait par une réduction de la hauteur des filets et de leurs temps de calée et l’interdiction totale ou partielle de ceux à mailles larges. / The national marine turtles recovery plan in FWI was adopted in 2006 by the National council for the nature conservancy. The bottom nets bycatch, i.e. the trammel, folle and gill nets, on the continental shelf are the main threat. Experimental nets with different heights, meshing and incline was compared to professional ones during 226 experimental trials. Trammel net is non selective. Low profile nets maintain a similar productivity and reduce the turtle bycatch. Trammel and folle nets cause more bycatch. The long soak times lead to more than 90 % of turtles mortality and more discards. Each year, about two thousands of turtles would be captured in FWI, with a mortality rate closed to 60 %. The mature turtles were captured during the nesting season and the resident ones are mostly juveniles or sub-adults, because of the local past overexploitation and indicator of non stable populations. The “fishery” threat is particularly important it affect nesting females, best stocks recovery hope. Closely to the marine professionals, the marine turtle and resources protection would be effective thanks to the reduction of the height and soak times nets and the total or partial ban of large meshing size nets.

This qualitative case study addressed the problem at a West Indies theological college that lacked the ability to provide courses for spiritual care training by using the teaching methodology of clinical pastoral education (CPE). CPE is an experiential process using a clinical method of learning to interpret human conditions. Spiritual care training through CPE teaches clerics how to help persons find meaning in life's situations and make connections with their God. Guided by the frameworks of transformative learning and critical theological reflection, this study explored the lived experiences of 5 purposefully selected CPE students who participated in 1 unit of CPE training at the college. Interview data were coded and analyzed to uncover emergent themes. The findings revealed these overarching themes: (a) personal empowerment, (b) increased pastoral care competencies, (c) increased sensitivity to suffering, and (d) connectivity to self-care and ministry. The interview data provided the impetus for the developed CPE Orientation (CPEO) to help students obtain basic skills in pastoral/spiritual care and critical theological reflections. It is recommended that persons with advanced CPE training could conduct the CPEO training, negating the need for a certified CPE supervisor expertise. Positive social change may occur when pastoral/spiritual care training is provided to clergy and laity to improve basic pastoral/spiritual care skills by helping clergy and parishioners respond to stressors in a healthy manner. Theological education that promotes spiritual care for persons in crisis may benefit the world and presents an avenue for social change to occur in the communities where clergy serve.

De la profondeursur 2 sites en Guadeloupe pendant la saison sèche et la saison humide (Chapitre 3). A u cours de cette étude,les genres Ostreopsis et Prorocentrum étaient les plus abondants. Aucune influence de la profondeur n'a é;étrouvée sur l'abondance totale des dinoflagellés benthiques ; cependant les genres Ostreopsis et GambiericLscusétaient principalement abondants en surface, alors que le genre Coolia était présent plus en profondeur.L'approche d'écologie trophique concernait le lien trophique entre dinoflagellés benthiques toxiqueset méiofaune (Chapitre 1). Les transferts au sein des réseaux trophiques de phycotoxines synthétisées par lesdinoflagellés benthiques toxiques sont généralement étudiés chez les organismes de grande taille, délaissantles organismes de μeLile Laille qui sulll pourtant en contact direct avec les microalgues. Au cours de cetteétude, une attention particulière a été portée aux copépodes harpacticoïdes qui composent ia méiofaune.Cette étude expérimentale, par marquage des microalgues aux isotopes stables, s'est focalisée sur lescopépodes harpacticoïdes et a permis de mesurer le taux d'ingestion d'Amphidinium sp. et d'Ostreopsis sp ..Cette étude démontre que les organismes de la méiofaune peuvent constituer une voie d'entrée des toxinessynthétisées par les dinoflagellés benthiques dans les réseaux trophiques. / The distribution of benthic toxiï rlinofüeefü1tes is 1111known in (Juadeloupe and Martinique even if at theCaribbean basin spatial scale, those microalgae are responsible for serious poisoning such as ciguatera.During this thesis, the ecology of benthic toxic dinoflagellates μreseul was sLudieJ using: spatio-temporalstudies (Chapters 1, 2, 3) and a trophic ecology approach (Chapter 4).First, 27 sites were explored to describe the spatial distribution of benthic dinoflagellatf's prPsf'nt inGuadeloupe and Martinique (Chapter 1). Only the most abundant macrophytes (biological substrates ofbenthic dinoflagellates) at the different sites were considered. ln this study, 161 samples were analyzed and 7times more taxie benthic dinoflagellates were found in Guadeloupe than in Martinique. The genus Ostreopsisdominated the benthic dinoflagellate community in both islands, although this trend has only rarely beenfound in the Caribbean basin.Then, 3 sites per department were chosen in order to set up a monthly monitoring of benthicdinoflagellates abundances duringl8 months (Chapter 2). The sites selected i) had a high abundance ofbenthic toxic dinoflagellates and ii) were identified as potentially dangerous by the Agence Régionale de laSanté. During this study, 927 samples of macrophytes were analyzed and 5 times more benthic toxicdinoflagellates were found in Guadeloupe than in Martinique. Ostreopsis and Prorocentrum genera dominatedrespectively in Guadeloupe and in Martinique. Two times more Gambierdiscus were found in Martinique thanin Guadeloupe even if Guadeloupe is located in the high prevalence area and this genus being responsible forciguatera. This result suggested that species with different toxicities structured the benthic toxicdinoflagellates community in this area. The abundances of benthic dinoflagellates were little influenced byabiotic parameters (temperature and salinity) but structured by biotic parameters (host macrophytes).Halophila stipulacea an invasive angiosperm in the Lesser Antilles has been identified as promoting thedevelopment of the genus Gambierdiscus.. The distribution of benthic toxic dinoflagellates was also studied according to the depth at 2 sites inGuadeloupe during the dry and the wet seasons (Chapter 3). ln order to avoid bias due to the presence ofdifferent macrophytes, this experiment was conducted only on H. stipulacea constituting mono-specificmeadows along a strong depth gradient. ln this study, the Ostreopsis and Prorocentrum genera were the mostabundant. No influence of the depth was found on total abundance of benthic dinoflagellates; however,Ostreopsis and Gambierdiscus genera were mainly abundant near the surface while the genus Coolia was presentdeeper.The trophic ecology approach focused on the trophic link between taxie benthic dinoflagellates andmeiofauna (Chapter 4). Transfers within the food webs of phycotoxins synthesized by benthic dinoflagellatesare mainly studied in large organisms neglecting smaller ones in direct contact with microalgae. Thisexperimental study, by labeling the microalgae with stable isotopes, focused on harpacticoides copepod andmeasured for the first time their ingestion rates of Amphidinium sp. and Ostreopsis sp.. This studydemonstrated that meiofauna organisms can constitute an input channel of phycotoxins from benthicdinoflagellates in food webs.

This qualitative case study addressed the problem at a West Indies theological college that lacked the ability to provide courses for spiritual care training by using the teaching methodology of clinical pastoral education (CPE). CPE is an experiential process using a clinical method of learning to interpret human conditions. Spiritual care training through CPE teaches clerics how to help persons find meaning in life's situations and make connections with their God. Guided by the frameworks of transformative learning and critical theological reflection, this study explored the lived experiences of 5 purposefully selected CPE students who participated in 1 unit of CPE training at the college. Interview data were coded and analyzed to uncover emergent themes. The findings revealed these overarching themes: (a) personal empowerment, (b) increased pastoral care competencies, (c) increased sensitivity to suffering, and (d) connectivity to self-care and ministry. The interview data provided the impetus for the developed CPE Orientation (CPEO) to help students obtain basic skills in pastoral/spiritual care and critical theological reflections. It is recommended that persons with advanced CPE training could conduct the CPEO training, negating the need for a certified CPE supervisor expertise. Positive social change may occur when pastoral/spiritual care training is provided to clergy and laity to improve basic pastoral/spiritual care skills by helping clergy and parishioners respond to stressors in a healthy manner. Theological education that promotes spiritual care for persons in crisis may benefit the world and presents an avenue for social change to occur in the communities where clergy serve.

Within-population behavioural variation can greatly affect the ecology of a species and the outcome of evolutionary processes. This study aimed to determine how variable sperm whale social and vocal behaviour is between both individuals and their social units. The population of whales off Dominica is small and isolated from communities in neighbouring waters. Female and immature whales live together in social units containing about 7 animals. I analysed their social relationships and their ‘coda’ communication signals using an unparalleled dataset of social and vocal interactions at the level of the individual. Within units, calves were significant nodes in their social unit’s network, and thus I provide quantitative support for the hypothesis that communal calf care acts as the primary evolutionary driver for group formation in this species. Social relationships within and between units were diverse, while the spatial spread of individuals within units and their travel speeds were similar among all of the units. I identified long-term patterns of association between units consistent over decadal time scales. Social units had characteristic vocal repertoires, but all were dominated by the ‘1+1+3’ and ‘5R’ coda types. Differences between units resulted from some units using specific 4-click coda types. Units and individuals used different accents on their ‘5R’ codas, but the ‘1+1+3’ coda was stereotyped across all individuals and units studied. The repertoires of different units were as similar as units within vocal clans in the Pacific. My results support the hypothesis that the ‘5R’ coda may function in individual identification. The stability of the ‘1+1+3’ coda may be the result of selection for a marker of clan membership. Individual repertoires differed consistently across years; and contrary to an existing hypothesis, new mothers did not vary their repertoire to be more distinct after giving birth. However, calves did use a class-specific ‘3+1’ coda. In summary, sperm whale social and vocal behaviour vary between individuals and among units. Variation in the social and vocal behaviour of female sperm whales results from a trade-off between individuality and conformity within units and clans.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Yale University, 1912. / "Printed from type, 600 copies, July, 1912." Bibliography: p. 341-364.

Une société hétéronormative reconnaît l’hétérosexualité, les sexes et les rôles de genre qui y sont traditionnellement associés comme seuls comportements socialement acceptables. En Martinique, ces rôles de genre sont incarnés par des personnages fictifs auxquels les individus se réfèrent dans leurs interactions. Cette fiction hétéronormative s’écrit autour de personnages légitimes qui respectent des normes assez contradictoires décrites par les études de genre aux Antilles (Réputation, Respectabilité, Matrifocalité) et elle se maintient grâce à la stigmatisation de personnages identifiés comme monstrueux. Dans un contexte où l’essentiel des îles indépendantes des Antilles conserve une législation coloniale hostile à l’homosexualité, le Makoumè est un personnage de sexe mâle au rôle de genre féminin et supposé homosexuel, qui définit en négatif le rôle de genre masculin. Dans un contexte judéo-chrétien et post-colonial, la Walpa structure les rôles de genre féminins en dessinant la limite de comportements incompatibles avec la Respectabilité. La recherche sur la marginalisation de ces personnages met en lumière les violences auxquelles sont exposées les personnes LGBTI en Martinique. Elle révèle aussi les souffrances causées par la stigmatisation du Makoumè et de la Walpa dans l’ensemble de la population, quelle que soit l’identité sexuelle des individus. Déconstruire les axiomes de l’hétéronormativité dans le cadre scolaire pourrait alors participer à la diminution des violences sexistes et homophobes générées par cette fiction. Cette hypothèse a été explorée dans le cadre d’une étude de terrain pionnière sur l’homophobie et le sexisme en milieu scolaire en Martinique. / A heteronormative society recognizes heterosexuality, gender and gender roles traditionally associated with it as the only socially acceptable behavior. In Martinique, these gender roles are embodied by fictional characters to which people refer in their interactions. This heteronormative fiction is written around legitimate characters who respect the quite contradictory norms described by the West Indies gender studies: Reputation, Respectability, Matrifocality. But it is maintained through the stigmatization of characters considered monstrous. In the context of the West Indies where most of the independent islands penalize homosexuality, Makoumè is a male character of feminine gender and supposed homosexual, which defines in negative the masculine gender. In a Judeo-Christian and post-colonial context, the Walpa structures feminine gender roles by drawing the limit of behaviors incompatible with Respectability. Research on the marginalization of these characters highlights the violence faced by LGBTI people in Martinique. It also reveals the suffering caused by the stigmatization of Makoumè and Walpa in the entire population, regardless of the sexual identity of individuals. Deconstructing the axioms of heteronormativity in the school system could then contribute to the reduction of the sexist and homophobic violence generated by this fiction. This hypothesis was explored in a pioneering field study on homophobia and sexism in schools in Martinique.