The genus Bordetella contains several pathogenic species generally associated with upper respiratory tract infections in warm-blooded animals. Bordetella pertussis is the etiologic agent of whooping cough. Whooping cough is presently one of the ten most common causes of death from infectious diseases and reported by the World Health Organisation (WHO) to cause 50 million cases and 350000 deaths worldwide per year, mainly among unvaccinated individuals in poor countries. The term proteome, in analogy to the term genome, was coined to describe the complete set of proteins that an organism has produced under a defined set of conditions. Proteomics has been used to identify novel bacterial vaccine candidates against several human pathogens. Fueled by growing DNA sequence information, the analysis of the proteome becomes a valuable and useful tool for antigen discovery. Much of information about immunogenic component can be derived from proteomics coupled to Western blotting, namely immunoproteomics. v In the present study, we report first immunoproteomics analysis to identify candidate antigens of B. pertussis for vaccine development. Different sera from mice, which were immunized or challenged with B. pertussis, were analyzed for reactivity by Western blot against whole cell extracts of B. pertussis Tohama and Saadet strains separated by 2-DE. We identified 15 immunogenic proteins of Bordetella pertussis as a total (60 kDa chaperonin, heat shock protein, serum resistance protein, putative substrate-CoA ligase, ATP-dependent protease, preprotein translocase secA subunit, S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, elongation factor Tu, RNA polymerase alpha subunit, ketol-acid reductoisomerase, pertactin, lysyl-tRNA synthetase, serum resistance protein, carbamoyl-phosphate synthase large chain, 30S ribosomal protein S1 subunit), 6 of which being identified as immunogenic in a pathogenic microbe (ATP-dependent protease, carbamoylphosphate synthase large chain, lysyl-tRNA synthetase, putative chromosome partition protein, preprotein translocase secA subunit, 30S ribosomal protein S1 subunit) and 5 identified as immunogenic for Bordetella pertussis (RNA polymerase alpha subunit, S-adenosylmethionine synthatase, putative substrate-CoA ligase, elongation factor Tu, ketol-acid reductoisomerase) for the first time.

Small proline-rich protein-2 (SPRR2) functions as a determinant of flexibility and permeability in the mature cornified envelope of the skin. SPRR2 is strongly upregulated by the commensal flora and may mediate signaling to differentiated epithelia of the small intestine and colon. Yet, SPRR2 function in the GI tract is largely unexplored. Using the Caco-2 model of intestinal epithelial differentiation along the crypt-villus axis, we hypothesized that SPRR2 would be preferentially expressed in post-confluent differentiated Caco-2 cells and examined SPRR2 regulation by the protein kinase A pathway (PKA) and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Differentiation-dependent SPRR2 expression was examined in cytoskeletal-, membrane-, and nuclear-enriched fractions by immunoblotting and confocal immunofluorescence. We studied the effect of SCFAs, known inducers of differentiation, on SPRR2 expression in pre-confluent undifferentiated Caco-2 cells and explored potential mechanisms involved in this induction using MAP kinase inhibitors. SPRR2 expression was also compared between HIEC crypt cells and 16 to 20 week primary fetal villus cells as well as in different segments in mouse small intestine and colon. We determined if SPRR2 is increased by gram negative bacteria such as S. typhimurium. SPRR2 expression increased in a differentiation-dependent manner in Caco-2 cells and was present in human fetal epithelial villus cells but absent in HIEC crypt cells. Differentiation-induced SPRR2 was down-regulated by 8-Br-cAMP as well as by forskolin/IBMX co-treatment. SPRR2 was predominantly cytoplasmic and did not accumulate in Triton X-100-insoluble cytoskeletal fractions. SPRR2 was present in the membrane- and nuclear-enriched fractions and demonstrated co-localization with F-actin at the apical actin ring. No induction was seen with the specific HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A, while SCFAs and the HDAC inhibitor SBHA all induced SPRR2. SCFA responses were inhibited by MAP kinase inhibitors SB203580 and U0126, thus suggesting that the SCFA effect may be mediated by orphan G-protein receptors GPR41 and GPR43. S. typhimurium induced SPRR2 in undifferentiated cells. We conclude that SPRR2 protein expression is associated with differentiated epithelia and is regulated by PKA signaling and by by-products of the bowel flora. This is the first report to establish an in vitro model to study the physiology and regulation of SPRR2. / Thesis (Master, Anatomy & Cell Biology) -- Queen's University, 2008-04-25 12:39:06.427 / This work was funded by the CIHR GIDRU Training Grant and Aid in Research from Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of Canada

Morphologic and metabolic change is a known property of the adult brain. A number of behavioural tasks alter local cerebral blood flow and glucose utilisation. The expression of the glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), which allows the entry of glucose to the brain, also has been shown to change in response to long-lasting neuronal activation. However, little is known about the effect of acute neuronal activation on GLUT1 expression. Using immunohistochemistry and Western blot, we investigated cerebral GLUT1 expression and vasculature density in mice undergoing a 48-hour voluntary wheel running period. The results showed that the striatum was the main region where GLUT1 protein was up-regulated: There was a trend for GLUT1 expression and blood vessels density to be associated with the distance run during the experiment. These results indicate that short-term increased neuronal activation is associated with rapid changes in glucose transport and possibly vascular remodelling.

Orientador: Wilma Aparecida Starke Buzetti / Banca: Caris Maroni Nunes / Banca: Maria Conceição Zocoller Seno / Resumo: Toxocara vitulorum é um parasita nematódeo de alta freqüência no trato intestinal de búfalos, particularmente em bezerros búfalos de um a três meses de idade. Devido à sua alta morbidade e mortalidade, causa consideráveis prejuízos a bubalinocultura. A pesquisa objetivou a obtenção de antígenos de extrato larval solúvel bruto (Ex), do material excretor-secretor (ES) de larvas infectantes e do líquido perientérico (Pe) de adultos de T. vitulorum, bem como a separação das frações protéicas na mistura pelo SDS-PAGE, seguida da análise imunológica por "Western blot" (WB), utilizando-se soros imunes e colostros de búfalos naturalmente infectados com T. vitulorum além de camundongos imunes. O acompanhamento do quadro parasitário dos bezerros búfalos também foi realizado. Pôde-se verificar que os três antígenos, Pe, Ex e ES, apresentaram mobilidades eletroforéticas pelo SDS-PAGE revelando nove (11,5, 14,2, 31, 38, 58, 76, 88, 112 e 165 KDa), onze (11,2, 13,3, 16,5, 22, 25, 32, 43, 53, 68, 82 e 96 KDa) e oito (19, 48, 56, 64, 90, 110, 150 e 190 KDa) bandas protéicas, respectivamente. A maioria dessas frações separadas pela eletroforese, foi reconhecida por todos as amostras de soros e pelo colostro, quando analisada pelo WB. No entanto, somente as bandas de alto peso molecular (68 - 190 KDa) persistiram nos grupos de bezerros búfalos que se encontravam no pico, declínio ou expulsão e na ausência ou autocura, à exceção do antígeno ES, que desapareceu durante o processo de autocura. Já os soros de bezerros búfalos com um de vida, que mamaram o colostro e os daqueles que se encontravam em fase de aparecimento ou ascensão, revelaram com as mesmas frações detectadas no soro e no colostro das búfalas. Os três antígenos reagiram de forma cruzada entre si, quando foram testados com soros homólogos e heterólogos de camundongos imunizados experimentalmente com estes antígenos de T. vitulorum / Abstract: Toxocara vitulorum is a nematode parasite of small intestine of cattle and water buffaloes particularly buffalo calves with one to three months of age, causing high morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this research was the antigen obtaintion and characterization of crude soluble larval extract (Ex), excretory-secretory (ES) of infective larvae, and perienteric fluid (Pe) from adults of T. vitulorum, as well as the separation of protein fractions from the antigenic mixture by SDS-PAGE and analysis of each band by Western blot (WB), using immune sera and colostrum of buffaloes naturally infected by T. vitulorum, and mice experimentally immunized. The parasitological status of the buffalo calves was also evaluated using sequentially coprological examinations. The results showed that three antigens, Pe, Ex and ES, revealed nine (11,5, 14,2, 31, 38, 58, 76, 88, 112, and 165 KDa), eleven (11,2, 13,3, 16,5, 22, 25, 32, 43, 53, 68, 82, and 96 KDa) and eight (19, 48, 56, 64, 90, 110, 150, and 190 KDa) protein bands by SDS-PAGE, respectively. The majority of these isolated bands were recognized by sera and colostrum of all groups of infected animals (buffalo cows one day post parturition and buffalo calves in five different periods of T. vitulorum infection) analyzed by WB. However, only the fractions of high molecular weight (68 - 190 KDa) persisted in the groups of buffalo calves at maximum peak of infection, expulsion and post-expulsion of the parasite or self-cure process, excepting ES antigen, that was not detected during the self-cure process. Sera of buffalo calves at one day of age, after suckling the colostrum and at the beginning of infection reacted with the same bands detected by serum and colostrum of the buffalo cows. The three antigens showed crossed reaction among themselves, when they were tested with homologous and heterologous sera of mice experimentally immunized with them / Mestre

La présence de Leishmania infantum et Toxoplasma gondii en Provence Alpes Côte d’Azur (PACA) est connue depuis plus d’un siècle. Depuis, leur distribution évolue, l'environnement change, les populations touchées se déplacent, et de nouveaux outils techniques et statistiques permettent de mieux les saisir. Une réactualisation de nos connaissances paraissait donc nécessaire. Nous avons d’abord mené une revue de la littérature sur les leishmanioses viscérales. Ensuite, nous avons montré que la leishmaniose muqueuse à L. infantum est marquée par un probable sous-diagnostic, un caractère peu invasif localement et un risque de viscéralisation significatif. Puis une étude éco-épidémiologique a montré que les deux foyers de leishmaniose en PACA impliquaient des biotopes différents, avec une transmission en zone urbanisée dans le foyer marseillais. Enfin, une étude entomologique a confirmé cette transmission urbaine.Nous avons ensuite étudié la toxoplasmose congénitale. D’abord, nous avons essayé d'améliorer les performances techniques du dépistage en montrant l’intérêt pour le diagnostic moléculaire anténatal d’une extraction optimisée de l’ADN parasitaire sur liquide amniotique en utilisant NucliSENS easyMAG plutôt qu’une extraction manuelle utilisant QIAamp DNA minikit. Nous avons également montré l’apport pour le diagnostic néonatal de la toxoplasmose congénitale des IgM ciblant des antigènes de haut poids moléculaire lors de la comparaison des sera des mères et des enfants par Western Blot. Enfin, nous avons rapporté l’évolution sur 16 ans de 127 patients traités pour toxoplasmose congénitale et montré que 19% des enfants présentaient une choriorétinite au cours du suivi. / The epidemiology of Leishmania infantum and Toxoplasma gondii in the Mediterranean basin has been studied for more than a century. Yet, our understanding of these diseases must be updated because ongoing environmental modifications impact their distribution, because affected population change, and because new technical and statistical tools have become available. We first reviewed scientific literature about visceral leishmaniasis. Then, we conducted a clinical study about autochtonous mucosal leishmaniasis due to L. infantum: we showed that this disease was characterized by underrecognition, low local invasiveness, and risk of visceral spreading. Afterwards, an eco-epidemiological study showed that foci of leishmanisis involved different biotopes in South-Eastern France: we specifically highlighted a urban transmission in the Marseille focus. Finally, an entomological survey confirmed this urban transmission and addressed cocirculation with phleboviruses.Then, we studied congenital toxoplasmosis. We contributed to improve technical performances of current screening strategy: we first showed that an optimized extraction of Toxoplasma DNA from amniotic fluid using NucliSENS easyMAG proved superior to manual extraction using QIAamp DNA minikit. Then, we found that comparison of mother and child antibodies that target high-molecular-mass Toxoplasma gondii antigens by immunoblotting improves neonatal diagnosis. Finally, we reported the 16-year long evolution of 127 children congenitally infected with T. gondii and showed that despite early treatment 19% of children finally developed chorioretinitis.

The amyloidoses are biochemically heterogeneous diseases with patholophysiologic deposits of various proteins. Amyloid deposits can occur either localized to one organ or tissue or as part of a systemic disease with deposits in many different tissue. The clinical course, prognosis and therapy are different for each type of amyloidosis and therefore a type specific diagnosis is demanded as early as possible. We describe a method for typing of the most common systemic amyloidoses based on Western blot analysis combined with specific in- house antibodies, using subcutaneous fat biopsies. We found that the method is reliable and easy to perform and the tissue sample needed is obtained by minor surgery. In the aortic intima amyloid deposits are often associated with atherosclerosis plaques. In our study we also investigated the prevalence of intimal amyloid from 10 patients age 58-94, amyloid deposits were present in 50% of the cases. / Amyloidos är ett sjukdomstillstånd där proteiner som normalt är lösliga i kroppen felveckas och formar långa olösliga fibriller som ansamlas i vävnader och organ såsom t.ex. hjärta, hjärna och lever. Det finns cirka 25 proteiner som kan ge upphov till amyloidos. Man kan skilja på två huvudgrupper av amyloidos, systemisk och lokaliserad. Vid lokal amyloidos kan inlagringar förekomma i specifika vävnader vid framför allt vissa åldersberoende sjukdomar som t.ex. Alzheimers sjukdom. Vid systemisk amyloidos förekommer inlagringar i praktiskt taget alla vävnader. Symtomatologin vid systemisk amyloidos är variabel och sjukdomsbilden kan vara svårtolkad men tidig och specifik diagnostik ger möjlighet till riktad terapi mot den bakomliggande sjukdomen. Syftet med denna studie var att utvärdera en Western blot metod som använts för typning av vanligaste formerna av systemisk amyloidos. De slutsatser som nåtts är att denna metod är snabbt, pålitligt och enkel att utföra. Diagnos erhölls med finnålsbiopsi av bukfettvävnad som är enkel, snabb och billig metod med liten risk för patienternas hälsa. Vi lyckades också med hjälp av immunhistokemisk infärgning titta på prevalens av amyloid i aortas intima.

Schizophrenia is a serious neuropsychiatric disease with a lifetime prevalence of 1% and it disrupts almost all mental functions. It manifests with many symptoms, which can be roughly classified into three main classes - positive, negative and cognitive dysfunctions. The psychosis, which can be often seen in schizophrenia, is a very serious problem that along with all other symptoms influences the patients' clinical status as well as quality of their life. As no direct causes or causal treatments for schizophrenia are known, scientist often focus on animal models of schizophrenia as tools for investigating mechanisms that can take a part in real disease and for seeking novel antipsychotics. This thesis aims at investigating two-week subchronic treatment with dizocilpine (MK-801), a non-competitive antagonist of NMDA receptors, in Wistar and Long-Evans rats aged 30 (PND 30) and 60 days (PND 60) at the onset of the treatment. Subsequently, long-term neurobehavioral consequences of this experimental psychosis were studied by testing rats at three behavioral tasks: the Elevated-plus maze (EPM), the Morris water maze (MWM) and active place avoidance on a rotating arena (Carousel). The Western blot method was used to determine post-mortem changes in expression of the NR1, NR2A and NR2B subunits of the...

Morphologic and metabolic change is a known property of the adult brain. A number of behavioural tasks alter local cerebral blood flow and glucose utilisation. The expression of the glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), which allows the entry of glucose to the brain, also has been shown to change in response to long-lasting neuronal activation. However, little is known about the effect of acute neuronal activation on GLUT1 expression. Using immunohistochemistry and Western blot, we investigated cerebral GLUT1 expression and vasculature density in mice undergoing a 48-hour voluntary wheel running period. The results showed that the striatum was the main region where GLUT1 protein was up-regulated: There was a trend for GLUT1 expression and blood vessels density to be associated with the distance run during the experiment. These results indicate that short-term increased neuronal activation is associated with rapid changes in glucose transport and possibly vascular remodelling.

Lyme-Borreliose, die mittlerweile in der nördlichen Hemisphäre wichtigste durch Vektoren übertragene Erkrankung, wird durch Spirochäten aus der Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato Gruppe hervorgerufen. Viele der in letzter Zeit veröffentlichten Studien haben darauf hingewiesen, dass durch Antibiotikagaben eine vollständige Erregerelimination nach Infektion nicht erreicht werden kann. Eine prophylaktische Versorgung rückt somit immer weiter in den Vordergrund des Interesses. Eine Impfung ist jedoch auch nicht unproblematisch: Untersuchungen beim Menschen haben gezeigt, dass nach zweimaliger Immunisierung im ersten Jahr lediglich 68% der Probanden geschützt waren und mit einer weiteren, sich anschließenden Immunisierung der Schutz gesteigert werden konnte. Deshalb sollte die hier an Hunden durchgeführte Studie aufzeigen, ob durch eine dreimalige Impfstoffapplikation im Verlauf der Grundimmunisierung mit kommerziell erhältlichen Impfstoffen die im Hund gebildeten Antikörperspiegel zu steigern. Ein höheres Antikörperniveau führt zu einem verzögerten Antikörperabfall und somit zu einem verlängerten Schutz. Weiterhin sollte zusätzlich das induzierte Antikörperprofil näher charakterisiert und somit auch eine Aussage über die Wirksamkeit gegenüber verschiedenen Borrelienspezies ermöglicht werden. Die im Verlauf dieser Studie durchgeführten Untersuchungen zeigen, dass zunächst eine höher als erwartete Infektionsrate für die Lyme-Borreliose in Sachsen innerhalb der Hundepopulation auftritt. Der prozentuale Anteil seropositiver Tiere beträgt 20,3%. Eine serologisch nachgewiesene Infektion steht allerdings nicht in direktem Zusammenhang mit einem Ausbruch der Erkrankung und darf demnach nicht mit der Erkrankungsrate innerhalb der Hundepopulation gleichgesetzt werden. Die bisher auf dem Markt erhältlichen und hier untersuchten Impfstoffe Merilym (B. burgdorferi s. s. Lysatimpfstoff, Merial, Deutschland), LymeVax (B. burgdorferi s. s. Lysatimpfstoff, Fort Doge, USA), Biocan (B. garinii, B. afzelii Lysatimpfstoff, Bioveta, Tschechien), ProLyme (rekombinanter Outer surface protein A (OspA) Impfstoff, Intervet, USA) und RecombitekLyme (rekombinanter OspA Impfstoff, Merial, USA) wurden in seronegativen Tieren bezüglich der induzierten Gesamtantikörper, der spezifisch gegen OspA gerichteten Antikörper und ihrer Kreuzreaktivität gegenüber heterologen Spezies untersucht, wobei der Einfluss von zwei verschiedenen Impfstrategien von besonderem Interesse war. Durch eine dreifache Antigengabe im Rahmen der Grundimmunisierung konnte nur bei zwei der untersuchten Impfstoffe (Merilym und Biocan) eine deutliche Erhöhung der Antikörperspiegel erreicht werden, die sich aber statistisch nicht signifikant von den anderen unterscheidet. Somit ist eine Umsetzung dieses Impfregimes in die Praxis nicht zu empfehlen. Es zeigt im Verlauf des Jahres bei allen Impfstoffen ein Titerabfall, sowohl bei den Gesamtantikörpern, als auch bei den OspA-Antikörpern. Mit Ausnahme von Biocan, hier sind kaum OspA-Antikörper nachweisbar, induzieren alle Impfstoffe nach der Impfung vor allem OspA-Antikörper, die jedoch sehr schnell wieder abfallen und nach einem halben Jahr nur mehr in geringem Maße nachweisbar sind. Diese OspA-Antikörper sind speziesspezifisch und nur in sehr geringem Umfang kreuzreaktiv. Diese Ergebnisse weisen auf eine Suszeptibilität der geimpften Tiere bezüglich einer Borrelieninfektion innerhalb mehrerer Monate nach Impfung hin. Es empfiehlt sich eine dritte Immunisierung nach sechs Monaten, um auch in der zweiten Jahreshälfte schützende Antikörperspiegel zu ermöglichen. Untersuchungen der Kreuzreaktivität in-vitro sprechen für eine mangelhafte Bindungsfähigkeit induzierter Impfantikörper gegenüber anderen Borrelienspezies, die in Zusammenhang mit einem geringen Schutz in-vivo gesehen werden könnten. Somit ist ein rein speziesspezifischer Impfschutz wahrscheinlich. Da vor allem in Europa eine große Borrelien-Artenvielfalt vorherrscht, deuten die hier vorgestellten Ergebnisse eine nur gegen eine Spezies gerichtete Immunität bei geimpften Hunden an. Die Notwendigkeit der Entwicklung eines neuen Impfstoffes, basierend auf einer Mischung speziesspezifischer OspA-Antigene gewonnen aus B. burgdorferi s. s., B. garinii und B. afzelii in Kombination mit weiteren Antigenen, da der Schutzmechanismus beruhend auf OspA bereits durch eine OspA-Variation seitens der Borrelien durchbrochen werden kann, wird durch die hier vorgelegten Resultate gestützt. Da ein solcher Impfstoff bisher nicht erhältlich ist und die Schutzwirkung der erhältlichen Impfung als partiell angesehen werden kann, rücken einfache, aber in der Regel zuverlässigere Methoden in den Vordergrund. Die tägliche Entfernung von Zecken ist eine wirksame Vorgehensweise, um das Infektionsrisiko zu minimieren. Auch der Einsatz akarizider Substanzen und Repellentien bietet sich an, um die Übertragung der Borreliose und weiterer, von Zecken übertragene Erreger zu unterbinden. / Lyme-Borreliose, currently the most important vector-borne disease in the northern hemisphere, is caused by spirochetes from the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. Recently published studies have indicated that a complete eradication of the bacterium from the host’s tissue by antibiotic treatment is not possible. Therefore prophylactic measures become more important. However, vaccines are not unproblematic: studies in humans have shown that only 68% of the participants were protected after two immunizations applied during the first year, while the level of protection rose when an additional immunization was given. Therefore, the study presented here was designed to reveal whether three initial immunizations with commercial vaccines are able to raise the antibody levels in dogs. Higher antibody levels are the basis for a delayed disappearance of antibodies due to natural decay and therefore provide an extended protection from infection. Furthermore, the induced antibody profile was subject of a more precise characterization in order to draw possible conclusions about their efficacy against other Borrelia species. The results presented in this study show a higher than expected prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato seropositivity in dogs from Saxony. The percentage of seropositive dogs was 20.3%. Since seropositivity is not necessarily linked with the onset of the disease, this result does not describe the disease incident in the dog population. In the course of the study, commercially available vaccines, Merilym (B. burgdorferi s. s. lysate, Merial, Germany), LymeVax (B. burgdorferi s. s. lysate, Fort Dodge, USA), Biocan (B. afzelii, B. garinii lysate, Bioveta, Czech Republic), ProLyme (recombinant Outer surface protein A (OspA) with adjuvant, Intervet, USA) and RecombitekLyme (recombinant OspA without adjuvant, Merial, USA) were evaluated for induced antibody levels and the amount of OspA antibodies in seronegative dogs, in which two different vaccination schedules were of special interest. In addition the cross reaction of antibodies on heterologous antigens was analyzed. Three immunizations during the first year with two (Merilym and Biocan) of the five vaccines tested increase the vaccinal antibody levels, but this increase of antibody levels is not statistically significant. Therefore a recommendation for a third antigen application within the first six weeks after basic immunisation can not be given. All vaccine-induced antibody levels show a decrease within the first year concerning total antibody titers as well as OspA antibody titers. Except for Biocan the specificity of the initially induced antibodies by vaccination are directed mainly against OspA. These antibody titers decrease quickly resulting in minimum amounts of detectable antibodies within the period of six months. These OspA antibodies are species-specific and show only a minor cross reactivity. The results presented here suggest that vaccinated animals are susceptible for a borrelia infection within months after immunization. Therefore a third vaccination six months after the basic immunization is advisable in order to induce a long lasting protective antibody level during the period of one year. These data generated with in-vitro systems suggest that only a species-specific protection can be expected in-vivo. The species heterogeneity within Europe suggests that the vaccine available in Europe only protects from infection with the species used for vaccine preparation. These results underline the necessity to develop a new vaccine consistent of a mixture of OspA derived from at least B. burgdorferi s. s., B. garinii and B. afzelii in combination with other antigens, since protection from infection via OspA can be circumvented by minor OspA variations on the part of the borrelia. Since such a vaccine is not yet available, and therefore other methods that provide protection are necessary. Daily control of the dog and the removal of adherent ticks can help to prevent a possible infection since borrelia take at least 24 hours to migrate from the midgut of the tick to the salivary gland where they can infect the host. In addition, the use of repellent or acarizides might be helpful to avoid attachment or achieve the death of adherent ticks and therefore minimize the risk of infection with borrelia as well as other tick-borne diseases.

Overweight (BMI 25–29) or obese (BMI over 30) pregnant women have an increased risk of complications during pregnancy and childbirth that can harm both women and their children.Due to increased risk for several complications such as of giving birth to large children, malformations or still births, the children have higher risk of obesity, blood pressure diseases and diabetes in childhood and later in life compared with children of normal weight. Various factors affect nutrient supply to the fetus such as activity of transport proteins, maternal and fetal blood flow to and from the placenta and placental metabolism. X-box-binding protein1 (XBP-1) is an important transcription factor that is part of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)and facilitates the breakdown of misfolded proteins and gives ER good quality control over proteins. The purpose of this work was to study the XBP-1 protein in the placenta and see if the cells are stressed in women with obesity and compare levels of this protein with women who are normal weight. Placental expression of XBP-1 was analyzed by use of two different methods western blot including 36 women in three different groups, 12 women who were normal weight, 12 women who were obese and 12 women who were overweight. The second method was real- time polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR) including 20 women in two different groups, 10 women who were normal weight and 10 women who were obese. The result showed that there was no protein detected in the placenta but there were bands in positive control. XBP-1 mRNA expression did not differ between study groups but there was a tendency towards a significant correlation mRNA and birth weight of the children. This indicate that it may a correlation between them, but our results should be confirmed with larger studies.