Depuis plusieurs années, l’une des problématiques sociétales est de diminuer les émissions de polluants et de gaz à effet de serre dans l’atmosphère. Le secteur du transport terrestre est directement concerné par ces considérations. Le moteur Diesel semble promis à un bel avenir grâce à son rendement supérieur à celui du moteur à allumage commandé, conduisant à de plus faibles rejets de CO2. Cependant, sa combustion génère des émissions d’oxyde d’azote (NOx) et de particules dans l’atmosphère. Les normes anti-pollution étant de plus en plus sévères et les incitations à diminuer les consommations de carburant de plus en plus fortes, le moteur Diesel est confronté à une problématique NOx/particules/consommation toujours plus difficile à résoudre. Une des voies envisagées consiste à modifier le mode de combustion afin de limiter les émissions polluantes à la source tout en conservant de faibles consommations. La voie la plus prometteuse est la combustion HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) obtenue par injections directes précoces. Plusieurs limitations critiques doivent cependant être revues et améliorées : le mouillage des parois par le carburant liquide et le contrôle de la combustion à forte charge. Le but de cette thèse est ainsi de mieux comprendre les phénomènes mis en jeu lors de la combustion HCCI à forte charge obtenue par des multi-injections directes précoces. Une méthodologie a été mise au point afin de détecter le mouillage des parois du cylindre, ce qui a permis de comprendre l’effet du phasage et de la pression d’injection sur cette problématique. Une stratégie optimale de multi-injections permettant d’atteindre une charge élevée sans mouiller les parois a ainsi été développée et choisie. Nous avons ensuite pu mettre en évidence le potentiel de la stratification par la dilution en tant que moyen de contrôle de la combustion en admettant le diluant dans un seul des 2 conduits d’admission. Des mesures réalisées en complémentarité sur le même moteur mais en version ‘optique’, ont permis, à partir de la technique de Fluorescence Induite par Laser, de montrer que concentrer le diluant dans les zones réactives où se situe le carburant permet un meilleur contrôle de la combustion, ce qui permet d’amener le taux de dilution a des niveaux faisables technologiquement. / For several years, reduce pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere is become a leitmotiv. The automotive world is directly affected by these considerations. Diesel engine has a promising future thanks to its efficiency higher than that of S.I. engine, leading to lower CO2 emissions. However, Diesel combustion emits nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulates in the atmosphere. Emissions regulations are more and more severe, and considerations about fuel consumption are more and more significant. Thus, Diesel engine has to face a NOx/particulates/consumption issue that is more and more difficult to answer. One of the considered ways to reduce pollutant emissions while maintaining low fuel consumptions is to change the combustion mode. The most promising way is Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion with early direct injections. However, two major issues have to be answered: the wall wetting and the combustion control at high load. Thus, the objective of this PhD thesis is to better understand phenomena occurring during HCCI combustion at high load with early direct injections in order to answer these issues. We have developed a new methodology to detect the cylinder wall wetting process. This allowed to understand the effects of injection phasing and injection pressure on this issue. A multiple injections strategy has been tested and improved. It reaches a high load without cylinder wall wetting. Then, we have highlighted the potential of dilutant stratification as a technique of control of combustion. This technique is based on the introduction of dilutant in one inlet pipe while air is introduced in the other. The use of Laser Induced Fluorescence imaging on the same engine but with optical accesses showed that condensing dilutant in the reactive zones where the fuel is improves combustion control and allows the use of reasonable dilution level.

Dans un contexte de limitation de la consommation en énergie fossile et de développement durable, les pompes à chaleur présentent un intérêt majeur. Les obstacles rencontrés, notamment le givrage compact, freinent leur utilisation. La mise en place de nouveaux matériaux, par exemple par des propriétés de mouillage particulières, est une voie innovante. L’étude des déplacements de gouttes et de ponts entre ailettes, par résolution des équations de Navier-Stokes, permet de comprendre localement les écoulements et de caractériser l'effet du mouillage (modèle numérique d'angle de contact) et du confinement. Plusieurs études ont été menées sur des gouttes et des ponts liquides, soumis à des écoulements sur parois inclinées, lors desquelles des comportements significatifs ont été mis au jour et permettent de mettre en place des solutions efficaces pour les enjeux industriels. Une approche des phénomènes de mouillage extrêmes (superhydrophobie) a été réalisée et montre leur intérêt d’un point de vue performance. En revanche, le coût nécessaire pour réaliser les simulations reste très important, et des pistes ont été abordées pour palier à cette difficulté. En parallèle, une méthode de changement d’état a été développée dans le code de calculs scientifiques Thétis pour prédire l'évacuation de la glace lors du dégivrage sur des géométries simples ou réelles. Cette approche originale basée sur la méthode Volume Of Fluid, dérivée de méthodes existantes en Front-Tracking, montre une faisabilité et une efficacité intéressante. / In a context of limiting the consumption of fossil energy and of sustainable development, heat pumps are of major interest. Some issues, including icing compaction, reduce its use. The introduction of new materials, including special wetting properties, is an innovative way. The study of displacement of drops and liquid bridges between fins, by solving the Navier-Stokes equations, allows us to understand local flows and to characterize the effect of wetting (numerical model of contact angle which depends on controlling the smoothing of Volume Of Fluid function) and of containment. Several studies have been conducted on the drops and liquid bridges submitted to flow on sloping walls, driving to significant behaviors. These studies can implement effective solutions to industrial difficulties. An approach to extreme wetting phenomena (superhydrophobicity) was performed and showed their interest to a good evacuation efficiency but also the cost to achieve the simulations. Several possibilities were discussed to overcome this difficulty. In parallel, a method of phase change was developed in the code of scientific computing Thetis to simulate the evacuation of ice during defrosting periods on simple geometries or more complex ones. An innovative approach based on Volume Of Fluid method, derived from methods available in Front-Tracking shows its feasibility and efficiency.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-12-12T14:44:32Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação - Pedro Henrique Amorim Anjos.pdf: 9970150 bytes, checksum: 29bca81f576fbdecd909c0ab24d68ce5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T14:44:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação - Pedro Henrique Amorim Anjos.pdf: 9970150 bytes, checksum: 29bca81f576fbdecd909c0ab24d68ce5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-05 / CNPQ / Consideramos o movimento da interface entre dois fluidos viscosos, imiscíveis e incompressíveis confinados em uma célula de Hele-Shaw radial. Quando o fluido de baixa viscosidade é injetado no centro da célula e desloca radialmente o fluido de alta viscosidade, a instabilidade de Saffman-Taylor entra em ação levando ao crescimento de estruturas em formato de dedos. Dependendo da natureza dos fluidos envolvidos, eles podem molhar as paredes da célula de Hele-Shaw, deixando para trás um filme molhante de espessura finita. Diante disso, investigamos a influência da camada de fluido molhante, deixada pelo fluido deslocado, na dinâmica linear e fracamente não-linear do sistema. Mais especificamente, examinamos como a instabilidade da interface e os mecanismos de formação de padrões (bifurcação e competição de dedos) são afetados pela presença da camada de filme molhante no limite de baixo número de capilaridade. Estudamos também uma variação da instabilidade de Saffman-Taylor usual induzida pela injeção: o problema do levantamento em célula de Hele-Shaw. Nossos resultados analíticos indicam que o molhamento tem um impacto significativo nos padrões não-lineares resultantes. Ele é responsável por uma atenuação na variação do comprimento dos dedos, enquanto que induz o aparecimento de estruturas que apresentam dedos pequenos e largos, provenientes do fluido não molhante, alternados por dedos pequenos e finos pertencentes ao fluido molhante. Durante o processo de levantamento, medidas adquiridas pelo teste de adesão quantificam a força adesiva de um fluido viscoso confinado entre placas paralelas. Experimentos e intensas simulações numéricas indicam que a formação de dedos afeta a força de levantamento, promovendo uma diminuição na magnitude da mesma. Concluímos este trabalho propondo um modelo analítico que forneça a força de adesão considerando não só o efeito de dedos da interface, mas também a ação do molhamento e de estresses viscosos normais. / We consider the interfacial motion between two immiscible, incompressible, viscous fluids in the confined geometry of a radial Hele-Shaw cell. When the less viscous fluid is injected at the center and drives radially the more viscous fluid, the Saffman-Taylor instability takes place leading to the growth of fingerlike shapes. Depending on the nature of the fluids involved, they can wet the walls of the Hele-Shaw cell plates, leaving behind a film of finite thickness. In this framework, we investigate the influence of a thin wetting film trailing behind the displaced fluid on the linear and weakly nonlinear dynamics of the system. More specifically, we examine how the interface instability and the pattern formation mechanisms of finger tip-splitting and finger competition are affected by the presence of such a film in the low capillary number limit. We also examined a variant of the usual injection-driven Saffman-Taylor instability: the lifting Hele-Shaw cell problem. Our analytical results indicate that wettability has a significant impact on the resulting nonlinear patterns. It restrains finger length variability while inducing the development of structures presenting short, blunt penetrating fingers of the nonwetting fluid, alternated by short, sharp fingers of the wetting fluid. During the lifting process, probe-tack measurements evaluate the adhesion strength of viscous fluids confined between parallel plates. Existing meticulous experiments and intensive numerical simulations indicate that fingering formation affects the lifting force, making it to decrease in intensity. We conclude this work by proposing an analytical model that computes the lifting adhesion force by taking into account not only the effect of interfacial fingering, but also the action of wetting, and viscous normal stresses.

Orientadores: Amauri Garcia, Wislei Riuper Ramos Osorio / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T22:54:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Garcia_LeonardoRicheli_M.pdf: 15499869 bytes, checksum: 1afa8bd79812971da1e6fac7f4fed383 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Sabe-se que existem tendências de leis e diretrizes que restringem o uso e aplicação de certas substâncias perigosas utilizadas em processos de fabricação de componentes em geral. Como exemplo, podem-se citar produtos contendo cádmio, mercúrio, cromo hexavalente, bifenilos polibromatos, éteres difenil-polibromato e chumbo. Devido a essas restrições, fabricantes de produtos eletrônicos têm que adequar seus produtos às novas diretrizes e desenvolver novas ligas de solda sem chumbo. Estudos preliminares indicam que ligas Sn-Zn, particularmente a eutética, consistem em alternativas promissoras para a substituição das ligas de solda contendo chumbo. Entretanto, é necessário avaliar influências das taxas de resfriamento do processo sobre a microestrutura formada e as propriedades mecânicas dessas ligas. O presente trabalho tem exatamente esse objetivo, e para cuja consecução foram planejadas as seguintes atividades: i) solidificação unidirecional de ligas Sn-Zn (Sn-4%Zn, Sn-9%Zn e Sn-12%Zn) e da liga eutética Sn-Pb (para comparação), ii) mergulho de lâminas de cobre em banho das ligas Sn-Zn e Sn- Pb por intermédio de imersão à quente e iii) por deposição em substrato de cobre. Para a fase inicial utilizou-se de um dispositivo de solidificação unidirecional vertical ascendente, para obtenção dos lingotes e registro dos respectivos perfis térmicos experimentais. Foram determinadas as variáveis térmicas de solidificação: coeficiente de transferência de calor metal/molde, velocidades de deslocamento da isoterma liquidus e taxa de resfriamento para as ligas do sistema Sn-Zn e para a liga Sn-Pb (Sn-40%Pb). Estas variáveis foram confrontadas com as previsões teóricas de um modelo numérico de solidificação e, em seguida, correlacionadas com os espaçamentos dendríticos secundários (?2) e equações experimentais de crescimento dendrítico foram determinadas. Foram realizados ensaios de mergulho utilizando-se lâminas (substrato) de cobre, a diferentes temperaturas de mergulho, em que foi possível avaliar a espessura da camada depositada sobre o substrato, a porcentagem da área recoberta pelas ligas e verificar as respectivas microestruturas. Foram também realizados ensaios de molhabilidade para avaliação do ângulo de contato entre cada liga e os respectivos substratos / Abstract: A number of laws and guidelines have been restricted the application of hazardous substances in manufacturing processes of components. This is the case of products containing cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium, polibromates biphenyls, polibromate-diphenyl ethers and lead. In order to adequate products to such restriction requirements, electronic components manufacturers have to meet such requirements by developing new lead-free solder alloys. Preliminary studies have indicated that Sn-Zn alloys, in particular the eutectic composition, are promising alternatives to the replacement of solder alloys containing lead. However, studies focusing on the influence of the cooling rate on the resulting microstructures and on the mechanical properties of these alloys need to be carried out. This work has precisely such objective, and the following activities have been planned to attain such purpose: i) unidirectional solidification of Sn-Zn alloys (Sn-4wt%Zn, Sn-9wt%Zn, Sn-12wt%Zn) and of the Sn-Pb eutectic (for comparison purposes), ii) copper blades dipped in molten Sn-Zn and Sn-Pb alloys (hot dipping) and iii) deposition on copper substrate. For the initial experimental step an upward vertical solidification system has been used to obtain the alloys ingots and their correspondent thermal profiles. Solidification thermal variables such as: metal/mold heat transfer coefficient, tip growth rates and cooling rates have been determined for Sn-Zn and the Sn-40wt%Pb alloys. Such experimental variables have been compared with predictions from a solidification numerical model and correlated to secondary dendrite arm spacings (?2) and experimental equations of dendritic growth have been proposed. The thickness of the coating layers, the spreading areas and the resulting microstructures of the alloys on the copper substrates (blades) were evaluated after the hot dipping procedures at different temperatures. Wetting tests have also been carried out in order to evaluate the contact angle between drop and substrate for each alloy / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Este trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar as mudanças microestruturais durante o recozimento isotérmico de um fio de ferro trefilado a frio e de pureza comercial com ênfase no crescimento de grão. Os recozimentos foram realizados no intervalo de 823-1173 K por diversos tempos. As informações estatísticas do tamanho de grão foram obtidas por meio do método dos interceptos lineares. O mapeamento das orientações foi obtido por meio de difração de elétrons retroespalhados (EBSD). O material apresenta uma microestrutura ferrítica e totalmente recristalizada a partir de 873 K. Foram encontrados indícios de crescimento normal de grão a partir de 1023 K, porém este crescimento não evoluiu consideravelmente ao longo do tempo de tratamento. Os resultados obtidos a partir do método dos interceptos lineares demonstram que a distribuição de tamanho de grão segue uma curva próxima à log-normal. Nas amostras recozidas a partir de 1123 K, verificou-se a ocorrência de crescimento anormal de grão. O crescimento anormal de alguns grãos inicia-se na região central do fio, estendendo-se até uma região próxima à superfície do fio. Algumas modificações na dimensão da amostra e na atmosfera de recozimento foram realizadas a fim de se estudar a interação destas variáveis no desenvolvimento dos grãos anormais. Foram identificados indícios morfológicos de que o mecanismo para ocorrência de crescimento anormal foi o molhamento de contornos no estado sólido (solid-state wetting) que depois foram confirmados pelas análises de micro e mesotexturas. A análise de microtextura também revela que o material apresenta duas componentes preferenciais, as fibras || DT e || DT, onde DT é a direção axial de trefilação. A primeira orientação é a mais intensa, sendo que seu fortalecimento parece ser impulsionado pelo crescimento anormal de grão. A segunda é menos intensa e parece estar relacionada com as orientações dos grãos oriundos da recristalização primária. Aspectos teóricos e analíticos sobre o crescimento de grão são apresentados e associados aos resultados experimentais e à literatura. / This Dissertation aims follow the microstructural changes occurring during isothermal annealing of commercially-pure cold-drawn iron wire, with emphasys on grain growth phenomena. The grain size data were obtained by means of the linear intercept method. The orientations scanning were done by means of electron backscatter diffraction patterns (EBSD). Isothermal annealing was performed within the temperature range 823 - 1173 K for several times. The material displays full recrystallization at temperatures above 873 K. Normal grain growth was observed above 1023 K, although this growth did not evolve through longer annealing times. The results of the linear intercept method show the grain size distribution has a log-normal shape. For samples annealed above 1123 K, abnormal grain growth occurs. The first signs of secondary recrystallization appear close to the center of the wire, growing towards the surface. Changes in the wire diameter and annealing atmosphere were performed to assess the effect of these variables on abnormal grain growth. Results point out that abnormal grain growth is driven by solid-state wetting. These morphological observations were also confirmed by micro and mesotexture analyses. The microtexture also shows the presence of two major fiber texture components || WD and || WD, were WD is the axial wire-drawn direction. The first one is the most intense and its strengthening seems to be related with abnormal grain growth. The second one is weaker and it seems to be most related with small primary recrystallized grains. Theoretical and analytical features about grain growth are presented and discussed in light of literature and experimental results.

A importância da implantação do sistema APPCC/HACCP em moinhos de trigo foi avaliada em três moinhos na regiões sul e sudeste do Brasil, focando o estudo nos aspectos microbiológicos da etapa demolhagem do trigo do processo de fabricação de farinha. Nesses moinhos, as paredes das roscas molhadora e distribuidora dos grãos de trigo apresentavam crostas com elevada atividade de água - 0,98, favorável à multiplicação microbiana. A limpeza das roscas era apenas mensal e a água usada na etapa da molhagem dos grãos não era clorada. Os estudos de APPCC/HACCP realizados indicaram que a etapa de molhagem era para estes moinhos um Ponto Crítico de Controle (PCC), constatando-se que as contagens microbianas 24 horas após a limpeza atingiam valores muito elevados. As medidas de controle adotadas foram a remoção diária das crostas para cloração entre 1 a 2 ppm da água, ou remoção semanal das crostas com cloração de 100 ppm da água. Verificou-se que água clorada de 1 a 2 ppm não melhorava as contagens microbianas na crosta, enquanto a cloração a 100 ppm baixava as contagens em dois ciclos log. Com esse nível de cloração, a limpeza podia ser feita semanalmente. Análises de verificação feitas em farinha de trigo apontaram que essas medidas de controle reduziam o risco de rejeição do produto por empresas clientes fabricantes de prqdutos derivados de trigo que adotam critérios microbiológicos bastante restritivos, mais rigorosos que os estabelecidos pela legislação pertinente. / The importance of introduction of HACCP system in wheat flour mills was evaluated in three mills of the South and Southeast regions of Brasil, focusing on the microbiological aspects of the grains wetting step of the flour production process. In these mills, the walls of the wetting augers and auger conveyors presented crusts with high water activity - 0,98, conducive to microbial growth. The cleaning of these points had been carried out on a monthly basis, using non-chlorinated water. HACCP studies indicated that the grains wetting step was a Criticai Control Point (CCP) and 24 hours after cleaning the microbial counts were very high. The control measures were removal of crusts on a daily basis using chlorination of water at 1 to 2 ppm, or removal of crusts on a weekly basis using chlorination at 100 ppm. The reduction of counts when 1 to 2 ppm chlorinated water was used was insignificant, but 100 ppm achieved two logs reduction. Using this level of chlorination, the cleaning could be done on a weekly basis. Verification analysis, carried out on wheat flour, indicated that these measures reduced the risk of rejection of the product by pasta and bakery goods manufacturers with strict microbiological acceptance criteria.

O presente trabalho consiste na avaliação experimental da influência do avanço da frente de umedecimento no comportamento de protótipos de muros de um solo fino reforçado com geotêxteis não tecidos. O desempenho dos protótipos foi analisado nas condições de eventos de chuvas de intensidade e duração variáveis, bem como na condição de precipitação intermitente com intensidade próxima e inferior à condutividade hidráulica do solo. Para efeito comparativo, avaliou-se o comportamento de um protótipo na condição de umidade de compactação constante. Durante a infiltração, observou-se a formação de barreira capilar sobre o geotêxtil e a eficiência de drenagem proporcionada pelos reforços, não permitindo o desenvolvimento de pressões da água positivas mesmo sob a condição de carregamento rápido. Após quebra da barreira, os valores de grau de saturação mantiveram-se em torno de 90% e as pressões da água ficaram próximas de zero ou negativas. Com relação ao comportamento dos protótipos, evidências mostraram que a formação de barreiras capilares nas interfaces solo-geotêxteis não influenciou negativamente no desempenho dos protótipos. Diante do umedecimento, as deformações e deslocamentos máximos aumentaram exponencialmente com o grau de saturação do solo. Ainda, estes parâmetros relacionaram-se com a sucção matricial de forma semelhante à tendência estabelecida na curva retenção de água do solo. Tais relações foram estritamente associadas às alterações da rigidez média do solo devido ao avanço da infiltração e as alterações na sucção do solo. Na condição umidade constante, constatou-se que o maciço poderia se manter estável mesmo com a ausência dos reforços devido à elevada rigidez proporcionada pela sucção do solo. De modo geral, os deslocamentos e deformações foram relativamente pequenos sob a ação da variável umedecimento. A associação desta com os incrementos de tensões geraram deformações adicionais, embora estas ainda não possam ser consideradas excessivas. Os resultados de uma estrutura real corroboraram o comportamento verificado em laboratório. De modo geral, os níveis de deformações foram bastante semelhantes e a presença de água não prejudicou o desempenho da estrutura. Curiosamente, geotêxteis não tecidos de baixa resistência e rigidez à tração foram tão eficazes na estabilidade quanto geotêxteis tecidos de maior rigidez e resistência. Portanto, a eficiência de estruturas de solos finos reforçados com geotêxteis não tecidos foi constatada, mostrando estas possíveis de compor estruturas permanentes. / The effect of the wetting front advancement on the performance of nonwoven geotextile reinforced soil walls constructed with poorly draining soils was evaluated by laboratory full scale models. The tested models performances were monitored under rainfall conditions with different intensities and duration, as well as under intermittent precipitation with reduced intensity of precipitation (lower than the soil permeability). For comparison purposes, an evaluation of a full scale model was conducted with constant soil water content (compaction water content). As regards infiltration, capillary barrier formation have been observed on the interface soil-geotextile during infiltration process; besides, the drainage function of reinforcements after the breakthrough of water, in which water pressures development have not been allowed to occur even after rapid loading. After breakthrough of water, the degree of saturation was maintained around 90% and water pressures were negatives and close to zero. Besides, there are evidences that capillary barriers did not affect the model performance. As a result of wetting advancement, reinforcement strains and internal displacements have increased exponentially with the average of degree saturation of soil. Additionally, these parameters have shown to be correlated to the matric suction of soil with the same trend of the water retention curve. These relationships are essentially resulted from the soil stiffness alterations due to the wetting advancement and suction reduction. Under water content of compaction, reinforcement tensile forces were approximately zero, as a result of the relatively high stiffness of the unsaturated soil caused by the matric suction. Generally, displacements and reinforcement strains were small under wetting conditions and increased when stress increments were applied. However, these strains levels obtained cannot be considered excessive. A validation of laboratory results was observed in an instrumented geotextile reinforced soil wall, in addition to the comparison between woven and nonwoven geotextile sections, in which similar performances were found. Strains levels registered in field were consistent to the laboratory and the nonwoven geotextile wall was not affected by the wetting occurrence. Therefore, the efficiency of nonwoven geotextiles reinforced walls under wetting conditions is assured with no positive water pressures and relatively low levels of degree of saturation, being able to constitute permanent reinforced walls.

L'évaporation d'une goutte reposant sur un support plat semble être un système relativement simple à étudier et a fait l'objet d'études scientifiques depuis plus d'un siècle. Cependant, l'étude de l'évaporation de gouttes sessiles est toujours d'actualité aujourd'hui avec l'essor de nouvelles techniques de visualisation ou de l'apparition de nouveaux types de fluides complexes.Cette étude expérimentale sera focalisée sur deux aspects distincts :- L'étude sur l'évaporation de fluides purs permettra d'étudier la dynamique d'évaporation et les ondes hydrothermales qui apparaissent dans les gouttes de fluides volatils lors du changement de phase. L'influence du type de fluide (différents alcools et alcanes) et du niveau de gravité (terrestre, lunaire et martienne) seront étudiés. De plus, l'utilisation de différents niveaux de gravité permet de développer un modèle empirique afin de prendre en compte dans le modèle quasi-stationnaire limité par diffusion de la vapeur la convection naturelle qui augmente fortement le débit d'évaporation.- Si les fluides complexes présentent une dynamique de séchage similaire à celle des fluides purs, d'autres mécanismes entrent en jeux, comme la gélification, l'organisation des particules et l'apparition de craquelures (voir Figure 2). Le mouillage et les différents groupes fonctionnels graphés sur les particules seront étudiés en regard du motif final de craquelures. / Sessile droplets are widely found in day to day life: it might be a coffee spilt, rain onto a waterproof raincoat or again, water falling onto a cooking plate. However, despite the vast number of studies devoted to droplets for almost half a century, the fundamental phenomenon of the evaporation of sessile droplets is still a field that attracts a high level of interest due to its wide applicability and the development of new visualisation techniques or new types of complex fluids. This experimental study is focused two distinct aspects:- The evaporation of pure fluids has allow to study hydrothermal waves that appear in the droplets of volatile fluids during phase change. The influence of the type of fluid ---different alcohols and alkanes--- and the gravity levels ---Terrestrial, Lunar and Martian--- is investigated to have a better understanding of the flow motion inside droplet. Moreover, the use of different gravity levels allows to experimentally evidence the contribution of the atmospheric convective transport to sessile droplet evaporation. This investigation has allowed to develop an empirical model to take account of natural convection which greatly increases the evaporation rate in the quasi-steady diffusion-controlled evaporation model.- If complex fluids exhibit an evaporation dynamic similar to pure fluid, other mechanisms come into play, such as gelation, particles organisation and cracks formation. Wetting and different functional groups on the particles graphs will be studied in relation to the final pattern of cracks.

A l'échelle nanométrique, les solides peuvent changer de forme par diffusion de surface, et présentent alors des propriétés de mouillage qui s'apparentent à celles des liquides. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes plus particulièrement intéressés au comportement de mouillage des nano-solides sur des substrats nanopatternés, comportant par exemple des piliers ou des tranchées. Sur ces substrats, les nanoparticules (ou ilots) solides peuvent être multi-stables : c'est-à-dire qu'ils peuvent présenter plus d'un état localement stable. Comme les liquides, les solides ont été observés par exemple dans des états dits de Wenzel (pénétrant dans la structure du substrat) ou de Cassie-Baxter (ne pénétrant pas). Grâce à une combinaison de simulations Monte Carlo Cinétiques et de modèles analytiques, nous avons étudié la stabilité de ces états et leur dynamique de transition. Plus particulièrement, avons mis en évidence le rôle de la diffusion de surface et de la nucléation bidimensionnelle sur la dynamique de transition. Nous avons aussi montré que les contraintes élastiques augmentent la stabilité des états de Cassie-Baxter, et mènent à de nouveaux états, avec des morphologies asymétriques ou partiellement empalées dans les nanostructures. Finalement, nous avons proposé de contrôler les transitions de mouillage à l'aide de l'électromigration induite par un faisceau d'électrons. Nos résultats ouvrent la voie vers une nouvelle direction pour les investigations expérimentales / At the nanometer scale, solids can change shape thanks to surface diffusion and therefore display wetting properties that can be likened to those of liquids. This doctoral thesis intends to study particularly the wetting behaviour of nano-solids located on nanopatterned substrates, containing for instance pillars or trenches. Upon these substrates, solid nanoparticles (or islands) can be multi-stable – that is to say they can display more than one locally-stable state. Just like liquids, solids have been observed for example in the context of the so-called Wenzel state (penetrating the very structure of the substrate) and Cassie-Baster state (no penetration). By combining Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations with analytical models, we conducted a study on the stability of these states along with their dynamics of transition. In particular, we highlighted the specific roles that surface diffusion and bidimensional nucleation play in regards to the dynamics of transition. We also demonstrated that elastic constraints increase the stability of Cassie-Baxter states and lead to new states, with either asymmetric morphologies or morphologies that are partially impaled into the nanostructures. Last but not least, we proposed to control wetting transitions using the electromigration brought on by an electron beam. Our results pave the way for a new direction in the field of experimental investigations

Les fluides complexes tels que les gels, les pâtes ou les émulsions présentent une large gamme d'applications, tant dans la vie quotidienne que dans l'industrie. Parmi ces fluides, les fluides dits ”à seuil” se comportent soit comme des solides élastiques, soit comme des fluides nonnewtoniens selon la contrainte qu'on leur applique. Ces propriétés sont décrites par des lois phénoménologiques (telle que la loi d'Herschel Bulkley), bien que leurs origines soient encore mal comprises. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à la question des petites échelles, où la structure et les phénomènes interfaciaux jouent des rôles prépondérants dans les écoulements. Ce travail expérimental a été essentiellement mené sur du carbopol, un microgel de polymères et un fluide à seuil modèle. L'étude se concentre essentiellement sur trois points : – La caractérisation rhéologique et structurale des échantillons. L'accent est porté sur l'influence du protocole de préparation sur les propriétés des gels.– Le cas des écoulements confinés de fluides complexes. Ce travail met en évidence l'existence d'effets non-locaux aux échelles micrométriques, faisant intervenir une taille caractéristique interprétée dans le cadre du modèle de fluidité. – Les ascensions capillaires de fluides complexes, aux échelles millimétriques. En revisitant l'expérience classique des ascensions capillaires dans le cas des fluides complexes, cette étude propose une extension de la loi de Jurin au cas des fluides à seuil. Il est montré que cette expérience simple permet de mesurer la tension de surface et quelques paramètres rhéologiques de fluides complexes tels que le seuil et l'exposant d'Herschel-Bulkley / Complex fluids such as gels, pastes or emulsions have a wide range of applications, both in everyday life and in the industry. Among them, Yield Stress Fluids (YSF) behave either as solids or as non-Newtonian fluids depending on the shear stress applied. These features are modeled by phenomenological laws ( such as the Herschel-Bulkley one ) although their origins are still poorly understood. In this thesis, we focus on the issue of small lengthscales where the structure and interfacial phenomena play predominant roles in the flows. This experimental work was essentially carried out on carbopol, a polymer microgel and a model YSF. The study mainly focuses on three points : – The rheological and structural characterization of the samples. The emphasis is put on the influence of the preparation protocol on the microgel properties. – The case of confined flows of complex fluids. This work highlights the existence of nonlocal effects at the micrometer scales, involving a characteristic length, interpreted in the frame of the fluidity model. – Capillary ascents of complex fluids, involving millimeter scales. This work suggests an extension of Jurin’s law to the case of YSFs. It is shown that this simple experiment allows to measure the surface tension and some rheological parameters of complex fluids such as the yield stress and the Herschel-Bulkley exponent