Sweden has a goal of having 100% renewable electricity production by 2040. To reach this goal, wind power is one of the most important energy sources that needs to be heavily expanded. However, finding a good project site and realizing a project is a process that takes several years and can be difficult to achieve. Between 2015 and 2018, no less than 76% of Swedish wind power projects applying for permits were rejected. As an industry player with the aim of becoming fossil free, Pöyry has the interest to pursue Sweden reaching its goal. Pöyry has long experience of wind energy development and has now requested a method that can evaluate and compare Swedish wind power projects in all stages with the aim of identifying the best available project to proceed with. The objective of this thesis is thus to investigate factors that are critical for developing profitable projects, identify the largest expenses and create a tool that evaluates projects based on several parameters. A literature review is performed to obtain knowledge about wind power project development and data is collected from various projects in Sweden from 2016 and onwards to get an updated view with information and valuable numbers from realized projects. An analysis is then carried out with the aim of finding the most important factors that can affect the development of wind power projects, positively or negatively. This is followed by an identification of the most significant expenses in a project, whereupon a simplified but realistic way of calculating these are created. Lastly an evaluation tool is developed using Excel, with the purpose of evaluating projects, finding risks and estimating costs as well as electric energy production. Finally, candidate projects can be compared, helping developers finding the most beneficial and environmentally friendly projects. / Sverige har som mål att ha 100% förnyelsebar elproduktion till 2040. För att nå detta mål är vindkraft en av de viktigaste källorna till energiproduktion och måste därmed expandera de kommande åren. Att hitta ett bra projektområde och fullfölja ett projekt är en process som tar flera år och kan i många fall vara svårt att uppnå. Av alla svenska projekt som ansökte om tillstånd mellan 2015 och 2018, fick 76% avslag. Med inriktningen att bidra till ett fossilfritt Sverige är Pöyry en aktör inom industrin som vill hjälpa Sverige att nå detta mål. Företaget har lång erfarenhet av vindkraftsutveckling och har nu efterfrågat en metod som kan utvärdera och jämföra svenska vindkraftsprojekt i alla dess olika stadier med syfte att identifiera de bästa projekten att jobba vidare med. Syftet med detta examensarbete är därmed att undersöka faktorer som är kritiska för projektutvecklingen, identifiera de största kostnaderna samt skapa ett verktyg som utvärderar projekt utifrån flertalet faktorer. För ett erhålla kunskap om utveckling av vindkraftsprojekt utförs en litteraturstudie, varpå projektdata från 2016 och framåt samlas in för att få en uppdaterad bild med värdefull information och siffror från realiserade projekt. Därefter utförs en analys med syfte att hitta de faktorer som har störst påverkan, negativ som positiv, på utveckling och uppbyggnad av vindkraftsprojekt. Därpå identifieras de största utgifterna i ett projekt och en förenklad men realistisk beräkningsmodell skapas för att uppskatta dessa. Slutligen utvecklas ett verktyg i Excel som utvärderar projekt, hittar risker samt uppskattar kostnader och energiproduktion, vars syfte är att hjälpa projektörer att jämföra projekt och därmed hitta det mest kostnadseffektiva och hållbara alternativet.

Yes / In this paper, a stochastic method for active distribution networks planning within a distribution market environment considering multi-configuration of wind turbines is proposed. Multi-configuration multi-scenario market-based optimal power flow is used to maximize the social welfare considering uncertainties related to wind speed and load demand and different operational status of wind turbines (multiple-wind turbine configurations). Scenario-based approach is used to model the abovementioned uncertainties. The method evaluates the impact of multiple-wind turbine configurations and active network management schemes on the amount of wind power that can be injected into the grid, the distribution locational marginal prices throughout the network and on the social welfare. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated with 16-bus UK generic distribution system. It was shown that multi-wind turbine configurations under active network management schemes, including coordinated voltage control and adaptive power factor control, can increase the amount of wind power that can be injected into the grid; therefore, the distribution locational marginal prices reduce throughout the network significantly.

Yes / In this paper, a novel deterministic approach for the planning of active distribution networks within a distribution market environment considering multi-configuration of wind turbines (WTs) and photovoltaic (PV) cells is proposed. Multi-configuration multi-period market-based optimal power flow is utilized for maximizing social welfare taking into account uncertainties associated with wind speed, solar irradiance and load demand as well as different operational status of WTs and PVs. Multi-period scenarios method is exploited to model the aforementioned uncertainties. The proposed approach assesses the effect of multiple-configuration of PVs and WTs on the amount of wind and solar power that can be produced, the distribution locational marginal prices all over the network and on the social welfare. The application of the proposed approach is examined on a 30-bus radial distribution network. / This work was supported in part by the Royal Academy of Engineering Distinguished Visiting Fellowship Grant DVF1617/6/45 and by the University of Bradford, UK under the CCIP grant 66052/000000.

The need for optimizing wind farms’ production and maximizing the profitability of projects necessitates power performance analysis. Nowadays, the use of remote sensing devices for this purpose becomes more and more popular due to many advantages this technology has over traditional met masts. The main objective of this study is to assess the performance of a wind turbine in wake and wake-free conditions through measurements performed with a nacelle mounted lidar. The analysis is based on the data obtained during a Power Curve Measurement campaign performed on an onshore wind farm in Sweden. The power production and power curves are compared for a range of wind direction sectors in order to assess turbine performance in different wake conditions. Surprisingly low power output is observed in wake-free sectors [180°, 240°) and [240°, 300°), whereas production in wake wind directions [300°, 360°) is relatively high. The main reason for this is the wind speed distribution, however the terrain complexity and roughness should also be considered as possible factors. Generally, the wind speed distribution seems to have more influence on the results than the wake conditions. Moreover, the correlation between the met mast and lidar datasets is investigated in the study. The results indicate a good agreement between the wind speed measurement from the two devices, however, a poor correlation is found for turbulence intensity and wind shear exponent. Additionally, the influence of turbulence intensity and wind shear on the power production was analyzed. Generally, the results were in line with the reviewed literature: at low and moderate wind speeds the power production was higher for higher TI values, while the opposite was observed for higher wind speeds, where the higher TI resulted in lower production. As for the wind shear, a pattern is observed for moderate wind speeds, where the higher wind shear resulted in lower power production.

Forests provide ecosystem services, whereby near-natural forests offer mainly cultural as well as regulating services, and economical forests offer mainly provisional services. Even though wind resources above forests show a strong wind shear and veer as well as high turbulence intensity, the development of tall and low-wind-speed-adapted turbines led to the feasibility of wind power development in economical forests, adding a new land use. Nonetheless, wind power in economical forests is still a new concept for Germany. So far, only eight of the 16 federal states enable this by forest law and spatial planning programs driven by land-use pressure and the goal of climate neutrality. Lower Saxony is currently amending its spatial planning program to open economical forests for wind power. The thesis aims to improve the understanding of the actors’ perspectives and federal-state-specific circumstances in Lower Saxony regarding this policy shift supported by a constellation analysis. A constellation analysis helps to perceive multiple perspectives by creating a diagram and textually describing the situation to identify, present, and elaborate relevant constellation elements and their relation to each other. The constellation analysis highlights that the development should add a local value to impacted municipalities and communities by following the principles of distributive and procedural justice. This facilitates local acceptance. However, environmental and landscape impacts are the main driver for local opposition in a forest context. Thus, the development shall strive for nature compatibility.

I och med den hållbara omställningen kommer Sveriges elbehov fortsatt att öka, och vindkraften har konstaterats vara en ekologiskt hållbar källa till förnyelsebar energi - som kan användas för att möta detta behov. Men i etableringsprocessen för vindkraft finns många parametrar som ska vägassamman och kommunernas godkännande är en avgörande faktor.Miljöbalken säger nämligen att kommunen har rätt att nyttja ett veto i beslutsfattande gällande vindkraftsetableringar, som alltså ger dem möjligheten att säga nej till vindkraftsetableringar. Avsaknaden av detta godkännande, så kallat kommunala tillstyrkan, har under senaste åren vart den främsta orsaken till att vindkraft inte får tillstånd för etablering. I studien har kommunstyrelsens ordförande i 150 kommuner blivit tillfrågade att svara på om kommunen valt att inte tillstyrka vindkraft eller sagt direkt nej till etablering. Utifrån detta har de främsta anledningarna till varför kommunerna väljer att inte tillstyrka vindkraft kartlagts och många gånger är bedömningen av tillstyrkan baserad på lokal opinion eller frågor om naturvärden och friluftsområden – frågan är om det verkligen är frågor sombör ligga på kommunens bord att bedöma lämpligheten kring och vad kommunerna vinner på att faktiskt tillstyrka vindkraftsetableringar / Along with the sustainable transition, Sweden's need for electricity will continue to increase, and wind power has been found to be an ecologically sustainable source of renewable energy - which can be used to meet this need. But in the establishment process for wind power, there are many parameters that must be weighed together, and the municipalities' approval is a decisive factor. The Environmental law states that the municipality has the right to use a veto in decision-making regarding wind power installations, that gives them the right to stop wind power projects. The lack of this approval, so-called municipal approval, has in recent years been the main reason why wind power does not receive permission for establishment. In the study, the chairman of the municipal board in 150 municipalities was asked to answer whether the municipality chose not to endorse wind power or said outright no to establishment. Based on this, the main reasons why the municipalities choose not to endorse wind power have been mapped and many times the assessment of the support is based on local opinion or questions about natural values and outdoor areas - the question is whether is these are really questions that should be on the municipality's table to assess the suitability of and what the municipalities gain from actually supporting wind power installations. / <p>2023-06-02</p>

The following report chronicles the University of North Texas Wind Turbine Project at Apogee Stadium. The timeline of events will include the feasibility study conducted by and for the university, grant awards from the Texas State Energy Conservation Office to fund the project, and a three-year sample of real time performance data since installation. The purpose of this case study is to compare the energy generation estimates by various stakeholders to the measured energy generation using a new but uniform performance relationship. In order to optimize energy generation in wind turbine generator systems, the most common wind speeds measured at the site should also be the most efficient wind speeds at which the wind turbine can convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical energy and ultimately electrical energy. The tool used to convey this relationship will be a figure plotting the wind speed profile against the efficiency curve of the wind turbine. Applying this relationship tool to the UNT Apogee Stadium wind turbines provided valuable results. The most common wind speeds at Apogee Stadium are not the most efficient wind speed for the turbine. Also, the most common wind speeds were near the lower limit of the wind turbine’s performance parameters. This scenario was evident in both the energy generation predictions as well as the real-time recorded data. This case study will also present the economic analysis of the Apogee Stadium wind turbines using another tool that was not previously used in the feasibility study. The case study concludes with future steps to improve wind turbine performance, and to budget future cost using past, present and future energy savings.

The electricity demand increases rapidly, and in order to mitigate climate change the power production needs to be renewable and free from green house gas emissions. When solar and wind power are introduced in the system, voltage instability might become a problem. This study aims to investigate voltage stability and the effects of reactive power compensation. It is done by performing power flow analysis on a simulated power system model in Jämtland, Sweden, with a large share of wind power and a relatively small share of sun power. The simulations are made in MATPOWER (MATLAB). The results reveal that the voltage levels in this study remain stable, with the reactive power being the limiting factor. The use of passive reactive power compensators, like shunt reactors, does not keep reactive power levels in the system within set limits. This study shows that in order to achieve that, active reactive power compensators are required. / Efterfrågan av elektricitet ökar snabbt, och för att kunna mildra klimatförändringarna behöver kraftproduktionen vara förnybar och fri från växtusgasutsläpp. När sol- och vindkraft introduceras kan spänningsstabilitet bli ett problem. Denna studie ämnar att undersöka spänningsstabilitet och effekterna av reaktiv effekt-kompensering. Det görs genom att utföra belastningsfördelningsberäkningar på en simulerad kraftsystem-modell i Jämtland i Sverige, med en stor andel vindkraft och en relativt liten andel solkraft. Simuleringarna görs i MATPOWER (MATLAB). Resultaten visar att spänningsnivåerna i denna studie hålls stabila, där reaktiv effekt är den begränsande faktorn. Användning av passiva reaktiv effekt-kompensatorer så som shuntreaktorer, håller inte de reaktiva effektnivåerna inom önskade gränser. Denna studie visar att, för att kunna uppnå det, så krävs det aktiv reaktiv effekt-kompensering. / Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2022, KTH, Stockholm

In Vietnam, the number of wind power generators has been increased yearly. Because of geophysical characters, the generation of these generators has different properties. It depends much on wind’s characteristics as well as the generation technology. Based on simulation implemented on Matlab, the paper analyzes the stability of national networks at PCC nods containing the connection of wind power station when there is a change of wind’s velocity or when there is an earth fault in grid. The analyzing results are used to suggest solutions to improve the stability and effectiveness of the whole system. / Các nhà máy điện gió đang ngày càng gia tăng ở Việt Nam, do cấu tạo địa lý nên đặc điểm của nguồn điện này khá khác biệt so với các nguồn điện truyền thống khác. Nguồn điện gió phụ thuộc nhiều vào đặc điểm của gió và công nghệ sử dụng để phát điện gió. Nội dung chính của bài báo là khảo sát mức độ ổn định của lưới điện kết nối các nguồn điện gió tại nút kết nối chung khi có sự thay đổi về tốc độ gió hoặc khi trong mạng xảy ra sự cố chạm đất thoáng qua, từ đó đề xuất giải pháp nâng cao ổn định, tin cậy và nâng cao hiệu quả làm việc của hệ thống.

The goal of the European Union is to make strides towards a circular economy. This means recycling or re-using as much of the material in the economic system as possible. The wind industry faces a great challenge in the years to come as huge quantities of increasingly larger wind turbines reach the end of their service-life. When old wind turbines have been decommissioned, most parts are scrapped and recycled into other applications. The turbineblades however are made from glass- and carbon fibre polymers and are not as easily recycled. Recent bans of putting the blades into landfills steer the industry toward finding new applicationfor the old wind turbine blades. Re-purposing the blades as bridges, shelters, houses and towers has been suggested, as well as re-cycle the material or recover the blades as energy. Regardless of what method is preferred, the wind turbine blades need to be transported to a re-purpose or recycling facility. Because of the distribution of wind turbines within countries, the optimal location of such facilities can be hard to evaluate. The centre-of-gravity method (evaluating the centre-of-mass) has been suggested as a way of evaluating the optimal location of such facilities. The method is built upon the assumption that the wind turbine blade can be easily downsized, transported and accommodated in a single transport. In order to achieve this, the present thesis has compared and evaluated different methods of segmenting the wind turbine blade (mechanical, thermal and chemical) as well as different loading and compressing methods. The mechanical separation methods tend to be more suitable than the thermal and chemical counterparts. The choice of loading methods is dictated by the resulting fraction size of the wind turbine blade after separation. The mass density of the resulting blade could be increased with a suitable way of compression (hydraulic or gravity).