Today a growing number of countries around the world are strengthening their international work for women's rights by pursuing a feminist foreign policy. There is however no internationally accepted definition of feminist foreign policy, and feminism as a concept includes several different orientations. The purpose of this research is thus to examine and compare underlying perspectives that influence European Feminist Foreign Policy, and what this might entail. Based on a qualitative and comparative content analysis, and by using an ideal-type analytical approach as a tool of analysis, this study examines the feminist as well as human rights perspectives which form the basis of three European countries' strategic Foreign Policy documents – France, Spain, and Sweden. This research finds that the foreign policy documents, besides slight differences, are similar in both their feminist and human rights ambitions. Firstly, they all share a focus on an overall liberal feminist ambition that prioritises women's participation and economic empowerment. Secondly, they are characterized by a universalist approach to the pursuit of women's human rights, with limited space for the influence of other perspectives.

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A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar os possíveis impactos da composição de gênero na trajetória profissional e na atuação jurisdicional do Tribunal de Justiça do Pará, especialmente em termos de efetivação dos direitos humanos das mulheres, a partir das perspectivas das desembargadoras que atuam no órgão. A escolha do TJPA justifica-se por ser o único Tribunal de Justiça cuja composição de desembargadoras é consideravelmente maior que a de desembargadores (64%), conforme censo realizado pelo Conselho Nacional de Justiça em 2014. Além disso, o órgão teve quatro presidências ocupadas por mulheres e duas por homens nos últimos dez anos, situação atípica em relação ao restante do país. Para tanto, partimos da hipótese recorrente em pesquisas sobre mulheres na profissão jurídica: afinal, a maior presença de mulheres no Judiciário pode trazer uma perspectiva diferente para a atuação jurisdicional, especificamente para a efetivação de direitos humanos das mulheres? O fato da composição do TJPA ser predominantemente feminina significa que as desembargadoras vivenciam menos discriminações na carreira? A metodologia utilizada é qualitativa, tendo como instrumento de coleta de dados a realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com as desembargadoras. Em relação à análise de dados, as entrevistas foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo, com a elaboração de cinco categorias-chave: trajetória profissional, discriminações, relação carreira x família, diferenças de gênero no fazer jurisdicional e percepções sobre feminismo. Como resultados, concluímos que as percepções das desembargadoras acerca das discriminações vividas na carreira, bem como àquelas relativas à existência de diferenças no fazer jurisdicional são influenciadas pelos ideais da neutralidade e da imparcialidade. Esses resultados apontam para a necessidade de repensarmos não apenas a cultura masculina imbricada na profissão jurídica, mas, principalmente, os fundamentos capazes de servir como sólida base teórica para assegurar a igualdade de gênero (e de outros marcadores de diferenças sociais) no Poder Judiciário. / The objective of the present research is to analyze the possible impacts of gender composition on both the professional trajectory and the jurisdictional performance of the Court of Justice of Pará, especially in terms of the women\'s human rights effectiveness, based on the perspectives of the judges that work in the institution. Selecting TJPA is justified because it is the only Court of Justice whose female judges composition is considerably higher than that of male judges (64%), according to a census conducted by the National Justice Council in 2014. In addition, in the last ten years four women occupied presidencies against only two occupied by men, which is an atypical situation compared the rest of the country. For this, we start with the recurrent hypothesis in research on women in the legal profession: after all, can the greater women\'s presence in the Judiciary bring a different perspective to the judicial process, specifically for the realization of women\'s human rights? Does the fact that the TJPA composition is predominantly feminine mean that judges experience less career discrimination? The methodology used is qualitative, having as an instrument of data collection the performance of semi-structured interviews with the judges. Regarding data analysis, the interviews were submitted to content analysis, with the elaboration of five key categories: professional trajectory, discrimination, career and family relationships, gender differences in jurisdictional making and perceptions about feminism. As a result, we conclude that judges\' perceptions of career discrimination, as well as those concerning the existence of differences in jurisdictional doings, are influenced by the ideals of neutrality and impartiality. These results point to the need of rethinking not only the masculine culture imbricated in the legal profession, but also the foundations capable of serving as a solid theoretical basis in ensuring gender equality (and other markers of social differences) in the Judiciary.

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar os possíveis impactos da composição de gênero na trajetória profissional e na atuação jurisdicional do Tribunal de Justiça do Pará, especialmente em termos de efetivação dos direitos humanos das mulheres, a partir das perspectivas das desembargadoras que atuam no órgão. A escolha do TJPA justifica-se por ser o único Tribunal de Justiça cuja composição de desembargadoras é consideravelmente maior que a de desembargadores (64%), conforme censo realizado pelo Conselho Nacional de Justiça em 2014. Além disso, o órgão teve quatro presidências ocupadas por mulheres e duas por homens nos últimos dez anos, situação atípica em relação ao restante do país. Para tanto, partimos da hipótese recorrente em pesquisas sobre mulheres na profissão jurídica: afinal, a maior presença de mulheres no Judiciário pode trazer uma perspectiva diferente para a atuação jurisdicional, especificamente para a efetivação de direitos humanos das mulheres? O fato da composição do TJPA ser predominantemente feminina significa que as desembargadoras vivenciam menos discriminações na carreira? A metodologia utilizada é qualitativa, tendo como instrumento de coleta de dados a realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com as desembargadoras. Em relação à análise de dados, as entrevistas foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo, com a elaboração de cinco categorias-chave: trajetória profissional, discriminações, relação carreira x família, diferenças de gênero no fazer jurisdicional e percepções sobre feminismo. Como resultados, concluímos que as percepções das desembargadoras acerca das discriminações vividas na carreira, bem como àquelas relativas à existência de diferenças no fazer jurisdicional são influenciadas pelos ideais da neutralidade e da imparcialidade. Esses resultados apontam para a necessidade de repensarmos não apenas a cultura masculina imbricada na profissão jurídica, mas, principalmente, os fundamentos capazes de servir como sólida base teórica para assegurar a igualdade de gênero (e de outros marcadores de diferenças sociais) no Poder Judiciário. / The objective of the present research is to analyze the possible impacts of gender composition on both the professional trajectory and the jurisdictional performance of the Court of Justice of Pará, especially in terms of the women\'s human rights effectiveness, based on the perspectives of the judges that work in the institution. Selecting TJPA is justified because it is the only Court of Justice whose female judges composition is considerably higher than that of male judges (64%), according to a census conducted by the National Justice Council in 2014. In addition, in the last ten years four women occupied presidencies against only two occupied by men, which is an atypical situation compared the rest of the country. For this, we start with the recurrent hypothesis in research on women in the legal profession: after all, can the greater women\'s presence in the Judiciary bring a different perspective to the judicial process, specifically for the realization of women\'s human rights? Does the fact that the TJPA composition is predominantly feminine mean that judges experience less career discrimination? The methodology used is qualitative, having as an instrument of data collection the performance of semi-structured interviews with the judges. Regarding data analysis, the interviews were submitted to content analysis, with the elaboration of five key categories: professional trajectory, discrimination, career and family relationships, gender differences in jurisdictional making and perceptions about feminism. As a result, we conclude that judges\' perceptions of career discrimination, as well as those concerning the existence of differences in jurisdictional doings, are influenced by the ideals of neutrality and impartiality. These results point to the need of rethinking not only the masculine culture imbricated in the legal profession, but also the foundations capable of serving as a solid theoretical basis in ensuring gender equality (and other markers of social differences) in the Judiciary.

In Gonzalez et al. v. Mexico, a case decided by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in 2009, a context of discrimination and violence against women was known to target particular subgroups of women, of which the claimants were constituent, distinguished inter alia by their age, socioeconomic and, in some cases, migrant status. Despite this, the judgment of the Inter-American Court focused almost exclusively on sex discrimination and violence against women as a broader social phenomenon. With this judgment forming the background for the critique, the author will develop an anti-essentialist framework for the analysis of discrimination and violence against women claims where the discrimination was compounded by various identity factors. Intended to assist the Inter-American Court with its articulation of norms and standards in such cases, the ultimate value of this framework should be measured in terms of the assistance it can offer the Court at the reparations stage.

In Gonzalez et al. v. Mexico, a case decided by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in 2009, a context of discrimination and violence against women was known to target particular subgroups of women, of which the claimants were constituent, distinguished inter alia by their age, socioeconomic and, in some cases, migrant status. Despite this, the judgment of the Inter-American Court focused almost exclusively on sex discrimination and violence against women as a broader social phenomenon. With this judgment forming the background for the critique, the author will develop an anti-essentialist framework for the analysis of discrimination and violence against women claims where the discrimination was compounded by various identity factors. Intended to assist the Inter-American Court with its articulation of norms and standards in such cases, the ultimate value of this framework should be measured in terms of the assistance it can offer the Court at the reparations stage.

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar as construções jurídicas realizadas sobre os direitos sexuais e reprodutivos das mulheres, especialmente no tocante às esterilizações realizadas sem consentimento e ao aborto realizado pelas mulheres ou com o seu consentimento. Para isso, utilizamos o conceito amplo do direito, entendido como a legislação formal (componente formal normativo), as decisões judiciais (componente estrutural) e as construções doutrinárias e o uso cotidiano dos instrumentos jurídicos (componente políticocultural). Nossa hipótese era a de que tanto a legislação quanto as decisões judiciais representavam um controle dos corpos das mulheres e, consequentemente, significavam a expropriação de sua autonomia sexual e reprodutiva. Sob uma perspectiva legal feminista, foram reunidas teorias de Direito e Gênero que indicam o papel que o direito possui na proteção e emancipação das mulheres e as transformações necessárias no campo jurídico para que ele se transforme em espaço de luta feminista. Além disso, buscamos compreender as razões que levam o Estado a controlar os corpos das mulheres e o papel que esse controle representa atualmente. A partir dessas teorias, analisamos a legislação formal e as decisões judiciais do Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo (TJSP) relacionadas especificamente à esterilização praticada sem o consentimento da mulher e ao aborto realizado pela gestante ou com o seu consentimento. Para a coleta, sistematização e análise dos dados, utilizamos as técnicas metodológicas da análise de conteúdo. Como resultado, concluímos que os direitos sexuais e reprodutivos das mulheres ainda são tematizados pelas leis e decisões judiciais sob uma perspectiva que se apresenta como neutra, mas que reproduz o controle social dos corpos e da autonomia sexual e reprodutiva das mulheres. Além disso, observamos que o controle dos corpos promovido pelo Estado permanece nos discursos legislativos e judiciais que limitam e criminalizam a autonomia reprodutiva das mulheres ou que expropriam as decisões relativas aos corpos das mulheres quando elas não atendem às características esperadas ao exercício da maternidade. / The objective of the present research is to analyze the juridical constructions about the sexual and reproductive rights of women, especially regarding compulsory sterilization and abortion practiced by women or with their consent. For this, we use the broad concept of law, known as formal legislation (formal normative component), judicial decisions (structural component) and doctrinal constructions and daily use of legal instruments (political-cultural component). Our hypothesis was that both legislation and judicial decisions represented a control of women\'s bodies and, consequently, meant the expropriation of their sexual and reproductive autonomy. From a feminist legal perspective, Law and Gender theories have been gathered which indicate the role that law has in the protection and emancipation of women and the necessary transformations in the legal field, so that it becomes a space for feminist struggle. In addition, we seek to understand the reasons that lead the State to control the bodies of women and the role that this control currently represents. Based on these theories, we analyze the formal legislation and judicial decisions of the Court of Justice of São Paulo (TJSP) related specifically to the sterilization practiced without the woman\'s consent and the abortion practiced by the pregnant woman or with her consent. For data collection, systematization and analysis, we use the methodological techniques of content analysis. As a result, we conclude that women\'s sexual and reproductive rights are still thematized by laws and court decisions from a perspective that is neutral but reproduces the social control of women\'s bodies and sexual and reproductive autonomy. In addition, we observe that State control of bodies remains in legislative and judicial discourses that limit and criminalize the reproductive autonomy of women or expropriate decisions about the bodies of women when they do not meet the characteristics expected to the exercise of motherhood.

<p>This thesis is about issues concerning the implementation of women's human rights in Sri Lanka.</p><p>Sri Lanka has had a conflict between the Government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Ealam, LTTE for two decades. Since 2002 there has been a ceasefire agreement in place, which is being violated by both parties. Before being abandoned in 2003, one woman was present during the peace talks that were held.</p><p>In this paper I present the results of my field research conducted in Sri Lanka in November and December of 2005. The aim was to find out how women were active in the peace process since it is stipulated in international conventions that they have a right to participation. During the interviews with women activists it became evident that women were not involved in the official peace process. Therefore the thesis is about women’s human rights in Sri Lanka and the obstacles for their implementation.</p><p>Two main reasons for the lack of implementation of women’s human rights in Sri Lanka are identified. Firstly, for reasons of culture and patriarchal structures, there is a general lack of implementation internationally of women’s human rights. Secondly, the unresolved conflict situation in Sri Lanka, which reflects the unequal power relations between men and women that existed prior to the conflict. The lack of implementation of women’s human rights in Sri Lanka results in women not being present in the political life and they are therefore not part of the official peace process.</p><p>International conventions such as the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, CEDAW and the UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on peace and security are addressed in the thesis in order to examine women’s human rights and their right to participation in politics and peace building.</p><p>Finally, I conclude that in order to include women in the official peace negotiations women need to actively participate in politics. The method presented to ensure such participation is that of affirmative action. It is a measure that falls under the category of temporary measures, which is suggested in CEDAW article 4.1.</p>

This thesis is about issues concerning the implementation of women's human rights in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka has had a conflict between the Government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Ealam, LTTE for two decades. Since 2002 there has been a ceasefire agreement in place, which is being violated by both parties. Before being abandoned in 2003, one woman was present during the peace talks that were held. In this paper I present the results of my field research conducted in Sri Lanka in November and December of 2005. The aim was to find out how women were active in the peace process since it is stipulated in international conventions that they have a right to participation. During the interviews with women activists it became evident that women were not involved in the official peace process. Therefore the thesis is about women’s human rights in Sri Lanka and the obstacles for their implementation. Two main reasons for the lack of implementation of women’s human rights in Sri Lanka are identified. Firstly, for reasons of culture and patriarchal structures, there is a general lack of implementation internationally of women’s human rights. Secondly, the unresolved conflict situation in Sri Lanka, which reflects the unequal power relations between men and women that existed prior to the conflict. The lack of implementation of women’s human rights in Sri Lanka results in women not being present in the political life and they are therefore not part of the official peace process. International conventions such as the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, CEDAW and the UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on peace and security are addressed in the thesis in order to examine women’s human rights and their right to participation in politics and peace building. Finally, I conclude that in order to include women in the official peace negotiations women need to actively participate in politics. The method presented to ensure such participation is that of affirmative action. It is a measure that falls under the category of temporary measures, which is suggested in CEDAW article 4.1.

Women's rights and their position became part of political and specialized discussions already at the end of Ottoman empire and remain such during establishing new Turkish republic as well during accession dialogue of Turkey to the European Union or joining the global women's human rights regime. However, I will argue, that this legislative changes are not sufficient for improvement of women's position within society, which is so trongly influenced by Islamic traditional culture. Therefore, in this work I will try to search for the roots of this conflict between Islamic traditional and modern society and their impact on women's position in Turkey. To do so, I will use qualitative content analysis of feminist and postcolonialist texts and also will focus on historic context. At the same time I will examine how contemporary Turkish society, which is in the first place focused on collective identity, deal with individual identity, that is necessary for promoting and claiming human rights for each person as individual.