The present study analyses the welfare state as employer by studying eldercare workers’ experiences of their work in Sweden and Denmark.  The Nordic welfare states are often described as potentially women-friendly due to the availability of publicly provided services that enable women to combine paid work and caring responsibilities.  Whereas this might be empowering for a large group of women, paid care workers are often neglected in the discussion. The theoretical point of departure is Nancy Fraser’s dualistic model of gender justice, which encompasses redistribution (of material resources) and recognition (in the form of social status). By utilising survey-data (NORDCARE) on Swedish (n=532) and Danish (n=732) eldercare workers, the study shows that care recipients have larger needs and working conditions are more arduous in Sweden. However, in both countries workers report deficiencies with regard to insufficient resources, such as lack of staff, limited opportunities for development and training, and lack of necessary equipment for lifting service users, of support from managers and of reasonable time for the tasks to be performed. The pressure at work makes the care workers feel inadequate in relation to quality of care they are able to offer. The differences in job strain between the countries turn out to be of little importance when the care workers’ experiences of bodily and mental fatigue are compared. The bodies of the care workers are their main working tool and thus the bearer of the working conditions. More than 60 per cent of the respondents state that they often are physically tired after the day's work, and two-fifths of the respondents have seriously considered leaving their job during the past year. In both countries, the experience of physical and mental fatigue and the number of sick days over the past year are important factors behind thoughts about quitting the job. Using a dualistic model of gender justice, where redistribution and recognition are theorised as overlapping analytical dimensions, the results are interpreted as continuous organisational shortcomings which make the care workers’ everyday work invisible, and in the long run imply a risk for their health.

This research investigates two major organizations that place a focus on masculinities as a strategy to improve gender equality; Instituto Promundo and Sonke Gender Justice. To begin, a literature review of the gendered dynamics and masculinities context in Brazil and South Africa is presented to situate the historical and current landscape of where each organization operates. This thesis research investigates Promundo and Sonke using qualitative document analysis methodology, with a theoretical framework informed by relevant masculinities scholarship and the specific contexts of masculinities in Brazil and South Africa. This approach provides insights into the history, evolution, and application of theoretical perspectives and the organizational structures that influence how masculinities are discussed and practiced when implementing programs in Brazil and South Africa. The research shows that Promundo and Sonke integrate most of the key masculinities themes and key concepts, with a comparative lens of each organization, and highlighting key gaps and why their inclusion has the potential to strengthen each organization’s position as world leaders in masculinities and gender equality.

This research project explores the consequences of the citizenship provision of Nepal, as reflected in Nepal's most recent constitution promulgated in 2015, for the Nepalese citizens as well as the Nepalese society and culture in general. This project employs two methods of data collection: close reading of the citizenship provision and ethnographic interviews of those Nepalese who are directly affected by the provision. Results are drawn through rhetorical and textual analysis of the collected data. The results show that the current citizenship provision disempowers women of Nepal by stopping them from passing on their citizenship to their children. The citizenship provision is also a source of humiliation for such women and the reason behind the condition of stateless-ness of millions of people living in Nepal. On a cultural level, this citizenship provision both reflects and re-enforces patriarchy in Nepal. / Master of Arts / This research project explores the consequences of the citizenship provision of Nepal as reflected in Nepal's most recent constitution promulgated in 2015 for the Nepalese citizens as well as the Nepalese society and culture in general. This project employs two methods of data collection: close reading of the citizenship provision and ethnographic interviews of those Nepalese who are directly affected by the provision. Results are drawn through rhetorical and textual analysis of the collected data. The results show that the current citizenship provision disempowers women of Nepal by stopping them from passing on their citizenship to their children. The citizenship provision is also a source of humiliation for these women and the cause of stateless-ness of millions of people in Nepal. On a cultural level, this citizenship provision both reflects and reenforces patriarchy in Nepal.

The global climate crisis calls for transitioning away from fossil fuels towards sustainable energy sources. However, research on energy transitions highlights their disruptive nature and potential to reinforce preexisting injustices, such as gender inequality. Despite recognising gendered impacts, scholarly discussions on the intersection between gender, justice, and energy transitions are still scarce. This thesis contributes to bridging this gap by examining gender justice within energy transitions through an intersectional feminist lens. Drawing upon feminist and sustainability transformations scholarship, I propose a gender-just energy transitions analytical framework and apply it to the Brazilian context. I examine the national level through government documents and women’s perspectives at the civil society level through in-depth interviews. Findings reveal that the energy transition in Brazil lacks significant efforts to foster transformative change in terms of gender equality. There are significant gaps between national strategies and women’s experiences, resulting in disproportionate burdens and limited participation for women, whose marginalisation is further exacerbated based on their intersectional identities. This study highlights the need to integrate recognitional, procedural, and distributional justice principles into energy transition policies to address underlying power asymmetries and advance gender equality instead of deepening gender-based injustices.

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar os possíveis impactos da composição de gênero na trajetória profissional e na atuação jurisdicional do Tribunal de Justiça do Pará, especialmente em termos de efetivação dos direitos humanos das mulheres, a partir das perspectivas das desembargadoras que atuam no órgão. A escolha do TJPA justifica-se por ser o único Tribunal de Justiça cuja composição de desembargadoras é consideravelmente maior que a de desembargadores (64%), conforme censo realizado pelo Conselho Nacional de Justiça em 2014. Além disso, o órgão teve quatro presidências ocupadas por mulheres e duas por homens nos últimos dez anos, situação atípica em relação ao restante do país. Para tanto, partimos da hipótese recorrente em pesquisas sobre mulheres na profissão jurídica: afinal, a maior presença de mulheres no Judiciário pode trazer uma perspectiva diferente para a atuação jurisdicional, especificamente para a efetivação de direitos humanos das mulheres? O fato da composição do TJPA ser predominantemente feminina significa que as desembargadoras vivenciam menos discriminações na carreira? A metodologia utilizada é qualitativa, tendo como instrumento de coleta de dados a realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com as desembargadoras. Em relação à análise de dados, as entrevistas foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo, com a elaboração de cinco categorias-chave: trajetória profissional, discriminações, relação carreira x família, diferenças de gênero no fazer jurisdicional e percepções sobre feminismo. Como resultados, concluímos que as percepções das desembargadoras acerca das discriminações vividas na carreira, bem como àquelas relativas à existência de diferenças no fazer jurisdicional são influenciadas pelos ideais da neutralidade e da imparcialidade. Esses resultados apontam para a necessidade de repensarmos não apenas a cultura masculina imbricada na profissão jurídica, mas, principalmente, os fundamentos capazes de servir como sólida base teórica para assegurar a igualdade de gênero (e de outros marcadores de diferenças sociais) no Poder Judiciário. / The objective of the present research is to analyze the possible impacts of gender composition on both the professional trajectory and the jurisdictional performance of the Court of Justice of Pará, especially in terms of the women\'s human rights effectiveness, based on the perspectives of the judges that work in the institution. Selecting TJPA is justified because it is the only Court of Justice whose female judges composition is considerably higher than that of male judges (64%), according to a census conducted by the National Justice Council in 2014. In addition, in the last ten years four women occupied presidencies against only two occupied by men, which is an atypical situation compared the rest of the country. For this, we start with the recurrent hypothesis in research on women in the legal profession: after all, can the greater women\'s presence in the Judiciary bring a different perspective to the judicial process, specifically for the realization of women\'s human rights? Does the fact that the TJPA composition is predominantly feminine mean that judges experience less career discrimination? The methodology used is qualitative, having as an instrument of data collection the performance of semi-structured interviews with the judges. Regarding data analysis, the interviews were submitted to content analysis, with the elaboration of five key categories: professional trajectory, discrimination, career and family relationships, gender differences in jurisdictional making and perceptions about feminism. As a result, we conclude that judges\' perceptions of career discrimination, as well as those concerning the existence of differences in jurisdictional doings, are influenced by the ideals of neutrality and impartiality. These results point to the need of rethinking not only the masculine culture imbricated in the legal profession, but also the foundations capable of serving as a solid theoretical basis in ensuring gender equality (and other markers of social differences) in the Judiciary.

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar os possíveis impactos da composição de gênero na trajetória profissional e na atuação jurisdicional do Tribunal de Justiça do Pará, especialmente em termos de efetivação dos direitos humanos das mulheres, a partir das perspectivas das desembargadoras que atuam no órgão. A escolha do TJPA justifica-se por ser o único Tribunal de Justiça cuja composição de desembargadoras é consideravelmente maior que a de desembargadores (64%), conforme censo realizado pelo Conselho Nacional de Justiça em 2014. Além disso, o órgão teve quatro presidências ocupadas por mulheres e duas por homens nos últimos dez anos, situação atípica em relação ao restante do país. Para tanto, partimos da hipótese recorrente em pesquisas sobre mulheres na profissão jurídica: afinal, a maior presença de mulheres no Judiciário pode trazer uma perspectiva diferente para a atuação jurisdicional, especificamente para a efetivação de direitos humanos das mulheres? O fato da composição do TJPA ser predominantemente feminina significa que as desembargadoras vivenciam menos discriminações na carreira? A metodologia utilizada é qualitativa, tendo como instrumento de coleta de dados a realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com as desembargadoras. Em relação à análise de dados, as entrevistas foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo, com a elaboração de cinco categorias-chave: trajetória profissional, discriminações, relação carreira x família, diferenças de gênero no fazer jurisdicional e percepções sobre feminismo. Como resultados, concluímos que as percepções das desembargadoras acerca das discriminações vividas na carreira, bem como àquelas relativas à existência de diferenças no fazer jurisdicional são influenciadas pelos ideais da neutralidade e da imparcialidade. Esses resultados apontam para a necessidade de repensarmos não apenas a cultura masculina imbricada na profissão jurídica, mas, principalmente, os fundamentos capazes de servir como sólida base teórica para assegurar a igualdade de gênero (e de outros marcadores de diferenças sociais) no Poder Judiciário. / The objective of the present research is to analyze the possible impacts of gender composition on both the professional trajectory and the jurisdictional performance of the Court of Justice of Pará, especially in terms of the women\'s human rights effectiveness, based on the perspectives of the judges that work in the institution. Selecting TJPA is justified because it is the only Court of Justice whose female judges composition is considerably higher than that of male judges (64%), according to a census conducted by the National Justice Council in 2014. In addition, in the last ten years four women occupied presidencies against only two occupied by men, which is an atypical situation compared the rest of the country. For this, we start with the recurrent hypothesis in research on women in the legal profession: after all, can the greater women\'s presence in the Judiciary bring a different perspective to the judicial process, specifically for the realization of women\'s human rights? Does the fact that the TJPA composition is predominantly feminine mean that judges experience less career discrimination? The methodology used is qualitative, having as an instrument of data collection the performance of semi-structured interviews with the judges. Regarding data analysis, the interviews were submitted to content analysis, with the elaboration of five key categories: professional trajectory, discrimination, career and family relationships, gender differences in jurisdictional making and perceptions about feminism. As a result, we conclude that judges\' perceptions of career discrimination, as well as those concerning the existence of differences in jurisdictional doings, are influenced by the ideals of neutrality and impartiality. These results point to the need of rethinking not only the masculine culture imbricated in the legal profession, but also the foundations capable of serving as a solid theoretical basis in ensuring gender equality (and other markers of social differences) in the Judiciary.

Magister Legum - LLM / During armed conflicts, women experience more abuses than their male counterpart. Besides, the disruption of national security systems resulting form the social and political troubles, exposes women to more violation of their human rights in the postconflict setting. During the last decade, the international community has employed noteworthy efforts to protect women from the effects of armed conflicts, and to ensure the prosecution of violators of women’s rights in post-conflict situations. This included inter alia, the adoption of binding treaties calling for protection of women against sexual and gender based violence(GBV), and the creation of an international Criminal Court and International tribunals to prosecute persons for the most serious crimes of international concern, including sexual and gender violence. During the armed conflict that occurred in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) between 1996 and 2003, a significant number of GBV acts were committed against women. Reports and statistical data from humanitarian organisations working in the DRC indicated an increase of GBV acts against women after the official cessation of the conflict. Moreover, reports indicated the emergence of GBV acts against women in areas that did not witness such acts during the conflict. The research paper interrogates, from a criminal justice angle, the response given to GBV acts perpetrated against women in the post-conflict setting. Furthermore, the research questions the access of women to justice and interrogates the challenges bedevilling this access at the national and international level. In addition, the research formulates recommendations aimed at enhancing the access of women survivor of GBV to justice, and for an effective prosecution of perpetrators of such acts.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2016-11-30T13:41:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 INGA FARES RAZZOUK.pdf: 1658205 bytes, checksum: 4cd330878753f6a48c6b5427c0736a1d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-30T13:41:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 INGA FARES RAZZOUK.pdf: 1658205 bytes, checksum: 4cd330878753f6a48c6b5427c0736a1d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-12 / This research aimed to analyze the criminal decisions utted by the judges of the Court of Justice of the State of Goias, in the years 2013 and 2014, in cases of jurisdiction’s conflict, established with the purpose to resolve doubts about competence of the judge or tribunal of first instance for appreciate, prosecute and judge cases of violence against women. For this, it was done bibliographic survey, with a multidisciplinary approach, about of the categories of violence against women, gender and judicial power to get a broad view of the phenomenon. Subsequently, through of quantitative and qualitative method, was analyzed, respectively, the characteristics and positioning of Goias Justice through legal arguments affixed to these documents. The results obtained indicate that the Judiciary goiano incorporated the paradigm defined in the Maria da Penha Law to match the social expectations to protect women victims of domestic and family violence, which are in vulnerable situations, weaker position and inferiority in front of the patriarchal power male, because the interpretation given to this particular law was made to prevent the violation of human rights. Allow access to justice meant to recognize the peculiar condition of women as subjects of rights, provide the strengthening of citizenship and empowerment as they feel safer to denounce their aggressors seeking criminal responsibility. / Esta pesquisa objetivou analisar as decisões penais proferidas pelos desembargadores da Seção Criminal do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de Goiás, nos anos de 2013 e 2014, nos incidentes de conflito de competência, instaurados com o propósito de dirimir dúvida acerca da competência do órgão julgador de primeira instância para apreciar, processar e julgar casos de violência contra as mulheres. Para isto, foi feito um levantamento bibliográfico, com abordagem multidisciplinar, a respeito das categorias violência contra as mulheres, gênero e justiça a fim de obter uma visão ampla do fenômeno. Posteriormente, por meio do método quanti-qualitativo, analisou-se, respectivamente, as características e o posicionamento da corte judiciária goiana por meio dos argumentos jurídicos apostos nestes documentos judiciais. Os resultados obtidos apontam que a corte judiciária goiana incorporou o paradigma definido na Lei Maria da Penha ao corresponder às expectativas sociais de proteção às mulheres vítimas de violência doméstica e familiar, as quais se encontram em situação de vulnerabilidade, hipossuficiência e inferioridade frente ao poder patriarcal masculino, uma vez que a interpretação dada a esta lei específica foi feita para evitar a violação dos direitos humanos. Permitir o acesso à justiça significou reconhecer a condição peculiar das mulheres enquanto sujeito de direitos, proporcionando o fortalecimento da cidadania e o empoderamento, já que elas se sentem mais seguras para denunciar seus agressores, visando à responsabilização penal.

The present study proposes to analyze a conception of gender justice in Brazil, that is, the introduction of a gender perspective at the center of the criminal normative system and in the structures resulting from criminal policy, both preventive and repressive spheres, especially based on the Maria da Penha Law (2006) and the Law on Feminicide (2015). Therefore, the contextualization of the theme initially took place within the discussions brought by feminist criminology, that is, a criminology that encompasses the gender element in its studies, prioritizing the experiences of women in the face of crime, in their various intersectionalities, and uses epistemologies and feminist methods to formulate a critique of the sciences and criminal law, proposing substantial reforms in the legal treatment of women in situations of gender-based violence in the case of victimization. The research works with a theoretical, philosophical and political model, capable of sustaining the feasibility of a gender justice, especially in the scope of the theory of recognition, theoretical framework used as starting point for the understanding of law and public policies as instruments of recognition of the specificities and differences of women, a substantial part of society, systematically subjugated in the sociocultural context of patriarchy, thereby seeking to prevent oppression, injustice and social inequalities continuity.The research uses the theoretical and critical perspectives of feminist criminology on two important aspects: the first refers to the femicide indices in Brazil and the state of Alagoas, including variables on the sociocultural characterization of the victims and the circumstancs of the crimes, beyond the intersectionalities inherent in lethal violence against women, such as vulnerabilities of gender, race, class and sexuality; and the second regarding the historical relationship between Brazilian criminal law and the legal protection of women in situations of violence, demonstrating the predominantly androcentric character of the law and the gradual reformulations of the penal code in recent decades. Finally, we sought to carry out a dogmatic and criminological analysis of the Maria da Penha Law and the Feminicide Law as normative frameworks for thinking about gender justice in the terms initially proposed, that is, legislation whose main purpose is the recognition and guarantee of the fundamental right of women to live a life without violence. / O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar uma concepção de justiça de gênero no Brasil, isto é, a introdução de uma perspectiva de gênero no centro do sistema normativo penal e nas estruturas resultantes da política criminal, tanto na esfera preventiva, como na repressiva, sobretudo a partir da Lei Maria da Penha (2006) e da Lei do Feminicídio (2015). Para tanto, a contextualização do tema se deu, inicialmente, sob o espeque das discussões trazidas pela criminologia feminista, isto é, uma criminologia que abarca o elemento gênero em seus estudos, priorizando as experiências das mulheres diante da criminalidade, em suas diversas interseccionalidades, e se utiliza das epistemologias e dos métodos feministas para formular sua crítica às ciências e ao direito penal, propondo, no caso da vitimização, reformas substanciais no tratamento jurídico-legal dispensado às mulheres em situação de violência de gênero. A pesquisa trabalha com um modelo teórico, filosófico e político, capaz de sustentar a viabilidade de uma justiça de gênero, sobretudo no âmbito da teoria do reconhecimento, marco teórico utilizado como ponto de partida para a compreensão do direito e das políticas públicas como instrumentos de reconhecimento das especificidades e das diferenças das mulheres, parte substancial da sociedade, sistematicamente subjugadas no contexto sociocultural do patriarcado, buscando, com isso, impedir que opressões, injustiças e desigualdades sociais continuem acontecendo. A pesquisa se utiliza das perspectivas teóricas e críticas da criminologia feminista sobre dois importantes aspectos: o primeiro refere-se aos índices de feminicídios no Brasil e no estado de Alagoas, incluindo variáveis sobre a caracterização sociocultural das vítimas e as circunstâncias dos crimes, além das interseccionalidades inerentes à violência letal contra as mulheres, como as vulnerabilidades de gênero, raça, classe e sexualidade; e o segundo, quanto à relação histórica entre o direito penal brasileiro e à proteção legal às mulheres em situação de violência, demonstrando o caráter predominantemente androcêntrico do direito e as paulatinas reformulações do código penal nas últimas décadas. O estudo apresenta uma análise dogmática e criminológica da Lei Maria da Penha e da Lei do feminicídio como marcos normativos para pensar uma justiça de gênero nos termos inicialmente propostos, isto é, uma legislação que tem como principal escopo o reconhecimento e a garantia do direito fundamental das mulheres a viver uma vida sem violência.

The pervasiveness of sexual violence on college campuses poses a significant problem for students and administrations that seek to promote healthy, safe, and equitable access to higher education. Although federal legislation under Title IX prohibits sexual violence as a form of gender discrimination, cultural climates that promote sexual violence—or rape cultures - continue to inform student experiences on college campuses. This thesis roots the discourse on campus sexual violence in the specific localized context at Scripps College. As a women’s college situated in a small, interconnected consortium of co-ed liberal arts colleges, the case of Scripps College raises critical questions about the ways in which gender and sexism play out on women’s bodies, and influence students’ experiences with embodiment on campus. In this thesis, I present a feminist analysis of the current institutional policies that address sexual violence on campus, in addition to the perspectives of eight student activists currently involved in gender justice work at Scripps College. Due to the fact that each of the Claremont Colleges, including Scripps, is currently in the process of re-evaluating their policies and grievance procedures that address sexual violence on campus, now is a key time to reflect on the past, present, and future of the Claremont Colleges and the role that these institutions play in either deconstructing or reinforcing patriarchal structures of power.