Este trabalho apresenta o levantamento anatômico da madeira de 107 espécies distribuídas em 11 gêneros pertencentes à família Sapotaceae (ordem Ericales), do continente americano, dentre os quais Manilkara Adanson, Sideroxylon Linnaeus, Micropholis (Grisebach) Pierre, Chromolucuma Ducke, Sarcaulus Radkolfer, Elaeoluma Baillon, Pouteria Aublet, Chrysophyllum Linnaeus, Ecclinusa Martius, Pradosia Liais e Diploon Cronquist. Na mais recente tentativa de classificação, Pennington (1990, 1991) reconheceu cinco tribos com base, principalmente, em características da flor e da semente. De acordo com o próprio pesquisador, quatro das tribos representariam grupos naturais, provavelmente monofiléticos. Entretanto Swenson & Anderberg (2005), utilizando a análise molecular combinada com características morfológicas, concluíram que os dois maiores gêneros da família, Chrysophyllum e Pouteria são polifiléticos. Desse modo, a família Sapotaceae necessita de uma revisão e inúmeros autores (Record, 1939; Kukachka, 1978a) mencionaram a necessidade de mais informações anatômicas do xilema para complementar e ampliar os estudos taxonômicos e filogenéticos. Portanto, este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar se a anatomia da madeira corrobora a classificação proposta por Pennington em 1990 e a obtenção de informações que possibilitem indicar características anatômicas de valor diagnóstico e estatístico, buscando contribuir com estudos futuros no agrupamento das espécies brasileiras associadas com as africanas e asiáticas da família. A descrição da anatomia da madeira segue a terminologia adotada pelo comitê da Associação Internacional dos Anatomistas de Madeira (IAWA Committee 1989). O resultado obtido pela estatística indica a formação de oito grupos que apresentam similaridades quanto ao tipo de parênquima axial, diâmetro dos vasos, diâmetro das pontoações intervasculares, tipo e localização das pontoações raio-vasculares e das inclusões minerais como, cristais prismáticos, estiloidais e areniformes, assim como dos corpos silicosos. Tais características agrupam gêneros e espécies afins com significância estatística. Conclui-se que a anatomia da madeira apresenta valor de diagnose para os diferentes gêneros, e que, em muitos casos, não corrobora a classificação proposta por Pennington (1990, 1991) na última revisão taxonomica da família. / This work presents the anatomical hoist of the wood of 107 species distributed in 11 belonging kinds to the family Sapotaceae (order Ericales), of the American continent, among the which Manilkara Adanson, Sideroxylon Linnaeus, Micropholis (Grisebach) Pierre, Chromolucuma Ducke, Sarcaulus Radkolfer, Elaeoluma Baillon, Pouteria Aublet, Chrysophyllum Linnaeus, Ecclinusa Martius, Pradosia Liais and Diploon Cronquist. In the most recent attempt of classification, Pennington (1990, 1991) recognized five tribes with base, mainly, in characteristics of the flower and of the seed. According to the own researcher, four of the tribes would represent natural groups, probably monofiléticos. However Swenson & Anderberg (2005), utilizing the molecular analysis combined with characteristics morfológicas, concluded that the two biggest kinds of the family, Chrysophyllum and Pouteria are polifiléticos. Of that way, the family Sapotaceae needs a revision and endless number authors (Record, 1939; Kukachka, 1978a) mentioned the need of more anatomical information of the xilema for complementary and extend the studies taxonômicos and filogenéticos. Therefore, this work has like objective verify itself the anatomy of the wood corroborates the classification proposal by Pennington in 1990 and the obtaining of information that are going to indicate worthy anatomical characteristics diagnosis and statistical, seeking contribute with future studies in the group of the Brazilian species associated with the Africans and Asians of the family. The description of the anatomy of the wood follows the terminology adopted by the committee of the International Association of the Anatomists of Madeira (IAWA Committee 1989). The result obtained by the statistical one indicates the formation of eight groups that present similarities as regards the kind of parênquima axial, diameter of the glasses, diameter of the pontoações intervasculares, kind and location of the pontoações ray-vascular and of the mineral enclosures as, crystals prismáticos, estiloidais and areniformes, as well as of the bodies silicosos. Such characteristics group kinds and related species with significância statistical. I concluded that the anatomy of the wood presents value of diagnose for the different kinds, and that, in many cases, does not corroborate the classification proposal by Pennington (1990, 1991) in the last revision taxonomica of the family.

Diversos estudos de anatomia vegetal abordaram as variações cambiais frequentemente presentes nos caules de lianas de Sapindaceae, mas trabalhos que se baseiam na análise das raízes ainda são pouco frequentes na literatura. Por essa razão, a presente dissertação procura atender a dois objetivos, assim distribuídos. No primeiro capítulo, foi realizada uma análise comparada macroscópica de raízes e caules de 14 espécies lianescentes de cinco gêneros de Sapindaceae para verificar se os dois órgãos apresentam os mesmos tipos de variações cambiais e se a anatomia do xilema secundário é semelhante. No segundo capítulo, analisaram-se detalhadamente, em termos macro e microscópicos, as raízes da espécie Serjania caracasana para observar anatomicamente a configuração do xilema e floema secundários e as variações cambiais, além de verificar se existem conexões entre os cilindros vasculares periféricos neoformados e o cilindro central. Os resultados, em síntese, evidenciaram que: I. O principal tipo de variação cambial caulinar está ausente nas raízes; II. O xilema e o floema secundário das raízes amostradas são macro e microscopicamente similares aos dos caules; III. Xilema interrompido por cunhas de floema e neoformações de cilindros vasculares periféricos foram observados em raízes e caules em estágio avançado de desenvolvimento; IV. Conexões vasculares entre os cilindros neoformados e o cilindro vascular original aparecem em diversos pontos das raízes de Serjania caracasana. / A number of studies in plant anatomy have explored the cambial variants present in the stems of Sapindaceae lianas, while works based on root analysis are still meagre in the literature. Therefore, the present dissertation aims to fulfil two objectives, distributed as follow. In the first chapter, a macroscopic comparative analysis of stems and roots of 14 lianescent species from five genera of Sapindaceae was carried to check whether the two organs presented the same types of cambial variants and whether the secondary xylem anatomy was similar. In the second chapter, roots of Serjania caracasana are analysed in detail under macro and microscopic perspectives, in order to anatomically explore the secondary xylem and phloem configuration and the cambial variants, in addition to verify whether there are connections between the neoformed peripheral vascular cylinders and the central vascular cylinder. The results, in synthesis, evidence that: I. The main type of cambial variant present in the stem is absent in the roots; II. The secondary xylem and phloem of the roots are macro and microscopically similar to those of the stem; III. Xylem furrowed by phloem wedges and neoformations of peripheral vascular cylinders was encountered in roots and stems in mature stages of development; IV. Vascular connections between the neoformed vascular cylinders and the central vascular cylinder appear in many parts of the roots of Serjania caracasana.

O gênero Phoradendron é um dos mais diversos entre as plantas parasitas, agrupando cerca de 230 espécies, que apresentam grande variedade quanto à morfologia e padrões de infestação. A presente dissertação comparou os padrões de infestação de duas espécies de Phoradendron parasitando diferentes hospedeiras: Tapirira guianensis e Cedrela fissilis, além de analisar os efeitos causados por tais parasitas na funcionalidade e na anatomia da madeira destas hospedeiras. Foram realizadas análises tradicionais de anatomia da madeira, análises de microtomografia e experimentos de anatomia funcional com infiltração de corante através da madeira da hospedeira. Os resultados mostraram que, enquanto P. crassifolium forma uma galha concisa sobre os ramos de T. guianensis, Phoradendron sp. é mais agressivo ao espalhar seu sistema endofítico através da madeira de C. fissilis, causando maiores rupturas dos tecidos xilemático e floemático da hospedeira. Sugere-se que tais rupturas poderiam levar a uma alteração local do balanço auxina/citocinina e à liberação de etileno. Esta hipótese é reforçada pelas alterações anatômicas observadas em ambos os casos na interface parasita-hospedeira, tais como hiperplasia e/ou hipertrofia, maior densidade de vasos, alterações no agrupamento dos vasos e redução da espessura da parede celular das fibras. P. crassifolium também provocou severo aumento da densidade de vasos embolisados na madeira de T. guianensis, aumentando também a densidade de vasos e o tamanho de raios, além de reduzir o diâmetro transversal dos vasos e a espessura da parede celular de fibras. Tais efeitos também podem estar relacionados às altas taxas de transpiração e aos potenciais hídricos extremamente baixos apresentados por plantas parasitas, o que pode culminar no aumento da transpiração total da hospedeira, elevando a formação de embolismos, causando estresse hídrico e consequente baixa pressão de turgor nas células derivadas do câmbio. Conclui-se que cada uma das espécies de parasita aqui analisada estabeleceu uma relação única com sua hospedeira, formando diferentes padrões de infestação e alterando de modo particular a xilogênese da hospedeira / Phoradendron is one of the most diverse genera among parasitic plants, comprising ca. 230 species and showing a great variety of morphologies and infestation patterns. The present work compared the infestation patterns of two Phoradendron species on different hosts: Tapirira guianensis and Cedrela fissilis, and also analyzed their effects on the hosts\' functionality and wood anatomy. Traditional wood anatomy procedures were used, along with the technique of microtomography analysis and functional anatomy experiments using a dye ascent through host wood. Results showed that while P. crassifolium forms a defined gall in branches of T. guianensis, Phoradendron sp. is more aggressive when spreading its endophytic tissue trough the wood of C. fissilis, causing major disruptions on both xylem and phloem tissues of the host. Such disruptions could lead to a local change of the auxin/cytokinin balance and probably ethylene liberation. This hypothesis is reinforced by the anatomical alterations observed in both cases at the host-parasite interface, such as hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy, higher vessel density, alterations of vessel grouping and thin cell-walled fibres. P. crassifolium also provoked a severe increase in embolism density on the wood of T. guianensis, along with increases on vessel density and ray size, besides reductions in vessel lumen diameter and fibre cell-wall thickness. These effects could also be related to the high transpiration rates and extremely low water potential presented by parasitic plants, which may increase the host\'s total transpiration, enhancing embolism formation, causing water stress and consequent low turgor in differentiating cambium derivates. In conclusion, each parasitic plant species analyzed established a unique relationship with its host, forming different infestation patterns and differently altering its host xylogenesis

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第24663号 / 農博第2546号 / 新制||農||1098(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R5||N5444(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 杉山 淳司, 教授 藤井 義久, 教授 仲村 匡司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Rhododendron is a monophyletic group that inhabits many different climates. One clearly defined diversification was from temperate ancestors into tropical habitats. The focus of this work was to explore leaf and stem anatomical traits in relation to habitat (temperate and tropical) and elevation of the native range. A closely-related group of Rhododendron was selected to reduce variation in genetic history and reveal environment–associated adaptive traits. Vessel anatomical traits of Rhododendron accessions were assayed for the trade of between safety (protection against catastrophic failure) and efficiency (high theoretical conductivity). Rhododendron wood and vessels were found to be relatively safe. The metrics of wood efficiency were higher for the tropical species. Thus, a trade-off between safety and efficiency was found although the wood of Rhododendron is characterized as highly safe. Leaf anatomical traits of Rhododendron were assayed for habitat and elevation. Leaves on tropical species were thicker and denser compared with temperate species. Idioblasts were always found in tropical leaves but not in temperate species. Leaves of tropical species were more xeromorphic (drought tolerant) than those of temperate species. Increasing elevation of the native range did not influence leaf anatomical traits. Idioblast abundance and leaf water relations traits were assayed for tropical Rhododendron species. Idioblast expression varied from 5% to 28% and stomatal pore index varied from 0.08 to 3.3. Idioblast expression was highly correlated with leaf succulence, and water deficit at the turgor loss point. Idioblast expression was positively associated with leaf capacitance for thin (< 0.5 mm) leaves. Thus, idioblasts can serve as a water buffer for relatively thin leaves. Synthesis–Wood traits of evergreen Rhododendron shrubs reflect adaptation for safety. Although tropical species have significantly higher efficiency, wood safety is still the dominant feature. The implication of high wood safety is constrained water flow and a potential for low water potential. Both leaf succulence and the presence of idioblasts in thin leaves enhances leaf capacitance and provides some buffering against short-term drought. These leaf adaptations in tropical Rhododendron shrubs likely reflect the abundance of epiphytes in this group. / Ph. D. / <i>Rhododendron</i> is a very diverse genus that is found in many different habitats from arctic to tropical. However, most of the species are evergreen with a slow growth rate. The goal of this study was to explore the variation in wood and leaf anatomical traits in order to explain how these plants can succeed in so many different habitats. The vessels in wood of temperate species were found to be very small. Although the size of the vessels increased for tropical species, they were still small relative to many other species. Surprisingly, leaf traits suggested greater drought tolerance for tropical species compared with temperate species. A unique anatomical trait called idioblasts was found only in leaves of tropical species. Idioblasts were very large cells, found just below the upper epidermis, which occupied up to 30% of the leaf volume. Idioblasts were found to help buffer water loss for thin tropical leaves. In summary, <i>Rhododendron</i> wood constrains water flow for plants in all habitats, which will induce water stress in warm or dry areas. Consequently, leaves have drought tolerance traits in tropical regions. Therefore, anatomical traits of wood and leaf help explain how <i>Rhododendron</i> species can occupy a wide diversity of habitats.

Im Rahmen holztechnologischer Prozesse wie dem Holzschutz, der Holzmodifizierung oder der Zellstoffherstellung sind die Eindringwege von Flüssigkeiten in das Holz von großem Interesse. Neben den Eigenschaften des Tränkmittels und der Gestaltung des Tränkprozesses stellt der Aufbau des Holzes einen der wesentlichen Einflussfaktoren hinsichtlich der Permeabilität des Holzes für Flüssigkeiten dar. Der Artikel gibt einen Überblick über den Einfluss mikrostruktureller Eigenschaften des Holzes auf dessen Tränkbarkeit.

A method for determining the germination dates of trees is based on wood anatomical characteristics and dendrochronology. This procedure requires destructive sampling of the tree for an extensive analysis of the zone between the roots and the trunk of the tree (root/shoot interface). The method is applicable to forest ecology and woody plant life history studies.

No description available.

The growth rings of eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) often contain a high frequency of false intra-annual growth bands, which complicates the dendrochronology of this species. However, exactly dated false rings replicated among many trees can reflect major weather changes during the growing season. Sixty-one trees from two sites (Oklahoma and Kansas) were dated and used to compile replicated chronologies of false rings at both locations extending from AD 1700–2000. False-ring events during the modern instrumental era were compared with the daily weather data from nearby stations. Significant false-ring events occurred at both locations during years that experienced a dramatic late-growing season weather reversal, when an extended period of high temperatures and drought was followed by prolonged cool and wet conditions. Synoptic weather maps for these events indicate that all ten replicated false-ring events in the instrumental era occurred during the highly unseasonable penetration of a cold front into the region. However, none of the significant false-ring events occurred in the same year at both sites. These separate false-ring chronologies indicate that there may be phenological differences in the timing of radial growth in redcedar between Kansas and Oklahoma, and that the weather conditions responsible for false-ring formation often occur at the mesoscale and do not often impact central Kansas and northcentral Oklahoma simultaneously.

This paper analyzes the anatomical response of Pinus pinaster Ait. following wounding by flash floods. A total of 14 wood samples were taken from 14 different scarred trees located on the river banks of the Arroyo Cabrera torrent (Spanish Central System). In addition, 20 increment cores were collected from undisturbed and healthy P. pinaster trees to build a local reference chronology. For the injured trees, analysis focused on growth changes in early earlywood (EE) tracheids, namely on differences in (i) lumen size; (ii) cell-wall percentage and cell-wall thickness; (iii) radial length and tangential width of tracheids; as well as (iv) in the abundance of resin ducts in earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) following wounding. Results indicate that tissues bordering flash-flood wounds are characterized by reduced growth rates and a decrease of EE tracheid lumen area by 51%. In addition, cell-wall percentage increases by 34% in the increment rings formed after the event and significant changes are observed in the radial length and tangential width of EE tracheids. Observations on resin ducts do not yield any significant results. Based on these anatomical parameters, detecting and dating past flash-flood events in growth rings is now possible for Mediterranean species, specifically P. pinaster.