Resident-centered care has been the standard philosophy in accredited personal care homes (PCHs) across Canada since 1990. Health care aides (HCAs) are the primary health care providers in PCHs and key to residents' quality of care and quality of life. However, studies have not examined HCA work satisfaction in relation to the four elements of resident-centered care: providing flexible scheduling, following residents' preferences, promoting a home-like environment and offering permanent assignment to promote consistency of care. This cross-sectional, ethnographic study was conducted using face-to-face interviews with nine HCAs working in four PCHs in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The results indicate that HCAs' work satisfaction was highly related to their caring relationships with residents and their working relationships with other HCAs and staff. The implementation of resident-centered care depended on institutional and managerial support. Lack of this support created stressful situations for HCAs and caused them concern about the quality of care and quality of life of residents.

Adopting the Ecological Contextual Model of Acculturation and Adjustment (Birman, 1994; Trickett, 1996) and the Stress and Coping paradigm (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984, 1986, 1991), the present thesis explored the psycho-social, work, and marital adjustment of 200 established older middle-aged refugees from the Former Yugoslavia living in the Ottawa area. More specifically, three studies were conducted to examine specific stressors and resources of relevance to the adjustment of Former Yugoslavian men and women, across the following three distinct life domains: psycho-social, work, and marital. Study I explored the potential buffering effects of interpersonal trust on the relational growth of Former Yugoslavian refugees. Results demonstrated that interpersonal trust moderated the negative effects of war-related trauma on the relational growth of Former Yugoslavian women. No such buffering effect was found for the men. Study II investigated Former Yugoslavians' work adjustment by exploring the influence of pre-migratory work-related expectations-outcome congruence, occupational mobility, work stress (general and discrimination), as well as personal (education, English language proficiency) and social resources (support at work) on their work satisfaction and distress. Results indicated that different factors emerged as significant predictors of work satisfaction and work distress for Former Yugoslavian men and women. Study III explored the potential moderating role of marital resilience on the relationship between marital stress (general and acculturative) and marital adjustment. Results showed that marital resilience moderated the negative effects of marital stress on the marital adjustment of Former Yugoslavian women. No protective effect of marital resilience was found for the men. Taken together, the results of the three studies provide support for the relevance and importance of studying the stress, resources, and adjustment of refugees across contexts and gender. Given that important gender differences were found in different adaptational domains, the need to study further the impact of gender in refugees is reinforced. The findings are discussed within the current gender and migration literatures as well as the multidimensional theories of cross-cultural adjustment. Theoretical, research, and clinical implications were presented, along with recommendations for future research.

Adopting the Ecological Contextual Model of Acculturation and Adjustment (Birman, 1994; Trickett, 1996) and the Stress and Coping paradigm (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984, 1986, 1991), the present thesis explored the psycho-social, work, and marital adjustment of 200 established older middle-aged refugees from the Former Yugoslavia living in the Ottawa area. More specifically, three studies were conducted to examine specific stressors and resources of relevance to the adjustment of Former Yugoslavian men and women, across the following three distinct life domains: psycho-social, work, and marital. Study I explored the potential buffering effects of interpersonal trust on the relational growth of Former Yugoslavian refugees. Results demonstrated that interpersonal trust moderated the negative effects of war-related trauma on the relational growth of Former Yugoslavian women. No such buffering effect was found for the men. Study II investigated Former Yugoslavians' work adjustment by exploring the influence of pre-migratory work-related expectations-outcome congruence, occupational mobility, work stress (general and discrimination), as well as personal (education, English language proficiency) and social resources (support at work) on their work satisfaction and distress. Results indicated that different factors emerged as significant predictors of work satisfaction and work distress for Former Yugoslavian men and women. Study III explored the potential moderating role of marital resilience on the relationship between marital stress (general and acculturative) and marital adjustment. Results showed that marital resilience moderated the negative effects of marital stress on the marital adjustment of Former Yugoslavian women. No protective effect of marital resilience was found for the men. Taken together, the results of the three studies provide support for the relevance and importance of studying the stress, resources, and adjustment of refugees across contexts and gender. Given that important gender differences were found in different adaptational domains, the need to study further the impact of gender in refugees is reinforced. The findings are discussed within the current gender and migration literatures as well as the multidimensional theories of cross-cultural adjustment. Theoretical, research, and clinical implications were presented, along with recommendations for future research.

L’équipe de travail représente, de nos jours, une forme d’organisation du travail incontournable pour accroître la performance des entreprises. Il est maintenant largement reconnu que la composition d’une équipe de travail est susceptible d’affecter son efficacité et, plus particulièrement, la qualité des relations interpersonnelles au sein de l’équipe et la performance de ses membres. Des études se sont donc attardées à isoler certaines caractéristiques individuelles permettant d’influencer le contexte des équipes de travail. Ainsi, l’effet de la composition des équipes a été étudié sous l’angle des traits de personnalité des membres, de leurs attitudes et de leurs valeurs, ou encore en fonction des habiletés cognitives démontrées par chacun des coéquipiers. Malgré quelques invitations répétées à étudier davantage la motivation des équipes de travail et de leurs membres, peu de travaux ont porté sur la composition motivationnelle de ce contexte collectif. Dans la foulée des études portant sur les équipes de travail, on observe une tendance à ne considérer que la performance des équipes et des coéquipiers comme unique critère d’évaluation de leur efficacité. Devant les données alarmantes concernant les problèmes de santé psychologique vécus par les travailleurs, il appert qu’il est essentiel de se pencher sur les conditions nécessaires à mettre en place dans ce contexte de travail interpersonnel pour contribuer à la fois au bien-être et à la performance des coéquipiers. Avec l’utilisation du cadre d’analyse proposé par la théorie de l’autodétermination, la présente thèse vise à répondre à ces enjeux. Le premier article de la thèse propose un modèle théorique qui définit en quoi la composition d’une équipe de travail, en regard des styles de régulations individuelles des membres de l’équipe, est susceptible d’affecter les relations interpersonnelles au sein de l’équipe et d’avoir un impact sur la performance et le bien-être des membres. S’appuyant sur les mécanismes d’émergence proposés par les théories multiniveaux, ce cadre théorique suggère également que, sous certaines conditions, la composition motivationnelle d’une équipe de travail puisse entraîner la formation d’un phénomène singulier de motivation d’équipe. Les mécanismes favorisant cette émergence sont présentés dans l’article. Le second article de la thèse représente une première vérification empirique de certaines des propositions de l’article théorique. À partir d’un échantillon de 138 équipes, regroupant 680 travailleurs, il a été possible de vérifier, à partir d’analyses multiniveaux, l’impact de la composition autonome ou contrôlée d’une équipe sur la satisfaction au travail des participants. Les résultats de l’étude montrent qu’une forme de composition d’équipe de nature plus autonome est positivement reliée à la satisfaction des travailleurs. Plus encore, on observe une interaction entre la régulation autonome individuelle et la régulation autonome d’équipe quant à la satisfaction vécue au travail. Ainsi, la satisfaction au travail est plus élevée pour les participants dont le style de régulation est plus autonome et qui évoluent dans une équipe à composition motivationnelle plus autonome. Parallèlement, les résultats montrent que la composition motivationnelle plus contrôlée est négativement reliée à la satisfaction au travail. De façon générale, la présente thèse souligne la pertinence de considérer le contexte sociomotivationnel émergeant de la composition de l’équipe en regard des styles de régulations individuelles des membres qui la composent. Cette thèse permet de considérer, avec un regard nouveau, la motivation des équipes de travail et les variables de motivation à évaluer dans la formation des équipes de travail au sein de nos organisations. / These days, the work team constitutes an indispensable form of task organization that increases organizational performance. It is now widely recognized that the composition of a work team can affect the effectiveness of that team - specifically, the quality of the interpersonal relationships and performance of its members. Studies have attempted to isolate the individual characteristics liable to influence the work team context. Indeed, the effects of the composition of a work team have been studied through the personality traits of its members, their attitudes and values, as well as the cognitive ability they have each demonstrated. Despite repeated insistence on studying the motivation in and of work teams, very little work has been done on the motivational composition within this collective context. Within the large stream of research on work teams, the tendency seems to be to measure team effectiveness exclusively through team and team member performance. Faced with significant data concerning problems of psychological health among workers, it has become paramount to investigate the conditions under which work teams can contribute to both the well-being and performance of their members. Using the analytical framework proposed by Self-Determination Theory, the present thesis seeks to address these issues. The first article of the thesis proposes a theoretical model that outlines how the composition of a work team, along with the regulatory styles of each of its members, can potentially affect the interpersonal relationships of team members, as well as their performance and well-being. Using Multilevel Theory’s processes of emergence, this model also suggests that, under certain conditions, the motivational composition of a work team can bring about the unique phenomenon of team motivation. The mechanisms facilitating the emergence of this phenomenon are presented in this article. The second article of this thesis focuses on the first empirical verification of certain propositions from the theoretical article. From a sample of 138 teams comprising 680 workers, it was possible to verify, using multilevel analyses, the impact of either an autonomous or controlled motivational work team composition on the work satisfaction of participants. The results of this study show that a more autonomous work team composition is positively related to work satisfaction. Moreover, an interaction between individual autonomous regulation and the autonomous regulation of a team on satisfaction experienced at work was found. Thus, work satisfaction is higher for participants whose regulatory style is more autonomous and who are part of a team whose motivational composition is more autonomous. Conversely, the results show that a more controlled motivational composition is negatively related to work satisfaction. Overall, this thesis highlights the importance of considering the socio-motivational context that emerges from the composition of a work team, in terms of the individual regulatory styles of each of its members. This thesis allows for a fresh perspective on work team motivation, as well as the motivational variables that should be evaluated when creating work teams within organizations.

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Adopting the Ecological Contextual Model of Acculturation and Adjustment (Birman, 1994; Trickett, 1996) and the Stress and Coping paradigm (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984, 1986, 1991), the present thesis explored the psycho-social, work, and marital adjustment of 200 established older middle-aged refugees from the Former Yugoslavia living in the Ottawa area. More specifically, three studies were conducted to examine specific stressors and resources of relevance to the adjustment of Former Yugoslavian men and women, across the following three distinct life domains: psycho-social, work, and marital. Study I explored the potential buffering effects of interpersonal trust on the relational growth of Former Yugoslavian refugees. Results demonstrated that interpersonal trust moderated the negative effects of war-related trauma on the relational growth of Former Yugoslavian women. No such buffering effect was found for the men. Study II investigated Former Yugoslavians' work adjustment by exploring the influence of pre-migratory work-related expectations-outcome congruence, occupational mobility, work stress (general and discrimination), as well as personal (education, English language proficiency) and social resources (support at work) on their work satisfaction and distress. Results indicated that different factors emerged as significant predictors of work satisfaction and work distress for Former Yugoslavian men and women. Study III explored the potential moderating role of marital resilience on the relationship between marital stress (general and acculturative) and marital adjustment. Results showed that marital resilience moderated the negative effects of marital stress on the marital adjustment of Former Yugoslavian women. No protective effect of marital resilience was found for the men. Taken together, the results of the three studies provide support for the relevance and importance of studying the stress, resources, and adjustment of refugees across contexts and gender. Given that important gender differences were found in different adaptational domains, the need to study further the impact of gender in refugees is reinforced. The findings are discussed within the current gender and migration literatures as well as the multidimensional theories of cross-cultural adjustment. Theoretical, research, and clinical implications were presented, along with recommendations for future research.

Los requerimientos de los individuos van cambiando continuamente a causa de la globalización. Por tal motivo, las empresas de servicio deben responder de manera inmediata, con la finalidad de satisfacerlos y ser sostenibles en el tiempo. Sin embargo, muchas de estas organizaciones no les dan importancia a las necesidades de los empleados ni a los factores que influyen en el proceso de creación de nuevas ideas y atención al cliente. Es por ello que la presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar el impacto de la satisfacción de los empleados de primera línea (FLE – frontline employees) en la percepción de calidad y la satisfacción del cliente en una organización. En consecuencia, se utilizó un método de estudio que consta de la recopilación de revistas científicas que ayudaron a analizar los comportamientos de los FLE y de los clientes. Asimismo, se identificaron los diversos elementos motivacionales durante el encuentro de servicio. Como resultado, se obtuvo que la satisfacción del cliente se ve influenciada por el desempeño y la satisfacción laboral de los FLE, ambos son producto de un agradable clima organizacional. Así, esta investigación es de gran utilidad para que los gerentes puedan conocer la percepción de la organización por parte de sus empleados y clientes, y para elaborar propuestas de mejora en los elementos del clima organizacional y favorecer los resultados de la organización. / The requirements of individuals are constantly changing due to globalization. For this reason, service companies must respond immediately in order to satisfy them and to be sustainable over time. However, many of these organizations do not give importance to the needs of employees and the factors that influence the process of creating new ideas and customer service. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the impact of front-line employee (FLE) satisfaction on the perception of quality and customer satisfaction in an organization. Accordingly, a study method was used, consisting of the collection of scientific journals that helped to analyze the behaviors of FLE and customers. The various motivational elements during the service encounter were also identified. As a result, it was found that the level of customer satisfaction is influenced by the performance and job satisfaction of FLE, both of which are products of a pleasant organizational climate. Therefore, this research will be useful for managers to learn about the perception of the organization by their employees and customers. Furthermore, it will be useful for developing proposals to improve the elements of the organizational climate and to improve the results of the organization. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

Actualmente, el Perú se ha visto afectado de manera significativa por la pandemia del COVID-19, lo que representa un riesgo para la sostenibilidad empresarial en actividades de servicio, comercio y fabricación. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo general, contrastar los efectos que produce un estilo de liderazgo transformacional o transaccional en el marco del cambio organizacional. Se realiza una breve descripción sobre el liderazgo transformacional y transaccional, así como del rol del líder en el cambio organizacional y el rol de la motivación que surge a raíz de la aplicación de los estilos de liderazgo transformacional y del liderazgo transaccional. Asimismo, se analiza la relación entre la eficacia y la satisfacción de los trabajadores frente a un liderazgo transformacional y transaccional y se evalúa la conducta de compartir conocimiento que afrontan los trabajadores y los líderes frente a los dos estilos de liderazgo. Igualmente, se presenta de manera sintetizada, las diferentes posturas que indican que los estilos de liderazgo transformacional y transaccional influyen en la motivación, eficacia, satisfacción y conducta de compartir conocimiento, como aquellas que señalan que son variables independientes. Del análisis realizado se puede afirmar que el liderazgo transformacional tiene mejores resultados en el cambio organizacional a través de la mejora de la motivación de los trabajadores, mientras que los efectos del liderazgo transaccional se dan en menor medida a través de la generación de la conducta de compartir conocimiento. Existe un acuerdo sobre los factores que contribuyen al cambio organizacional para ambos liderazgos. / In the past year, Peru has been significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, representing a risk for the business’ sustainability of the companies from services, commerce and manufacturing activities. The general objective of this study is to contrast the effects produced by the transformational and transactional styles of leadership in the framework of organizational change. A brief description will be made of both, transformational and transactional leadership, as well as the role of the leader in the organizational change and the changes in motivation after applying transformational and transactional leadership. Likewise, there will be an analysis of the relationship between the effectiveness and satisfaction of workers when experiencing the transformational and transactional leadership, as the sharing of knowledge that workers and leaders faced in both leadership styles. Furthermore, it will be shown the different positions indicating that transformational and transactional leadership styles influence motivation, effectiveness, satisfaction and the share of knowledge in individuals, as well as those indicating they are independent variables, From them, it can be affirmed that transformational leadership has better results in organizational change through the improvement of worker motivation, while the effects of transactional leadership occur to a lesser extent and through the generation of share knowledge. There is an agreement on the factors that contribute to organizational change for both leaderships. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo determinar la influencia del clima organizacional en la satisfacción laboral de los colaboradores de microempresas fabricantes de la industria del calzado en Lima Metropolitana, 2019. El diseño de la investigación es de base no experimental, con corte transversal a fin de conocer si existe una relación de tipo correlacional-causal. La metodología planteada para la recolección de datos es de enfoque cuantitativo y se elaboró una encuesta de tipo Likert con el propósito de precisar la relación causal de las variables y predecir cómo actúan los colaboradores dentro del ambiente laboral. La confiabilidad de dicho instrumento fue determinada mediante el Coeficiente de Alfa de Cronbach (0.943) y, su validación, fue otorgada mediante el juicio de un experto. De una población de 13 920 colaboradores de microempresas en Lima Metropolitana, se delimitó mediante la técnica de muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple una muestra correspondiente a 374 colaboradores del sector calzado. De acuerdo al Coeficiente de Correlación de Spearman (ρ = 0.623) y al Coeficiente de determinación (R2 = 0.440), se infiere que, en Lima Metropolitana, los colaboradores de microempresas fabricantes de la industria del calzado perciben que el clima organizacional influye directamente en la satisfacción laboral. / The purpose of this research work is to determine the influence of the organizational climate on the job satisfaction of collaborators of micro-manufacturing companies in the footwear industry in Metropolitan Lima, 2019. The research design is non-experimental, with a cross-section to in order to find out if there is a correlational-causal relation. The methodology proposed for data collection is quantitative in approach and a Likert-type survey was prepared to specify the causal relationship of the variables and predicting how employees work within the work environment. The reliability of this instrument was determined by means of the Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient (0.943) and its validation was granted through the judgment of an expert. From a population of 13,920 microenterprise collaborators in Metropolitan Lima, a sample corresponding to 374 collaborators in the footwear sector was delimited using the simple random probability sampling technique. According to the Spearman’s Correlation Coefficient (ρ = 0.623) and the Coefficient of Determination (R2 = 0.440), it is inferred that, in Metropolitan Lima, the collaborators of micro-manufacturing companies in the footwear industry perceive that the organizational climate influences directly job satisfaction. / Tesis

La presente investigación buscó identificar si la Adicción al trabajo y el Engagement predicen la Satisfacción Laboral en personal administrativo de empresas de Lima Metropolitana. El diseño fue una estrategia asociativa, específicamente transaccional predictivo, y se empleó un muestreo no probabilístico. La muestra estuvo conformada por 220 personas, de ambos sexos, a quienes se les aplicó el cuestionario de Adicción al trabajo DUWAS- 10 (Schaufeli, Taris & Van Rhenen, 2008), el cuestionario de Engagement UWES - 15 (Schaufeli, 1999) y el cuestionario de Satisfacción Laboral de Chiang (Chiang, Gómez & Salazar,2014). Mediante un análisis correlacional se comprobó la relación positiva entre las dimensiones Vigor y Satisfacción Laboral (rho = .410), lo mismo para Absorción y Satisfacción Laboral (rho = .173), sin embargo, para las dimensiones de Adicción al trabajo, se comprobó una correlación positiva para Trabajar excesivamente y Satisfacción Laboral (rho = .045) y una correlación negativa para Trabajar compulsivamente y Satisfacción Laboral (rho = -.100). Además, se comprobó que la variable Vigor explica el 16,8% de la varianza total de la variable criterio Satisfacción, siendo esta variable la que predice mejor la Satisfacción Laboral. En conclusión, se tiene evidencia de que existe una relación significativa entre las variables adicción al trabajo, engagement y satisfacción laboral. / The present investigation seeks to identify if Work Addiction and Engagement predict Job Satisfaction in administrative staff of companies in Metropolitan Lima. The research design was an associative strategy, specifically transactional predictive, a non-probability sampling was used. The sample was conformed by 220 people of both sexes, who were given the DUWAS-10 Workaholism questionnaire, the UWES-15 Engagement questionnaire and the Chiang Job Satisfaction questionnaire. Through a correlational analysis, the positive relationship (rho = .410) between the dimensions Vigor and Job Satisfaction was verified, the same for Absorption and Job Satisfaction (rho = .173), however, about the dimensions of Workaholism, a positive correlation was found for Working excessively and Job Satisfaction (rho = .045) and a negative correlation for Compulsive Work and Job Satisfaction (rho = -.100). Also, it was verified that Vigor explains 16.8% of the total variance of the Satisfaction criterion variable, this variable being the one that best predicts Job Satisfaction. In conclusion, there is evidence that there is a significant relationship between the variables workaholism, engagement and job satisfaction. / Tesis