Based on the theoretical perspectives of role strain theory and the spillover model, we examined the association between job demands and employed fathers’ involvement of single-income and dual-income families in South Korea (Korea hereafter). In addition, we examined the mediating role of work to family conflict in the above association. Data were collected from 201 employed fathers with at least one preschool child. We conducted multiple group structural equation modeling analysis using employed fathers in single-income family group (n = 100) and dual-income family group (n = 101). The results showed that job demands were negatively associated with fathers’ involvement, and this association was mediated by work to family conflict among Korean fathers in both single- and dual-income family groups. Findings indicate that regardless of wives’ employment status, job demands are related to fathers’ involvement, and this association is mediated by work to family conflict. Consequently, we suggest that alleviating employed fathers’ job demands and work to family conflict are key factors increasing fathers’ involvement. Therefore, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers are required to improve employed fathers’ work environments in order to support their familial well-being. Future research may consider a more representative sample with various sources of data collection.

Based on the theoretical perspectives of role strain theory and the spillover model, we examined the association between job demands and employed fathers’ involvement of single-income and dual-income families in South Korea (Korea hereafter). In addition, we examined the mediating role of work to family conflict in the above association. Data were collected from 201 employed fathers with at least one preschool child. We conducted multiple group structural equation modeling analysis using employed fathers in single-income family group (n = 100) and dual-income family group (n = 101). The results showed that job demands were negatively associated with fathers’ involvement, and this association was mediated by work to family conflict among Korean fathers in both single- and dual-income family groups. Findings indicate that regardless of wives’ employment status, job demands are related to fathers’ involvement, and this association is mediated by work to family conflict. Consequently, we suggest that alleviating employed fathers’ job demands and work to family conflict are key factors increasing fathers’ involvement. Therefore, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers are required to improve employed fathers’ work environments in order to support their familial well-being. Future research may consider a more representative sample with various sources of data collection.

The stress process was examined for a sample of 94 dual-career women. The relationship between sources (role strain), mediators (coping responses, psychological resources of self-esteem and low self-denigration, number and age of children), and outcome (feelings associated with role strains) was quantitatively assessed via factor analysis to determine the efficacy of mediators in the stress process. Seven coping strategies were identified: Cognitive Restructuring, Delegating Responsibility, Limiting Responsibility, Integrating Work and Family, Avoiding Responsibility, and Using Social Support. Results indicated that strain accounts for a large portion of the variation in stress. Cognitive Restructuring was the most crucial coping response in the stress process, having the greatest effect in reducing not only strain, but also stress; low self-denigration was the most critical psychological resource, buffering both strain and stress levels. Limiting Responsibility was associated with higher levels of strain. In addition, stress was found to increase as number of children increased and as age of youngest child decreased. / Master of Science

This thesis was to explore the relationships between occupational conditions and parental behaviors and values. The data set for this thesis were taken from the 1988 National Survey of Families and Households, which includes a national crosssectional sample of 13,017 primary respondents. The subsamples used here were limited to married or cohabiting white families with children under 18 years old. Pearson’s r and one-way analysis of variance were used to examine the zero-order relationships among all the independent and dependent variables. Multiple regression analyses were adopted to present the relative importance of independent variables in predicting different aspects of parental childrearing practices. Findings from bivariate and multivariate analyses show that different dimensions of work-related variables examined in this thesis, such as occupational socioeconomic status, work hours and schedules, job satisfaction and employment status, are associated with different aspects of parental behaviors and values. Gender is found to be a very important factor in predicting parental involvement, negative responses and values. In general, these work-related variables explain limited variance of parental child-rearing styles. Based on the findings of the study, implications for academic research on the relationships between parental behaviors and values and working conditions were also discussed in the thesis. / Master of Science

隨著社會經濟環境的變遷、教育程度提高、性別平等工作的推動，女性投入職場就業的比例逐年增加，而女性所面對的家庭與工作兩頭燒的壓力，卻日漸沉重。女性的就業選擇往往受到家庭照顧責任及社會文化規範等結構性因素的干擾。國家在提倡與促進女性就業的同時，能否提供更友善的家庭照顧資源與社會支持系統，使就業女性能兼顧家庭與工作，並且維持良好的生活品質，是值得深入探究的議題。 近幾年，新北市政府建立多所公共托育中心提供兒童托育服務。本研究目的在探討新北市的公共托育服務，相較於家庭的非正式托育、經濟市場所提供的私人托育服務，其對於女性在家庭照顧與就業面向上所產生的變化與影響，並針對公共托育政策提出反思與建議。 本研究透過深度訪談法，訪談10位使用新北市公共托育服務之女性，研究發現當國家提供平價、優質且穩定的公共托育服務，協助家庭照顧三歲以下的嬰幼兒，對於女性家庭照顧與就業情形皆有正面的影響。在家庭照顧方面，使用公共托育服務可以降低家庭育兒經濟負擔、降低女性的兒童照顧壓力、建立家庭的共同照顧價值、增進家長親職知能及擴大家庭生活圈、增加生育意願等。在就業方面，公共托育服務可以降低女性所面對的家庭與工作的衝突、支持與促進女性就業、提升女性就業品質，以及有利於女性職涯規劃與發展。 最後，針對公共托育服務政策，提出以下幾點建議：1.國家應積極促進托育服務公共化，以提供人民近便、平價且優質的托育服務、2.建立托育資源整合平台，提供托育相關資訊與協助，以利女性育兒與就業規劃、3.家庭育兒政策與充分就業政策結合，促進女性就業且提升女性生活品質。

Text in Afrikaans / Hoë werkloosheid het 'n permanente kenmerk van die moderne samelweing geword en daarom word daar huidiglik baie aandag geskenk aan die psigologiese impak van werkloosheid op die werklose persoon en sy gesin. Die teoretiese benadering van hierdie studie is dat werksverlies 'n stresvolle lewensgebeurtenis is waarvan die impak binne 'n sistemiese benadering bestudeer is. Die kwalitatiewe navorsingsmetode is gevolg. Die navorsingsresultate is verkry deur in-diepte onderhoude te voer met agt blanke getroude pare. Die resultate van die onderhoude is vergelyk met bestaande navorsing oor die impak van onwillekeurige werksverlies op die individu en sy gesin. Resultate dui daarop dat werksverlies 'n verpletterende ervaring is vir sommige pare terwyl dit in ander huwelikke lei tot groter intimiteit en persoonlike groei. Veranderlikes wat vir hierdie verskille verantwoordelik is, word geidentifiseer. Implikasies vir toekomstige navorsing word bespreek. / High unemployment has become a permanent feature of modern-day society. As a result there has been an increased interest in the psychological impact of involuntary job loss on the individual and his family. The theoretical appraoch of this study is that job loss is a stressful life event which is studies within the subsystem of the family. The research design is the qualitative method that was executed by conducting depth interviews with eight white couples. The results of the interviews were compared with those of previous research relating to the impact of involuntary job loss on the individual and his family. Results show that job loss is a devastating experience for some couples while other couples experience it as a opportunity for personal growth and increased intimacy in the relationship. Factors that account for these differences are identified. Implications for future research are discussed. / Psychology / M.A. (Sielkundige Navorsing)

Die Magisterarbeit beschäftigt sich mit der politischen Förderung der geringfügigen Beschäftigung sowie der Inanspruchnahme haushaltsnaher Dienstleistungen und deren Bedeutung für eine gleichstellungsorientierte Familien- und Arbeitsmarktpolitik. Als Ausgangspunkt wird die Frage gestellt, ob geringfügige Beschäftigung und haushaltsnahe Dienstleistungen einen Arbeitsmarkt für Frauen im Niedriglohnsektor schaffen oder ob sie eine Perspektive zur besseren Vereinbarkeit von Erwerbsarbeit und Carearbeit bieten. Dazu wird die Perspektive der Beschäftigten in sogenannten Minijobs als auch der NutzerInnen haushaltsnaher Dienstleistungen analysiert. Als theoretischer Rahmen liegt der Arbeit die These der geschlechterkritischen, vergleichenden Wohlfahrtsstaatforschung zugrunde, dass Policies familialisierende und defamilialisierende Wirkungen haben können. Auf Grundlage dieses Rahmens werden zwei Gesetze und deren gleichstellungspolitische Wirkung analysiert (Familienleistungsgesetz und 2. Gesetz für moderne Dienstleistungen am Arbeitsmarkt – Hartz II). Die Arbeit gelangt zu dem Ergebnis, dass trotz der engen Verflechtung der beiden Politikfelder Arbeitsmarkt- und Familienpolitik ein Mismatch zwischen den analysierten Gesetzen besteht. Insbesondere hinsichtlich der geringfügigen Beschäftigung gelangt die Arbeit aus einer gleichstellungspolitischen Perspektive zu dem Urteil, dass sie sich am modernisierten Ernährermodell orientiert und Frauen auf die Rolle als Zuverdienerin festlegt. Auf diese Weise werden Anreize für eine geschlechterspezifische Arbeitsteilung gelegt. / The M.A. thesis deals with current political reforms in the field of family and employment policies. The main question of the analysis is if employment in household and care services is helping to better facilitate work and life balance of women or if they are merely creating feminized jobs in the low wage sector. Based on theories of feminist welfare state research, the policy analysis is looking at recent legislation in Germany promoting employment of domestic workers on the one hand and on the other hand combating irregular employment in private households („Hartz II“, a labour market reform promoting service sector jobs and „Familienleistungsgesetz“ a family policy reform). Focusing on the macro-level the author raised the key question how labour policies regulated domestic work and care work. The analysis concentrates on the objectives of the two recent laws, their implementation and concrete outcomes as well as the political debate. Therefore data from the German employment bureau and the Federal Statistical Office is analysed. Since domestic work mostly affects women - be it as domestic workers to earn a living, or be it as their employers in order to facilitate work and family life – a perspective that allowed investigating the gender equality in Germany is adopted. Therefore the thesis focused not only on domestic workers but also on their employers. In Germany employing domestic workers has become an individual female solution for a general societal problem, the still difficult reconciliation of work and family life.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

The thesis deals with the development of availability of preschool childcare in the Czech Republic after 1990 and its relation to the harmonization of family and working life of women. The aim of this work is to identify possible future perspectives of this development and its potential impact on the economy of the country. In the introduction, it is firstly outlined how the demographic development and the approach to family policy changed in the Czech Republic after 1990. After that follow a specification of the system of preschool care in the Czech Republic and an analysis of development of the availability of preschool childcare and of employment of women in the labour market. For the estimation of future development, a projection of potential candidates for preschool care services and a projection of expected number of mothers with young children in 2020 are conducted. The results of the projections indicate that the current capacity of kindergartens could be sufficient already in the school year 2019/2020, in the context of the decreasing number of live births. Nevertheless, the Czech Republic is likely to fail to fulfil timely the objectives of the European Union for the minimum participation of children in preschool education based on the Barcelona criteria and the strategy Europe 2020. Insufficient...

The aim of this dissertation is to examine approaches to social work dealing with children at risk and their families. Of particular interest to this examination are the processes of social work practice, support of vulnerable children, family's effect upon child's endangered situation as well as the role of family in the process of social work practice with the child. Further subjects of investigation are specific methods and instruments of social work practice with children in need, competence and role of social workers along with legal standards in this field of social work. The first part of the work describes general and theoretical structure of social work practice with socially endangered children. Following part consists of social work methods applied in Mezipatro Children's Centre. The research part includes an analysis of semi- structured interviews conducted with social workers from Mezipatro Children's Centre and is focused on efficiency and risks of social work tools used in Mezipatro Children's Centre.