Servicemen returning from two World Wars were granted assistance in finding work, retraining and other benefits in recognition of the sacrifices they had made. Yet mothers' returning to work after time out bearing and raising children are reliant on a booming economy to obtain even limited entry to the labour market, and the work obtained is very often inferior to the jobs held by women before becoming mothers. Currently due to lower fertility rates and the ageing populations of the world's richer nations, a shortage of working-age people is predicted to continue into at least the middle of the twenty-first century. To overcome this shortfall, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) advises its member states to assist mothers to return to paid work sooner. Most OECD nations are complying, with varying degrees of success. Some policy frameworks make this goal more easily attainable than others. Mothers in liberal welfare states often return to paid work later than they might otherwise prefer. Many returners are overqualified for the work they are doing. While there appears to be relatively few barriers to re-entry, the choice of re-entry occupations are limited and returners are predominantly offered low status jobs with no career opportunities at the back of the job queue and gender queue. Mothers who interrupt their careers by taking a career break for childbearing and rearing generally face downward occupational mobility and loss of lifetime incomes. This thesis assesses the experiences of mothers who return to employment in one liberal nation, New Zealand. It applies Esping-Andersen's three models of welfare states and Reskin and Roos' gender queues model to the situation of returners. The study investigates the precise nature of the obstacles and processes encountered by a number of mothers attempting to resume a career. It argues that social policies matter: returners in countries where state intervention is more widespread and where there is universal, extensive and generous social provision and support for working mothers are economically better off. The research methods include in-depth interviews and a focus group with mothers, a mail questionnaire and interviews with employers, and a study of recent and current New Zealand and overseas government policies to assist working parents. The findings of this thesis are that regardless of skill levels, New Zealand returners are consigned to low status occupations where they are not fully integrated into the 'normal' full-time workforce with career opportunities. These mothers generally suffer more than one episode of returning to the back of the queue. They also earn less (weekly and annually) than mothers who do not take career breaks. The study identifies social policy frameworks and employers' policies and practices as factors contributing to the processes whereby returners are relegated to the back of the queue. Although New Zealand has recently brought in policies to assist mothers to return to paid work these initiatives have not addressed the processes that currently confine returners in low status, part-time employment. Policies similar to those created to specifically target the needs of ex-servicemen would go a long toward assisting mothers to access higher status and better-paid jobs at the head of the queue. The thesis concludes with policy recommendations to facilitate mothers' integration into such jobs.

Home-based work employing information and communications technologies (telework) is held up in contemporary academic literatures, policy formulations and the popular media as the cure to a panoply of contemporary problems, particularly the difficulties of combining caring responsibilities and careers. This thesis takes up the question of how teleworkers talk about and practise home-based business. It pivots on the exploration of the simultaneity of parenting, partnering and paid work for home-based business people. The 'teleworking tales' of eleven home-based entrepreneurs form the heart of the thesis, as they discuss their negotiation of 'home' and 'work' where the usual temporal and spatial boundaries between these arenas are removed. While previous studies assume that telework is 'family-friendly', most do not investigate the perspectives of other family members on the effect of home-based business on their households and relationships. This thesis speaks into this silence in the literature by contextualising telework within family relations, including as participants the partners, children and child care workers of the eleven home-based businesswomen and men, interviewing thirty people in all. Three strands of analysis regarding discourses of the organisation, domesticity and entrepreneurship were pursued in relation to these 'teleworking tales'. It was found that these 'tales' were told differently by teleworking women and men, the women focusing on the untenable nature of continued organisational employment as women and mothers, while the men established home-based businesses because of declining employment security and redundancy. In the midst of these constituting relations, the discursive injunction to be a 'fit worker' and a 'good parent' had different implications for the women and men; where as the women negotiated home-based entrepreneurship through domesticity, the men navigated their way around domesticity in order to maintain a singular focus on their businesses. The effect of the cross-cutting axes of domesticity and entrepreneurship significantly curtailed the opportunity for teleworking to represent a new crafting of the relationship between 'home' and 'work' as teleworkers negotiated the simultaneous demands their families and businesses made upon them. It was also the case that home-based businesses were a source of pleasure and of productive forms of power which encouraged home-based entrepreneurs to watch over and discipline themselves. The research unfolds as both a warning and a promise with regard to the 'choice' to telework, in terms of what is 'chosen' and how that is 'controlled'. It is particularly a contribution to current debates regarding the complex patterning of gendered and familial practices which continually fragment the freedoms promised by the discourse of entrepreneurship.

There are many potential determinants of women?s labour supply including wages, unearned income, human capital endowments, demographic characteristics and family traits. Fertility behaviour, including the number of children and age of children, is also an important factor in women’s labour supply decisions. Many factors which affect women’s decisions on participating in the labour market and hours of work are also key influences on their decisions on starting a family and having a desired number of children. This thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of the determinants of labour supply and fertility behaviour of Australian women. Using cross-sectional data, labour supply models corrected for sample selection bias, and fertility models examining different aspects of family size, the thesis finds that women’s labour supply decisions are largely influenced by their wages and fertility behaviour. Their decisions on completed fertility, starting a family and having additional children are largely influenced by their actual or potential wages.

Thesis (M.S.)--Eastern Illinois University, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-97).

Thesis (M.G.S.)--Miami University, Dept. of Sociology and Gerontology, 2004. / Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 35-37).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:47:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaCCC_DISSERT.pdf: 1211717 bytes, checksum: b5ad649e07e3a5cf0a918bac46944489 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-12 / The present study aims to analyze the nurse s work process at Family Health Strategy, considering its basic elements and dynamic, and searching to identify aspects that may constitute strengths and weaknesses in its development. This is an analytical case study, with qualitative approach and theoretical-conceptual mark grounded in Dialectic Hermeneutics. Empirical research fields were the Family Health Units of Natal, RN, Brazil. The subjects are nurses working in this Strategy. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured individual interviews combined with field observation. The research was initiated after approval by the Ethics Committee of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, according to the guidelines and rules for research involving humans (Resolution 466/12), ensuring proper ethical precepts. The project was approved by register number 398.929, CAAE 19588813.7.0000.5537. From the 9 interviewed nurses, 8 were female and 1 male, average age of 52 years, average graduation time of 27 years and average time they stayed at the same Family Health territory of 7 years. It was found that it is up to the professional nurse in the Family Health care the important role of taking care of human beings in their life, family and community contexts, producing conditions to meet their needs through therapeutic act in health, using for such purpose both materials and immaterial instruments. It was possible to relate aspects that characterize strengths and weaknesses in the work process of nurses in the ESF, according to the speech of the interviewed workers, including the meanings and contradictions. Among the potentialities observed, it was possible to highlight the wide role of the nurse at Family Health; the perception of nurses about teamwork; the relative autonomy of nurses; the commitment of professionals to work; Humanization as a technology; the presence of other agents at work, such as directors and officers at the primary health units; the professional s experience time and contract type in the case studied. As weaknesses in the work process of nurses at Family Health Strategy, were highlighted the limited skills of the workforce; the difficulty in 10 identifying specific limits of the work of nurses in this scenario; the disturbances that occur in the process, the existing gaps in multiprofessional teams; Structural deficits of the units in the studied case, the low coverage of the Family Health in the county, and the political vulnerability of the work conditions. It is considered necessary to understand the dilemmas experienced in everyday life of nurses at Family Health Strategy as part of multiprofessional teams, facing actual achievement of changes in work processes necessary for the reorientation of health care in Brazil. In accordance, it is necessary to promote proper working conditions and welfare of labor agents which are protagonists the work at the United Health System / O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar o processo de trabalho do enfermeiro na Estrat?gia Sa?de da Fam?lia (ESF), considerando seus elementos b?sicos e din?mica, e buscando identificar aspectos que possam configurar potencialidades e fragilidades no seu desenvolvimento. Trata-se de um estudo de caso anal?tico, com abordagem qualitativa e marco te?rico-metodol?gico na Hermen?utica Dial?tica. Foram campos emp?ricos da pesquisa as Unidades de Sa?de da Fam?lia do munic?pio de Natal, RN, Brasil. Os sujeitos do estudo s?o enfermeiros que atuam nessa Estrat?gia. A coleta de informa??es foi realizada atrav?s de entrevista individual semiestruturada aliada ? observa??o de campo. Foi iniciada ap?s aprova??o no Comit? de ?tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, conforme diretrizes e normas regulamentadoras de pesquisas envolvendo seres humanos (resolu??o 466/12), assegurando os devidos preceitos ?ticos. O projeto foi aprovado pelo parecer de n?mero 398.929, CAAE 19588813.7.0000.5537. Dos 9 enfermeiros entrevistados, s?o 8 do sexo feminino e 1 masculino, com m?dia de idade de 52 anos, m?dia de tempo de gradua??o de 27 anos e tempo m?dio de perman?ncia num mesmo territ?rio da ESF de 7 anos. Verificou-se que cabe ao profissional enfermeiro na Sa?de da Fam?lia o importante papel de cuidar do ser humano em seus contextos de vida, fam?lia e comunidade, produzindo condi??es ? satisfa??o de suas necessidades atrav?s do agir terap?utico em sa?de, utilizando para tanto instrumentos materiais e imateriais. Foi poss?vel relacionar aspectos que configuram potencialidades e fragilidades no processo de trabalho do enfermeiro na ESF, segundo o discurso dos trabalhadores entrevistados, incluindo-se os sentidos e contradi??es. Entre as potencialidades, foram destacadas o papel ampliado do enfermeiro na ESF; a percep??o do enfermeiro sobre o trabalho em equipe; a autonomia relativa do enfermeiro; o compromisso dos profissionais com o trabalho; a Humaniza??o como tecnologia; a presen?a de outros agentes no trabalho, como diretores e administradores nas Unidades B?sicas de Sa?de; o tempo de 8 experi?ncia e a forma de vincula??o dos profissionais no caso estudado; e a ades?o do munic?pio de Natal/RN a estrat?gias e programas federais no ?mbito da sa?de. Como fragilidades no processo de trabalho do enfermeiro na Sa?de da Fam?lia, foram apontadas a limitada qualifica??o da for?a de trabalho; a dif?cil delimita??o das especificidades do trabalho do enfermeiro nesse cen?rio; os transtornos que ocorrem no processo; as lacunas persistentes nas equipes multiprofissionais; os d?ficits estruturais das UBS no caso em estudo; a baixa cobertura da Estrat?gia no munic?pio; e a vulnerabilidade pol?tica das condi??es para a realiza??o do trabalho. Considera-se necess?rio compreender os dilemas vivenciados no cotidiano dos enfermeiros da Sa?de da Fam?lia, como parte de equipes multiprofissionais, tendo em vista a conquista real de mudan?as nos processos de trabalho, necess?rias ? reorienta??o do modelo de aten??o ? sa?de brasileiro. Em conson?ncia, ? preciso promover condi??es de trabalho adequadas e o bem estar dos agentes que protagonizam do trabalho no Sistema ?nico de Sa?de

Submitted by Carolina Aguiar (carol_aguiar@terra.com.br) on 2016-08-01T12:12:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_CarolinaAguiar.pdf: 3322047 bytes, checksum: 97fb54948e2633d5394f65eb4f25eb1a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Oliveira Santos Dilzaná (dilznana@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-05-29T14:53:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_CarolinaAguiar.pdf: 3322047 bytes, checksum: 97fb54948e2633d5394f65eb4f25eb1a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-29T14:53:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_CarolinaAguiar.pdf: 3322047 bytes, checksum: 97fb54948e2633d5394f65eb4f25eb1a (MD5) / FAPESB / A presente tese nasce da intenção de oferecer uma contribuição ao campo de estudo do comportamento humano nas organizações, mais especificamente das diferentes formas de vinculação do indivíduo com a organização na qual está inserido, tendo como ponto de partida o pressuposto de que tal comportamento não deve ser explicado exclusivamente com base em variáveis ocupacionais e organizacionais. Para tal, optou-se pela utilização de construtos oriundos do campo das interfaces entre o trabalho e a família, já que eles representam variáveis que não são exclusivas do ambiente de trabalho, mas também não são totalmente desvinculadas dele. Para a condução do estudo, dois vínculos organizacionais foram contemplados – o comprometimento e o entrincheiramento organizacional – sendo a sua escolha pautada na necessidade de continuidade de uma agenda de pesquisa que pretende melhor delimitar esses vínculos, tendo no estudo de seus antecedentes uma etapa importante e urgente. No campo das interfaces entre trabalho e família, dois construtos também foram contemplados: o conflito trabalho-família e a interface positiva entre trabalho e família. Trata-se de duas perspectivas antagônicas, mas não excludentes, de compreensão das formas como a combinação dessas duas esferas da vida pode ser percebida pelos indivíduos. Diante disso, a tese traçou como objetivo geral avaliar o potencial dos construtos relativos às duas perspectivas sobre a interface trabalho-família de contribuírem para ampliar a delimitação empírica entre os vínculos de comprometimento e entrincheiramento organizacional. Para alcançá-lo, entretanto, algumas etapas preliminares revelaram-se imprescindíveis, envolvendo a análise conceitual das interfaces entre trabalho e família e, ainda, a proposta de instrumentos de medida adequados para a população brasileira. Participaram do estudo um total de 646 trabalhadores de diferentes organizações e segmentos ocupacionais. Dois instrumentos de pesquisa foram utilizados: o primeiro deles foi composto por escalas relativas à interface positiva entre trabalho e família e respondido por 200 participantes com o objetivo de alcançar uma versão preliminar da medida a ser proposta. O segundo instrumento, aplicado nos demais 446 participantes, contemplou todos os construtos da pesquisa, contendo as escala de comprometimento organizacional, de entrincheiramento organizacional, do conflito e da interface positiva entre trabalho e família, além de medidas complementares como a escala de suporte organizacional e de adequação familiar e, ainda, de dados sócio-demográficos. Para as análises de validação, foram realizadas análises fatoriais exploratórias (método de extração PAF e rotação direct oblimin) e confirmatórias (através da modelagem por equações estruturais), além de observados os índices de consistência interna. Para as investigações envolvendo as relações entre as interfaces trabalho-família e os vínculos organizacionais, foram utilizadas análises descritivas, regressões lineares múltiplas (método Enter) e, ainda, análises de clusters. O trabalho obteve como principais resultados a proposta de medidas válidas e fidedignas para a mensuração do conflito e da interface positiva entre o trabalho e a família. Além disso, os resultados apontaram que as interfaces entre as duas esferas da vida foram capazes de predizer, de forma significativa, ambos os vínculos organizacionais, apresentando padrões de relações substancialmente distintos com cada um deles. Ademais, foi possível identificar que as interfaces entre o trabalho e a família desempenharam importante papel quando os dois vínculos foram considerados simultaneamente. Conclui-se, portanto, que, a presente tese foi capaz de contribuir de forma significativa com os dois campos de estudo nos quais está inserida, oferecendo evidências adicionais sobre os limites empíricos entre o comprometimento e o entrincheiramento organizacional, além de fortalecer a perspectiva de que os comportamentos humanos na organização devem ser compreendidos com base em variáveis internas e externas ao ambiente de trabalho. / The thesis intends to bring a contribution to the study of human behavior in the organizations, more specifically to the different manners individuals are bonded with the organization in which are inserted, assuming as starting point that behavior must not be exclusively explained based on occupational and organizational variables. With that purpose, this study utilized constructs originated in the work and family interface, once they represent variables not exclusively from the working environment, but also not entirely detached to them. Two organizational linkages served as pillars to the study – commitment and entrenchment – and they have been chosen due to the necessity of a study agenda intended to better delimit those linkages, as well as the urgency and importance of the investigation of their antecedents. In the work and family interface field of study, two constructs were also contemplated: the work-family conflict and the positive interface between work and family. They are opposite perspectives, but not excluding concepts, of understanding the ways the combinations of those two spheres of life may be realized by individuals. In this context, the thesis presents as general goal evaluating the potential of the constructs concerning both perspectives of work and family interface so it contributes to broadening the empiric delimitation between the linkages of organizational commitment and entrenchment. Nevertheless, in order to achieve it, specific preliminary steps are essential, which involve the conceptual analysis of work and family interface, as well as the proposal of adequate measuring instruments to the Brazilian population. The study comprised a total of 646 workers from different organizations and occupational sectors. Two research instruments were utilized: the first one was formed by scales regarding the positive work and family interface and was answered by 200 participants to achieve a preliminary version of the measures to be proposed. The second instrument, applied to the remaining 446 participants, comprised all constructs from the research, including the organizational commitment, organizational entrenchment and positive work and family interface scales, as well as complementary measures such as the organizational support scale, family adequacy and social-demographic data. For the validation analysis, the study performed exploratory (PAF extraction method and direct oblimin rotation) and confirmatory (via structural equations modeling) factorial analyses, as well as the verification of the internal consistency. For the investigation of the relation between work and family interface and organizational linkages, the study utilized descriptive analyses, multiple linear regressions (Enter method) and cluster analyses. The thesis obtained as main result the proposal of valid and reliable tools for measuring the conflict and the positive interface between work and family. Furthermore, the results indicated that the two spheres of life interface were capable of substantially predicting both organizational linkages, presenting relationship patterns considerably distinct from each of them. Moreover, it was possible to identify that the work and family interfaces perform an important role when two linkages were simultaneously considered. In conclusion, the thesis could significantly contribute with the two fields of study in which it is inserted, offering additional evidences about empirical limits between organizational commitment and entrenchment, along with strengthening the perspective that human behavior in the organizations must be understood based on internal and external variables to the work environment.

Cette thèse compare deux pays dont les niveaux de fécondité sont très différents et se pose la question de savoir dans quelle mesure les dispositifs des politiques familiales, et notamment les mesures qui permettent aux femmes de concilier activité professionnelle et vie familiale expliquent cette différence. Les deux pays ont en effet en commun de consacrer proportionnellement un même pourcentage de leur PIB pour soutenir les familles. Or la conciliation entre vie familiale et vie professionnelle est différemment soutenue. Tandis qu’en France les dispositifs et les modes de gardes pour les enfants d’âge préscolaire permettent une rapide reprise de l’activité professionnelle pour les femmes après une naissance, en Hongrie c’est une longue interruption de cette activité qui est soutenue avec les allocations-interruption. Ce système, hérité des années 1960-1990 influence la durée de l’inactivité des femmes qui est en moyenne de 4,7 ans après une naissance. Les mentalités soutiennent d’ailleurs ce mode de fonctionnement puisque les normes sociales préconisent en Hongrie la garde maternelle avant l’âge de trois ans des enfants. Ces normes sont toutefois en train de changer, les femmes jeunes étant plus permissives et souhaitant travailler plus rapidement après une naissance. La quasi obligation de quitter le marché du travail après une naissance a comme résultat que le statut professionnel influence significativement la réalisation des intentions de fécondité en Hongrie tandis qu’en France, en conséquence d’une plus grande neutralité des politiques familiales, le statut professionnel joue moins sur ces intentions dont la réalisation est d’ailleurs plus fréquente. / This dissertation compares two countries in which the level of fertility is very different and explores to which extent these differences can be explained with current family policy measures and in particular with measures that permit women to reconcile employment and family life. Both countries devote the same proportion of their GDP to families, but they support the reconciliation between work and family life differently. While in France the measures and the childcare facilities for children below three allow women to resume work quickly after a birth, long career interruptions are supported in Hungary. The measures, inherited from the era of state-socialism, have an important impact on the duration of career interruptions of women: after a birth, the mean length of these interruptions is about 4.7 years.At the meantime people’s mentality supports this organisation of family life after a birth since social norms require maternal childcare until the age of three. Yet, these norms are changing and younger women are more permissive and wish to resume work more quickly. The almost obligation to take up parental leave after a birth means that women’s employment status has a significant effect on the realisation of fertility intentions in Hungary. In France, on the contrary, as a result of the more neutral family policy, employment status has less effect on the realisation of fertility intentions, and moreover, these intentions are more often realised than in Hungary.

The present paper will analyze, in the first place, the state of reconciliation of work, personal and family life, pointing those deficiencies that are presented, and the obstacles on the development of this right. Additionally, it will analyze if the establishment of a basic income could be an incentive to this reconciliation or, to the contrary, it could have an adverse effect, this seen from a gender perspective. / El presente estudio analizará, en primer lugar, el estado de la conciliación de la vida personal, familiar y laboral, señalando aquellas carencias que presenta y los obstáculos del desarrollo de este derecho. Adicionalmente, se analizará si el establecimiento de una renta básica puede ser un incentivo a la conciliación, o en cambio sería perjudicial, esto último visto desde la perspectiva del género.

The diploma thesis deals with the relationship between the system of pre-school care and the posi- tion of women with small children on the labor market in the Czech Republic. The purpose of this thesis is to find out whether the insufficient capacity of pre-school care facilities has a negative im- pact on the employment of Czech women and which other determinants can affect the employment of women with small children. The analysis uses an individual data from the Labor Force Survey in 2013 supported by data from the Czech Statistical Office and the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports. At first, this thesis deals with demographic development of the population after 1990. Following is the definition of pre-school care system in the Czech Republic and a description of the development of the availability of pre-school care services. Diploma thesis is then devoted to the situation of women with small children in the labor market and to the potential negative impacts associated with the limited possibilities for harmonizing family and work life balance. Finally, an analysis is made. As a result, we can sum up that there is no significant impact of the lack of availa- bility of pre-school care on young children mother's ability to work. From the point of view of other socio-demographic...