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A função de trabalho de escritório e suas atividades pertinentes, cada vez mais se fundem com a rotina da vida doméstica dos grandes centros urbanos, impulsionados pelas novas tecnologias de comunicação e informação, pelas novas modalidades de relações trabalhistas e pela condição de mobilidade urbana cada vez mais caótica. Os lançamentos imobiliários recentes adotaram o Home Office em seus prospectos de vendas como mais um atrativo na decisão de compra do cliente, o que pode ser analisado como uma tendência de que o mercado promotor de unidades habitacionais esteja indo de encontro com as necessidades e exigências dos usuários e o Escritório Residencial é uma delas. Em um primeiro momento, este trabalho investiga as inserções dos espaços para o trabalho de escritório nos lançamentos imobiliários com o objetivo de identificar quais os ambientes que cederam área física ou que coexistem com as atividades desta função; e, posteriormente investiga as condições dos postos de trabalho no que se refere a algumas questões ergonômicas, estudando estas condições à luz de parâmetros de conforto pré estabelecidos. / The office work and its activities are mixing with the routine of the domestic life of the great urban centers, stimulated by new communication and information technologies, new modalities of working relationships and the chaotic conditions of urban mobility. The recent real estate launchings had adopted the home office in its sales prospects as one plus attractive in the customers decision of purchase, what it can be analyzed as a trend of that the promotional market of dwelling units target is to supply the necessities and requirements of the users and the home office is one of them. This research investigates the insertions of the spaces for the office work in the residential real estate launchings with the objective to identify to which the environments that had yielded physical area or that they coexist with the activities of this function; and, later investigates the work place conditions, analyzing some human factors questions, comparing these conditions with the comfort standards.

A função de trabalho de escritório e suas atividades pertinentes, cada vez mais se fundem com a rotina da vida doméstica dos grandes centros urbanos, impulsionados pelas novas tecnologias de comunicação e informação, pelas novas modalidades de relações trabalhistas e pela condição de mobilidade urbana cada vez mais caótica. Os lançamentos imobiliários recentes adotaram o Home Office em seus prospectos de vendas como mais um atrativo na decisão de compra do cliente, o que pode ser analisado como uma tendência de que o mercado promotor de unidades habitacionais esteja indo de encontro com as necessidades e exigências dos usuários e o Escritório Residencial é uma delas. Em um primeiro momento, este trabalho investiga as inserções dos espaços para o trabalho de escritório nos lançamentos imobiliários com o objetivo de identificar quais os ambientes que cederam área física ou que coexistem com as atividades desta função; e, posteriormente investiga as condições dos postos de trabalho no que se refere a algumas questões ergonômicas, estudando estas condições à luz de parâmetros de conforto pré estabelecidos. / The office work and its activities are mixing with the routine of the domestic life of the great urban centers, stimulated by new communication and information technologies, new modalities of working relationships and the chaotic conditions of urban mobility. The recent real estate launchings had adopted the home office in its sales prospects as one plus attractive in the customers decision of purchase, what it can be analyzed as a trend of that the promotional market of dwelling units target is to supply the necessities and requirements of the users and the home office is one of them. This research investigates the insertions of the spaces for the office work in the residential real estate launchings with the objective to identify to which the environments that had yielded physical area or that they coexist with the activities of this function; and, later investigates the work place conditions, analyzing some human factors questions, comparing these conditions with the comfort standards.

Work and family are the most important spheres of human¡¦s life. These two spheres are not independent of each other. Work-family conflict arises when negative attitudes intrude into the other domain, or when experiences and intense involvement in one domain interfere with active participation in the other domain. It may cause absenteeism or turnover intentions. However, employees whose organizations provided work-family support report less work-to-family conflict. Telework is a common work-family supportive strategy. Teleworkers can periodic work out of the principal office, one or more days per week either at home, in a client¡¦s site, or in a teleworker center and aided by computer and telecommunication. Moreover, SOHO (Small Office, Home Office) is another popular work arrangement nowadays. Comparing with teleworkers, they are self-employed. Although combining work and family may help employees balance their work and family, the blurring of the boundary always make them feel even they are home they can¡¦t get away from work. The aim of this study is to gain an understanding of the work-family conflict, sex division of labor, job involvement and work-family conflict of these working-at-home employees. Below are the discoveries of this thesis: 1.The boundary between work and family is dynamic. When the life cycle of work and family changes the boundaries also changes. 2.Homeworkers did perceive work-family conflicts. Within six types of work-family conflicts, time-based work-to-family conflicts, strain-based work-to-family conflicts and strain-based family-to-work conflicts were the biggest problems for them. 3.The reasons why they choose working at home were work-related. Even women with children didn¡¦t work at home for family-related reasons. Moreover, almost all couples shared responsibility for housework. But working at home was not the only reason for the change of the sex division of labor. 4.Almost all homeworkers admitted that their job involvements were too high. The high job involvements might due to their work values, family values and family support.

隨著經濟、社會結構的轉變、產業結構之調整，雇主為了精簡組織、節省成本，將非企業之核心知識以外包的方式來節省成本；而科技的發展、網際網路的發達，越來越多的人選擇在家工作，使居家工作似乎成為一種時髦的工作型態。 居家工作之運用對雇主來說似乎為一項利多，但對於居家工作者而言，可能連帶引起許多問題，居家工作者通常居於薄弱的議價地位，他們的工作條件是否能及得上從事相同工作的一般勞工？將工作帶入家庭，工作與家庭生活是否能調和？本研究以使用資訊、科技等設備的居家工作者為研究對象，探討他們可能遭遇的工作條件與生活問題。 本研究之發現如下： 一、工作條件問題： 雇主對居家工作的看法（工作內容是否為主要業務）以及僱用關係均會對居家工作者的工作條件產生影響。僱用及非僱用關係的居家工作者均有需配合趕工（無加班費，且需在週末及夜晚趕工）、缺乏職業健康安全措施之保護等問題；另外非僱用關係居家工作者與委託者大部分以口頭約定工作，使得工作內容不明確，致工作來源、工作量、工作條件不穩定，且在社會安全制度適用上困難、教育訓練機會缺乏。 二、生活問題： 工作與家庭生活結合易產生時間與空間的競合，以及角色的重疊容易將工作情緒帶入家庭，進而影響生活品質。其中居家工作者認為「時間配置」的問題，最易影響生活品質。 在家工作之後會減少與人群接觸的機會，大部分是以網路溝通取代面對面溝通，多少會與社會產生疏離。長時間工作會壓縮跟家人相處的時間，且趕工的壓力亦會影響生活品質。但居家工作者多願意配合趕工，也就是說他們的「工作投入」優先於「家庭投入」。 三、因應策略： 非僱用關係居家工作者的工作條件必須以書面記載，並詳列委託條件、雙方權益義務等。契約的格式必須統一規範，而不是由委託者片面決定。加強居家工作者自我健康管理的認知，落實居家工作者及其雇主之登記制度。政府應儘速規劃一套規範制度，避免居家工作成為雇主逃避責任的工具。 工作與生活界線之管理，工作應儘量與一般日常的活動切割，例如以不同的活動作為分隔（送小孩去保姆家後開始工作）、訂定工作時間表。而居家工作者本身必須具有良好的適應力，可以因應將工作帶入家庭產生的壓力，以及自我約束、自我激勵，不因干擾而影響工作品質。

This thesis describes a concept of telework, its background, diffusion and penetration, the European Framework Agreement on Telework and provides a detailed analysis of home office as one form of telework in Czech Republic and Germany during the financial crisis. Evaluating the impacts of the financial crisis on using this form of flexible working is based on statistical data, researches and case studies from both countries and on interviews with representatives of two companies located in Czech Republic and two companies located in Germany which practice home office. The research is completed with an interview with a telework service provider.

Denna studie fokuserar på villkor för lärande i arbete i samband med hemarbete på grund av den globala covid-19-pandemi som råder för tillfället. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur konsulter upplever villkorenför lärande i arbete under hemarbetet. Studien utgår från ett arbetsplatslärandeperspektiv, vilket innebär att arbetsplatser ses som lärandemiljöer (Billett, 2001). Forskning om lärandet i arbetet delas ofta upp i formellt och informellt lärande (Tynjälä, 2008). Centralt för informellt lärande i arbetet är att kollegor lär sigtillsammans, vilket styrker arbetsgruppens betydelse (Cuel, 2020). Eftersom sociala relationer i arbetet ses som ett betydande villkor för informellt lärande, är det viktigt att arbetsplatser erbjuder diskussionsmöjligheter för kollegor emellan (Billett, 2001). Ellström (1996b) menar även att bland annat arbetsmässiga mål utgör viktiga villkor för lärande i arbetet vid sidan av delad kunskap.Studien baseras på intervjuer med sex konsulter som arbetar hemma under covid-19-pandemi. Intervjuerna har analyserats tematiskt för att kunna få fram en strukturerad förståelse av konsulternas upplevelser av villkor för lärande i arbete vid hemarbete. Studiens resultat visar att villkoren för sociala relationer i konsulternas arbete spelar en nyckelroll för lärande vid hemarbete. Kollegors närvaro är viktigt för att kunna dela arbetsrelaterad kunskap. Detta gör att fungerande digitala verktyg för kommunikation blir ett betydelsefullt lärandevillkor vid hemarbete. Att kunna pröva sig fram i arbetet visar sig också vara centralt för konsulters lärande vid hemarbete. Tydliga mål i arbetet formar i sin tur grunden för lärandet i dagliga arbetsuppgifter.Avsaknaden av en fysisk gemensam arbetsplats är däremot uppenbar bland konsulterna, vilket kan ses som en utmaning för lärande vid hemarbete. De möjligheter som studien specificerar för lärande vid hemarbetevisar hur möten kan hållas och kunskap delas platsoberoende. / This study focuses on conditions for learning in work associated with working at home due to the global covid-19-pandemic. The purpose of this study is to investigate how consultants experience conditions for learning in work during working at home. This study is based on the workplace learning perspective, which means that workplaces can be seen as environments for learning (Billett, 2001). Research about learning in work is often divided into formal and informal learning (Tynjälä, 2008). It is central for informal learning in work, that employees are learning with each other, which strengthens the meaning of the working group (Cuel, 2020). Because of social relations seem to be a considerable condition for informal learning in work, it isimportant that workplaces offer possibilities for discussions between coworkers (Billett, 2001). Ellström (1996b) means too that work goals constitute important conditions for learning in work beside shared knowledge. The study is based on interviews of six consultants who are working at homes during covid-19-pandemic. The interviews have been thematically analyzed to get a structured understanding of consultant’s experiencesof conditions for learning in work during work at home. Results in this study shows that conditions for social relations in consultants’ work are in a key role for learning while working at home. The presence of colleagues is significantly important in sharing of working related information. For this to be likely, functional digital tools for communication turned out to be particularly significant. To be able to try out in work seem also to be central for consultants learning in work at homes. Clear goals for its part form the ground for learning in daily working tasks. The lack of a physical common workplace, on the other hand, is obvious which points out obstacles that working at home results in learning. Possibilities that this study specifies for learning during work at home show how meetings can be hold and knowledge is shared independent of the location.

Abstract This thesis is mainly discussed about the new work type in the information network society, that is telework (or telecommuting).. The author has accomplished interviews with different teleworks who work at different places and their managers.. The purpose of this research is to have a overall understanding and comparison of each teleworker¡¦s function and their daily operation, and discuss the related human resources management issues. There is no other thesis discussing about the management of each type of teleworker, the authour recorded the interviewees¡¦ background and their motivation of being teleworkers, also the reaction of their companies support; In the meantime, the authour interviewed with the managers who manage the teleworkers, understood and analyzed each successful and unsuccessful case, attemped to provide the managers for more practical suggestion. . The economy is recovering very slowly, many enterprises have paid a lot of effort to reduce their operation cost in order to survive in the recession situation. Telework is a flexible work type that can reduce both office expenses and labor cost. The author also attempts to provide some useful suggestions to the business owners, managers, human resources managers that have not had any experience of managing the teleworkers.