The use of pre-hardened mold steels has increased appreciably over the years; more than 80% of the plastic mold steels are used in pre-hardened condition. These steels are delivered to the customer in finished state i.e. there is no need of any post treatment. With hardness around ~40HRC, they have properties such as good polishability, good weldability, corrosion resistance and thermal conductivity. Machinability is a very important parameter in pre-hardened mold steels as it has a direct impact on the cost of the mold. In normal machining operations involving intricate or near net shapes, machining constitutes around 60% of the total mold cost. Efforts are underway to explore every possible way to reduce costs associated with machining and to make production more economical. All the possible parameters which are considered to affect the machinability are being investigated by the researchers. This thesis work focuses on the effect of prior austenite grain size on the machinability of pre-hardened mold steel (Uddeholm Nimax).  Austenitizing temperatures and holding times were varied to obtain varying grain sized microstructures in different samples of the same material. As it was difficult to delineate prior-austenite grain boundaries, experimental and empirical methods were employed to obtain reference values. These different grain sized samples were thereafter subjected to machining tests, using two sets of cutting parameters. Maximum flank wear depth=0.2mm was defined for one series of test which were more akin to rough machining, and machining length of 43200mm or maximum wear depth=0.2mm were defined for second series of tests which were similar to finishing machining. The results were obtained after careful quantative and qualitative analysis of cutting tools. The results obtained for Uddeholm Nimax seemed to indicate that larger grain sized material was easier to machine. However, factors such as retained austenite content and work hardening on machined surface, which lead to degradation of machining operations were also taken into consideration. Uddeholm Nimax showed better machinability in large grained samples as retained austenite(less than 2%) content was minimal in the large grained sample. Small grained sample in Uddeholm Nimax had a higher retained austenite (7+2%) which resulted in degradation of machining operation and a lesser cutting tool life.

Es wird untersucht, ob in Schneckenextrudern verwendete Förderelemente aus Stahl durch das Oberflächenfeinwalzen der schraubförmigen Mantelfläche gleichzeitig geglättet und verfestigt werden können. Steigungsprofile, zu denen auch die Förderelemente zählen, werden bislang oft nach der Hauptformgebung wärmebehandelt und im harten Werkstoffzustand spanend feinbearbeitet. Formgebung, Wärmebehandlung und Feinbearbeitung sind voneinander getrennte Prozessschritte. In dieser Arbeit besteht das Ziel, die Verfahrenseingangsgrößen für die Kombination aus Formgebung und definierter lokaler Werkstoffverfestigung beim Walzen zu erarbeiten. Zu diesem Zweck werden sowohl am Steigungsprofil selbst als auch an einem davon abgeleiteten Rotationsprofil simulative, experimentelle sowie analytische Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Es werden geometrische, kinematische und werkstofftechnische Gesichtspunkte beleuchtet. Aufbauend auf dem Vergleich zwischen Simulationsergebnissen mit der Finite-Elemente-Methode und im Versuch ermittelten Daten werden Haupteinflussfaktoren auf die geometrischen Abweichungen sowie die Härtesteigerung in der Bauteilrandschicht ermittelt. Mit Hilfe eines neu entwickelten sensorischen Werkstückträgers wird die Drehbewegung des Werkstücks erfasst. Aus den analytischen Betrachtungen wird schließlich ein Modell zur qualitativen Beschreibung des Walzkraftverlaufs abgeleitet, das zur Vorauswahl von Verfahrenseingangsgrößen genutzt werden kann. Im Ergebnis wiederholter Messungen wird deutlich, dass mit der geometrischen Gestaltung einer Walzvorform gezielt Einfluss auf Umformgrad und damit Verfestigung im Bauteil genommen werden kann. An den untersuchten hochfesten korrosionsbeständigen austenitischen Stählen ist eine Verdopplung der Halbzeughärte möglich. Die beim Spanen der Vorformen auftretenden Formabweichungen haben großen Einfluss auf die Beschaffenheit der Zielgeometrie sowie die erzielbare Härtesteigerung. Durch Kenntnis der realen Werkstückdrehbewegung während des Walzens lassen sich Rückschlüsse auf die Werkzeuggestaltung und die Walzparameter ziehen. Aufgrund der Untersuchungsergebnisse wird das Verfahren für die Anwendung an korrosionsbeständigen Bauteilen mit mittleren Verschleißschutzanforderungen empfohlen.:1 Einleitung 2 Stand der Technik 3 Zielstellung der Arbeit 4 Beschaffenheit der Werkstücke und Werkzeuge 5 Modellbildung mit Hilfe der FEM 6 Versuchsvorbereitung und Eingangsgrößen 7 Vergleich der Verfahrenskenngrößen in Simulation und Experiment 8 Analytisches Modell zur qualitativen Vorhersage der Walzkraft 9 Bauteileigenschaften nach dem Walzen 10 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick / A combined surface burnishing and mechanical hardening process for steel conveying elements in screw extruders is examined. Helical profiles, that also comprise conveying elements, are often heat treated after shaping followed by fine processing. Shaping, heat treatment and fine processing are sequential process steps. This work deals with the investigation of rolling process parameters that enable both low geometrical deviations and high work hardening of the screw material. For this purpose, helical and axisymmetric profiles are analyzed with simulative, experimental and analytical methods. The investigations highlight geometrical, kinematical and material-related aspects. The main factors with influence on screw geometry and hardness increase in the component subsurface are investigated by means of the comparison between simulative and experimental results. An intelligent workpiece carrier is applied to analyze the part rotation. Based upon analytical observations, a calculation model for the prediction of the rolling force curve over workpiece rotation is developed. This model supports predefining the process input variables. Repeated measurements indicate that the geometrical design of the machined preforms allows for individual strain and hence hardness distributions in the part subsurface. Hardness can be doubled in the investigated corrosion resistant austenitic high strength steels. Form deviations of the part and hardness increase are strongly dependent on geometrical deviations of the preform. Knowledge of part rotation during rolling enables to draw conclusions for tool design and rolling parameters. Based on the results it is suggested to apply the rolling procedure to parts in environments which require high corrosion resistance and moderate wear resistance.:1 Einleitung 2 Stand der Technik 3 Zielstellung der Arbeit 4 Beschaffenheit der Werkstücke und Werkzeuge 5 Modellbildung mit Hilfe der FEM 6 Versuchsvorbereitung und Eingangsgrößen 7 Vergleich der Verfahrenskenngrößen in Simulation und Experiment 8 Analytisches Modell zur qualitativen Vorhersage der Walzkraft 9 Bauteileigenschaften nach dem Walzen 10 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick

FCC組織を有する純金属と合金において強ひずみ加工法の1つである側方押出し加工（ECAP）法を用いて超微細結晶材を作製し，ECAPの各段階における力学特性と微細組織を調査した．微細組織形成過程におけるセル壁の形成から結晶粒界の形成に着目し，積層欠陥エネルギーと固溶原子による固溶強化の効果の観点から，強ひずみ加工における加工硬化ステージの推移と微細組織形成の関係を議論した. / 博士(工学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

Microtrusses are hybrid materials composed of a three-dimensional array of struts capable of efficiently transmitting an externally applied load. The strut connectivity of microtrusses enables them to behave in a stretch-dominated fashion, allowing higher specific strength and stiffness values to be reached than conventional metal foams. While much attention has been given to the optimization of microtruss architectures, little attention has been given to the strengthening mechanisms inside the materials that make up this architecture. This thesis examines strengthening mechanisms in aluminum alloy and copper alloy microtruss systems with and without a reinforcing structural coating. C11000 microtrusses were stretch-bend fabricated for the first time; varying internal truss angles were selected in order to study the accumulating effects of plastic deformation and it was found that the mechanical performance was significantly enhanced in the presence of work hardening with the peak strength increasing by a factor of three. The C11000 microtrusses could also be significantly reinforced with sleeves of electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni-53wt%Fe. It was found that the strength increase from work hardening and electrodeposition were additive over the range of structures considered. The AA2024 system allowed the contribution of work hardening, precipitation hardening, and hard anodizing to be considered as interacting strengthening mechanisms. Because of the lower formability of AA2024 compared to C11000, several different perforation geometries in the starting sheet were considered in order to more effectively distribute the plastic strain during stretch-bend fabrication. A T8 condition was selected over a T6 condition because it was shown that the plastic deformation induced during the final step was sufficient to enhance precipitation kinetics allowing higher strengths to be reached, while at the same time eliminating one annealing treatment. When hard anodizing treatments were conducted on O-temper and T8 temper AA2024 truss cores, the strength increase was different for different architectures, but was nearly the same for the two parent material tempers. Finally, the question of how much microtruss strengthening can be obtained for a given amount of parent metal strengthening was addressed by examining the interaction of material and geometric parameters in a model system.

Microtrusses are hybrid materials composed of a three-dimensional array of struts capable of efficiently transmitting an externally applied load. The strut connectivity of microtrusses enables them to behave in a stretch-dominated fashion, allowing higher specific strength and stiffness values to be reached than conventional metal foams. While much attention has been given to the optimization of microtruss architectures, little attention has been given to the strengthening mechanisms inside the materials that make up this architecture. This thesis examines strengthening mechanisms in aluminum alloy and copper alloy microtruss systems with and without a reinforcing structural coating. C11000 microtrusses were stretch-bend fabricated for the first time; varying internal truss angles were selected in order to study the accumulating effects of plastic deformation and it was found that the mechanical performance was significantly enhanced in the presence of work hardening with the peak strength increasing by a factor of three. The C11000 microtrusses could also be significantly reinforced with sleeves of electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni-53wt%Fe. It was found that the strength increase from work hardening and electrodeposition were additive over the range of structures considered. The AA2024 system allowed the contribution of work hardening, precipitation hardening, and hard anodizing to be considered as interacting strengthening mechanisms. Because of the lower formability of AA2024 compared to C11000, several different perforation geometries in the starting sheet were considered in order to more effectively distribute the plastic strain during stretch-bend fabrication. A T8 condition was selected over a T6 condition because it was shown that the plastic deformation induced during the final step was sufficient to enhance precipitation kinetics allowing higher strengths to be reached, while at the same time eliminating one annealing treatment. When hard anodizing treatments were conducted on O-temper and T8 temper AA2024 truss cores, the strength increase was different for different architectures, but was nearly the same for the two parent material tempers. Finally, the question of how much microtruss strengthening can be obtained for a given amount of parent metal strengthening was addressed by examining the interaction of material and geometric parameters in a model system.