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Bakgrund: Arbetsfrånvaro och långtidssjukskrivningar på grund av arbetsrelaterad stress och psykisk ohälsa ökar. Dess effekter påverkar både individen, organisationen och samhället. Ett bra fungerande arbetsliv bidrar till folkhälsan både genom att minska den arbetsrelaterade ohälsan och de sociala skillnaderna i ohälsa.Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva effekter av interventioner vid arbetsrelaterad stress.Metod: Denna studie var en litteraturstudie där tio vetenskapliga artiklar granskades. Artiklarna analyserades, sammanfattades och delades in i tre teman. Resultaten beskrivs med hjälp av dessa tre teman.Reslutat: Vår studie visade att de vanligaste effekterna av interventioner vid arbetsrelaterad stress var förändringar i stressnivåer, ökad kunskap och förståelse för arbetsrelaterad stress samt ökat stöd, förändrade beteenden och attityder. Kognitiv beteendeterapi, avslappningsövningar och aktivt lyssnande var metoder som visade sig vara effektiva.Slutsats: Förändringar i stressnivå, ökad kunskap och förståelse samt ökat stöd, förändrade beteenden och attityder visade sig vara de viktigaste effekterna av interventioner vid arbetsrelaterad stress. Genom att kombinera interventioner på både individ- och organisationsnivå kan resultatet bli både effektivt och långsiktigt. / Background: The levels of absenteeism and long term disability due to work-related stress and mental health problem are increasing. It affects the individual, organization and society. A well-functioning workplace contributes to public health, with both reductions in work-related illnesses and social inequalities in health. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe the effects of interventions on work-related stress. Methods: This study was a literature study in which ten scientific articles were reviewed. The articles were analyzed, summarized and divided into three themes. The results were described using these three themes. Results: We found in our study that the most common effects of the interventions on work-related stress proved to be change in stress levels, increased knowledge and understanding of work-related stress and increased support, attitude and behavior change. Conclusion: Changes in levels of stress, increased knowledge and understanding as well as increased support, changing behaviors and attitudes proved to be the most important effects of interventions of work-related stress. By combining interventions at both individual and organizational levels, the result can be both effective and sustainable.

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The purpose of this thesis was to look at the relationship between the experiences of work related stress among male bank employees and how they dealt with potential stress. The thesis focused on male bank employee’s experiences and management of work related stress with the control requirements and support model as a starting point. Work related stress is a phenomenon that has become a serious problem with economic impact for both the individual and organizations. Increased absence from work due to medical issues is one example of such consequences. The study is based on a field survey at a bank office located in a municipality in the middle part of Sweden. Four male bank employees were interviewed. The result of the study showed that working conditions affected how the men experienced and dealt with work related stress. The conclusion was that a lack of demands, control and support in the workplace affected the personal life, and this imbalance could lead to stress. In order to deal with the work related stress, the bank employees tried to take control over their work situation and after work they dealt with the stress by exercising and dog-walks to name a few examples.

Considering the increasing levels of unemployment and underemployment, and the limited evidence concerning the impact of underemployment on health, my study examines the relations between subjective, objective, and time-related underemployment and employees’ health-related quality of life, as manifested through self-rated health, activity limitations and work-related stress. The study compares an expanded model of work-health relations that, along with the factors addressed by control-demand, and social capital theories, includes characteristics of the physical work environment, and employees’ economic class. In addition to the commonly examined factors related to employment and health (control-demand and social capital), my study explores the impact of the work environment (hazards, discomfort and physical demands) and economic class to determine the specific effects of underemployment on an employee’s health-related quality of life. My main argument is that underemployment, in conjunction with lower economic class, higher exposure to a harmful work environment, lack of control over work, and lower social capital, contributes to increased work-related stress and diminishes health-related quality of life. The study applies a mixed methodological approach based on data from the Canadian Work and Lifelong Learning Survey and the US General Social Survey, and qualitative analysis of interviews from the Ontario Survey on Education-Job Requirements Matching. Evidence based on cross-sectional and qualitative data analysis provides consistent findings and confirms the main assumption that high levels of underemployment have a significant effect on employees’ health-related quality of life. The study shows that employees’ economic class, characteristics of work environment and control over work carry the highest associations with health-related quality of life, while underemployment has a significant additive association with health-related quality of life, most importantly with work-related stress.

SAMMANFATTNING Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva skattad förekomst av arbetsrelaterad stress och aktivitetsbalans hos universitetslärare. Metod: Uppsatsen hade en kvantitativ ansats och baserades på insamlat datamaterial från en enkätundersökning med självskattningsinstrumenten Work Stress Questionnaire (WSQ) och Occupational Balance Questionnaire (OBQ). Undersökningsgruppen var ett totalurval av all undervisande personal vid en institution på ett universitet i Sverige och totalt svarade 41 universitetslärare. Data analyserades explorativt och presenterades med deskriptiv statistik. Resultat: Deltagarna i studien skattade generellt en låg förekomst av arbetsrelaterad stress (utifrån WSQ) samt låg grad av aktivitetsbalans (utifrån OBQ). Vidare visade resultaten, gällande relation mellan arbetsrelaterad stress och aktivitetsbalans, att deltagare som skattat låg grad av aktivitetsbalans även skattat högre förekomst av arbetsrelaterad stress. Slutsats: Studien visade att deltagare som skattat en lägre aktivitetsbalans även skattat högre arbetsrelaterad stress inom kategorierna Konflikt mellan arbete och fritid, Upplevd stress pga. otydlig organisation och konflikter samt Upplevd stress pga. höga egna krav och engagemang vilket eventuellt indikerar att det kan finnas ett samband mellan låg aktivitetsbalans och hög arbetsrelaterad stress. / ABSTRACT Aim: The aim of this study was to describe self-perceived incidence of work-related stress and occupational balance among university lectures. Method: The essay had a quantitative approach and was based on data collected from a survey of the Work Stress Questionnaire (WSQ) and Occupational Balance Questionnaire (OBQ) self-assessment tools. The study group was a total selection of all teaching staff at an institution at a university in Sweden and 41 lectures responded. The data was explored exploratively and presented with descriptive statistics. Results: The participants in the study generally estimated a low incidence of work-related stress (based on WSQ) and low occupational balance (based on OBQ). Furthermore, the results, current relationship between work-related stress and occupational balance showed that participants who estimated a low level of occupational balance also estimated higher incidence of work-related stress. Conclusion: The study showed that participants who estimated a lower occupational balance also estimated higher work-related stress in the categories of Conflict between work and leisure, Experienced stress due to unclear organization and conflicts and Experienced stress due to high self-esteem and commitment which may indicate that there may be a correlation between low occupational balance and high work-related stress.

The aim of this study is to qualitatively examine the individual's perspective of work-related stress. The research has been delimited to one of Postnord's offices. The study is based on Antonovsky (1979) Theory Sense of Coherence (SOC) to investigate the individual's experience of stress. With the help of Sense of Coherence (SOC), the study investigated how postmen express their experience of work-related stress with the key components of comprehension, manageability and meaningfulness. In response to the goal of the study, semistructured interviews were conducted on eight participants from Postnord. The results of the study showed that high work demands were one of the reasons behind the stress they felt. The lack of support from colleagues due to the structure of the work was another reason that affected the individual's experience of stress. Finally, the results also revealed that the participants perceived that they were unable to decide on their own work, which affected the experience of a lack of opinion in the workplace.

Background: Long-term stress can lead to reduced health among nurses which can result in impaired quality of care. Stress in nurses' work needs to be studied in order to prevent stress and impaired quality of care. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe nurses' experience of occupational stress and factors that contribute to occupational stress. Method: The method used was a literature review. Results: The analysis resulted in five themes which describe nurses' experiences of occupational stress and factors that contribute to occupational stress. These themes are; The nursing profession's change, Experience and education, High workload, Organization and work environment and Practical nursing. The result in this study shows that the strongest factors contributing to occupational stress in the nursing profession was; administrative work, objectification of patients, nurses' work experience and level of education, understaffing, high workload, time pressure, lack of support from management, cost savings, patient safety and palliative care. The nurses' experienced that their profession is changing and that the management does not appreciate or listen to them. Nurses' experienced feelings of inadequacy and powerlessness when they could not give patients good care because of occupational stress. They were afraid to hurt patients because of the stressful work environment. Conclusion: This study gives a deeper understanding of how nurses experience occupational stress and found several factors contributing to occupational stress. These findings can be used by health management and others to prevent occupational stress for nurses.

Background: Physiotherapist is one health care profession with an increased exposedness for work-related burnout. Purpose: To investigate the experience of work-related stress in physiotherapists within primary health care in Sweden as well as coping strategies to manage stress at work.   Design and method: Qualitative design based on semi-structured interviews. Five physiotherapists from different workplaces in two different regions in Sweden attended in the study. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze and process collected data. Results: The physiotherapists experienced high workload, increased stress levels, working overtime, staff shortages as well as expectations and demands as stressors in the workplace. Poor quality at work and in meetings with patients were mentioned as consequences of work-related stress. Facilitating factors and coping strategies to abate stress were used in terms of good self-efficacy in the profession, having collegial support, physical activity as well as being content with the current life-situation outside of work. Conclusion: Social support in the workplace is an important factor to abate stress among physiotherapists in primary health care in Sweden. The result illustrates the importance of being observant on contributive factors for work-related stress. Coping strategies to counteract stress were also mentioned in the study. / Bakgrund: Fysioterapeuter är en av flera vårdprofessioner som har en ökad utsatthet för arbetsrelaterad utbrändhet. Syfte: Att undersöka upplevelse av stress i arbetslivet hos fysioterapeuter inom primärvård samt hur de hanterar den stress som kan uppstå. Metod: Kvalitativ design i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer användes. Fem fysioterapeuter, från olika arbetsplatser inom primärvården samt från två olika regioner i Sverige, intervjuades utifrån författarnas intervjuguide. Intervjuerna bearbetades och analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys.   Resultat: Fysioterapeuterna upplevde bidragande faktorer i form av bland annat ökad stressnivå, hög arbetsbelastning, övertidsarbete, låg bemanning samt krav inom arbetet. Underlättande faktorer som framkom var trygghet i arbetsrollen, kollegialt stöd på arbetsplatsen samt en god livssituation utanför arbetet. Nedsatt kvalité i arbetet och patientbemötandet var konsekvenser som uppkom till följd av arbetsrelaterad stress. Stresshanteringsstrategier såsom tydlighet i mötet med patienten och ta hjälp av kollegor nämndes. Utanför arbetstid användes även fysisk aktivitet samt att ”varva ned” som strategier. Konklusion: Stöd från kollegor och ledning är viktigt hos fysioterapeuter i primärvård för att minska risken för upplevd arbetsrelaterad stress. Studien uppmärksammar vikten av att vara observant på faktorer som tyder på upplevd arbetsrelaterad stress samt att använda individuella stresshanteringsstrategier hos fysioterapeuter inom primärvård.

Bakgrund: Sedan slutet av 1990-talet har det i Sverige skett en ökning av långtidssjukskrivningar som framförallt beror på psykisk ohälsa. Personal inom sjukvården anser att deras arbete är stressigt och sjuksköterskor upplever att arbetet kan vara psykisk påfrestande. Orsakerna till detta antas bland annat bero på de omorganisationer och neddragningar som skett de senaste decennierna. Sjuksköterskans profession innebär ett ansvar för patientens omvårdnad som ska grundas på vetenskap och evidens. Dessutom ska sjuksköterskans arbete vara personcentrerat, följa regelverk och lagar så att god patientsäkerhet upprätthålls. Långvarig stress kan leda till utmattningssyndrom, vilket inte bara påverkar sjuksköterskan psykiskt och fysiskt, utan även organisationens produktivitet genom minskad motivation bland anställda. Syfte: Att belysa vilka faktorer som kan bidra till att Nordiska sjuksköterskor drabbas av stress och utmattningssyndrom Metod: En litteraturöversikt med analys av 10 originalartiklar Resultat: Resultatet delades in i två teman: yttre faktorer och inre faktorer. De yttre faktorerna var hög arbetsbelastning och krav, bristande delaktighet och ledarskap samt bristande socialt stöd och samarbete. De inre faktorerna sjuksköterskorna upplevde var otillräcklighet och engagemang. Diskussion: I metoddiskussionen diskuteras litteraturöversikten som metod för examensarbetet och i resultatdiskussion diskuteras resultatet utifrån Antonovskys holistiska modell KASAM samt vetenskaplig litteratur. / Background: Since the late 1990's there has been an increase in long-term sick leave in Sweden due to mental illness. Healthcare staff consider work as stressful and nurses feel that their work may be mentally stressful. The reasons for this are assumed to the reorganization and cuts that have taken place in the recent decades. The Nurse´s profession means responsible and ensuring that the patient receives care, based on science and evidence. In addition, the nurse´s work should include looking after the patient´s individual needs and comply with regulations and laws to maintain patient-safety. Long-term stress can lead to burnout, which not only affects nurse´s mentally and physically health but also the organization's productivity through employees reduced motivation, and sick leave. Aim: To highlight which factors could contribute to Nordic nurses suffering from stress and burnout. Method: A literature review of 10 original articles Results: The results were divided into two themes: external and internal factors. The external factors that the Nordic nurses experienced were high workloads and demands, lack of participation and leadership as well as lack of social support and cooperation. The internal factors that nurses experienced were commitment and feelings of insufficiency. Discussion: In the method discussion, the literature review is discussed as a method for the degree project, and in the result discussion the results are discussed based on Antonovsky's holistic model SOC as well as scientific literature.