A l’ère de l’urbanisation rapide dans les pays en développement, notre monde est aujourd’hui confronte a de nombreux défis en termes de réchauffement climatique. Pour y remédier, certains pays émergents ont commence ces dernières années a privilégier la mise en place croissante et progressive de transport en commun. C’est ainsi qu’en chine, en 2012, 1755 km de ligne de métro est construit pour seize villes. Or, la construction d’un métro possède d’importants risques financiers selon les expériences internationales. Néanmoins, le développement du métro en chine est en surchauffe. Le but global de la recherche est d’étudier les caractéristiques structurelles du réseau métropolitain a paris et son évolution afin de donner des suggestions au développement du métro de Wuhan. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons adopte l’analyse de centralité structuralité pour étudier le réseau de métro parisien, ainsi que le réseau de métro a Wuhan. L’indicateur centralité structuralité (centralité en résume) consiste ainsi a mettre en évidence la distance « la plus simple » a parcourir pour arriver a sa destination, c’est-a-dire la distance a parcourir avec le moins de tournant a réaliser dans le réseau routier pour y arriver. Pour les réseaux de métro, cela signifie moins de changements de lignes. Des résultats nous monte que l’analyse de centralité pourrait indiquer l’importance relative des stations de métro dans un réseau. Cela pourrait permettre aux urbanistes et designers d’estimer le trafic entrant des stations. Eventuellement, cet indicateur pourrait d’être adopte pour analyser et comparer des projets différents du réseau de métro. / In the era of fast urbanisation in the developing countries, our world is now facing many challenges in the context of global warming. In order to solve these difficulties, certain developing countries have started in the last few years to promote increasingly the role of public transportation. It is also the case in china in 2020 that 1755 km of metro line was built in seventeen cities. However, according to the international experiences, there can be great financials risks in construction of metro system. Even though, the metro development in china is overheating. The general research objective is to study the structural characteristic of metro network in Paris and its development in order to give suggestions for the metro development in Wuhan. In order to attain this objective, we have adopted the structural centrality analyse to study the metro network in Paris and Wuhan. The indicator structural centrality (centrality in short) evaluates the simplest distance to reach the destination. It means that with the less turning to do in a road network. For the metro network, it means the less changes of lines. The results showed us that the centrality analyses could indicate the relative importance of the metro stations in a network. It could allow the urban planners and designers to estimate the entering traffic of the stations. Eventually, this indicator could be used to analyse and compare the different plans of metro networks.

Wuhan Han Opera Theater (WHOT, formerly Han Opera) is a 400-year old regional opera based in Wuhan, in Hubei Province, in China. WHOT’s recent designation as a public institution under China's neoliberal creative economy initiative to enter the global market has necessitated its transformation from a cultural institution (wenhua jigou) into a creative industry (wehua chanye). As such, WHOT must now create adaptive strategies, alter traditional conventions of performance, infrastructure, education and community presence, reconstitute traditional social functions at the national level, and most importantly, manage a relationship with the government that is entirely novel for both. In the summer of 2016, WHOT participated in two government-led projects: Opera into Campuses and the Chinese National Arts Fund. These programs were the focus of my ethnographic fieldwork, to identify possible effects of the creative economy initiative on a traditional musical institution. Specifically, inquiry was made as to whether and how creative musical and organizational adaptations were being decided, implemented and executed, and as to how the outcomes of these adaptations were being evaluated. Despite using an ethnographic approach, findings from the preliminary study were found to be much more broadly generalizable and applicable across disciplines than expected. As a result, this thesis makes the following arguments: for modernization of an institution of traditional music to be effective, a relationship must exist whereby the transitioning institution is given creative license to generate continued socio-cultural productivity through its creative class ("talent") in joint cooperation with, rather than dependence on, government agencies. The goal must be to revitalize rather than simply preserve such an institution, and to avoid cultural attrition of unique musical qualities of the institution.

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郁之虹. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 335-354). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Yu Zhihong.

Jiang, Changsheng. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 279-313). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract, appendix A and C also in Chinese.

Set against the backdrop of the crisis of cultural expression and global assimilation existing in many cities in China, modern house forms of limited types are copied and mass-produced, regardless of local culture, topography and climate. Typo-morphological study has been identified and developed as a base for theoretical discussion and empirical case studies, mainly focusing on the relationship between elements of form. In this study, it is used to systematically investigate diverse early mass-housing built in China in the period from the beginning of the 20th century to the onset of the Anti-Japanese War in 1937. The mass-housings in Qingdao, Tianjin, Shanghai, Wuhan, Guangzhou and Hong Kong, six significant colonial cities in China, are selected as case studies. The early mass-housing was a new leading building type of the time, successfully meeting the needs of occupants, and becoming valuable assets from which people can derive benefits. However, most scholars have only investigated the early mass-housing from an isolated perspective, thereby forfeiting the opportunity to identify what is important to that particular localized building culture, what distinguishes it from other cultures, and intrinsic characteristics originating from that locale. Therefore, comparative analysis of the early mass-housing is necessary to identify and explore characteristics significant in cultural and environmental adaptation. Moreover, such an analysis helps develop a better understanding of the evolution of the housing in context. Based on an extensive literature review, this research selects significant and representative examples from the six cities. Assisted by a systematic typo-morphological framework formulated by Conzen, Caniggia and Kropf, this study investigates the morphological characteristics of these examples at fabric and building levels. A comparative analysis is then undertaken of the components of these housing estates within a typological process, which is inherent in the sequence of building types and characterizes an area. Finally, it gets the conclusion that such housing in these cities share few morphological patterns; meanwhile, diversity and contradictions also exist for reasons that go beyond varying climates and geographical locations. By building up the typological process, this study (with certain qualifications), is able to explore the constituent parts or elements of housing forms and their interaction in the formation process, which can have implications for the further housing development. / published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Philosophy

儘管中國的全國發展著重在教育並嚴格實行九年義務教育法令，然而數以百萬計的中國移民孩童仍被排除在國家教育體制之外。我的論文探討中國內部由鄉村移向都市的這群移民孩童的受教權。這篇研究著重在武漢市地方政府不同政策的實施，這篇研究實地到武漢、北京進行田野研究，尤其聚焦在這群移民兒童在這兩座城市所面對的心理障礙上。 近年來，部分市政府已實行移民孩童教育體系整合的改革，而武漢市正是其中採用公共導向模型來解決此議題的城市之一。雖然這些改革在武漢市相當多數的移民者上獲得成功，然而北京市政府卻在各行政區內推動這些相關政策遭遇困難。 然而，就在北京市政府官員因懼怕更多移民人口流入北京市，而猶豫是否要將移民孩童納入公共教育的一環時，此舉卻導致對這些孩童在制度與心理上更嚴重的歧視。此篇研究認為此種歧視並邊緣化移民人口的態度會造成城鄉人口之間的衝突與仇視。相反地，長遠來看，替移民學子推行更完整且公平的社會福利政策，將能吸引並留住更多高品質的移民勞工。因此，為達到教育平等的目標，需要將其教育平等與社會發展目標相互整合 / Despite China’s national emphasis on education and the central government’s strict implementation of a 9-year compulsory education law, millions of Chinese migrant children are still excluded from the state-run education system. My thesis will examine the education rights of migrant children in China migrating from rural to urban cities; I will research the different policy implementations by the local administrations in this regard in Wuhan city, where I did a field study, and in Beijing, and will in particular focus on the psychological barriers these migrant children confront in these two cities. Recently, some city governments have implemented reforms aimed at integrating migrant children into their state-run schooling system and Wuhan is one of these cities applying the public-oriented model to deal with this issue. While these reforms have been carried out successfully in Wuhan where there is a relatively large quantity of migrants, the Beijing government has experienced difficulty to properly apply the regulations in each of the city’s administrative districts at the same level. While the Beijing city officials hesitated to include migrant children in public education with the fear of more migrants flooding into the city, this approach has led to greater discrimination against these migrant children both institutionally and psychologically. I argue in the conclusion that this attitude to marginalize the migrant populations could result in dissatisfaction and greater hostility between urban and migrant populations. On the contrary, the strategy of providing more comprehensive and equitable social benefits for migrant students attracts and retains more highly skilled migrant workers in the long term. Thus, the goal of achieving educational equity needs to be integrated with social development goals.

The European Union (EU) is a key trading partner for the People's Republic of China (PRC). Nearly one third of PRC's production is send to the EU and half of EU exports is directed to the PRC. Such huge trade volumes require an appropriate logistical connection, which is currently dominated by maritime transport. However, since 2007 railway transport has also been available. The aim of this dissertation is to evaluate the position of the railway transport of the PRC European route (with focus on the position of the Czech Republic) with regard to its development, obstacles and potential for the future. Firstly, the paper describes the background and reasons for the establishment of the New Silk Road (One Belt One Road initiative), followed by the trade and economic cooperation between the PRC and the Czech Republic. The practical part deals with individual aspects of railway connection. Neither in terms of trade volumes nor price can railway compete with the maritime solution, nevertheless it slowly but surely acquires its first regular customers.

Since the introduction of economic reforms in the late 1970s, China has experienced phenomenal economic growth along with rapid urbanization. The accelerated urbanization coincides with remarkable social-economic transformations and urban landscape changes. A city, as an urban system, is composed of social and physical subsystems that interact with each other. Equally assessing each component is necessary for a comprehensive understanding of the urbanization process. The goal of this thesis research is to deconstruct the urbanization process through a social-ecological perspective. More specifically, this study examines social transformations, physical evolutions, and their relationships. Four research questions are proposed as (1) How does urban social landscape transform in time and space? (2) What trends are apparent in the urban land growth process and spatial heterogeneity? (3) How does social transformation relate to urban land growth, within a spatio-temporal perspective? and (4) How do social-demographic features relate to residents’ use and perception of urban green open spaces, focusing on the ecological services provided by and the need to improve those spaces? Given the lack of research on second-tier cities’ growth processes, this study selects Wuhan, a megacity in central China, as a case study, with a focus on its urban development zone (UDZ). A social-ecological approach is applied to study the multi-dimensional features of an urban system. The thesis is in paper format, containing five chapters. Besides the Introduction (Chapter 1) and Conclusion (Chapter 5), the main body consists of three articles. These three articles correspond to the four research questions proposed. Chapter 2 responds to the first research question by addressing how the urban social landscape transforms. Chapter 3 seeks to answer the second and third questions by evaluating urban land growth and its links with social factors from a spatio-temporal perspective. Chapter 4 matches the fourth question by seeking to understand residents’ preferences and feelings toward the urban green open space. Chapter 1 introduces the research context, reviews the urban ecology theory and relevant empirical research, as well as assesses the social-ecological approach related to studying the urban system. In this chapter, we also propose an improved social-ecological system (ISES) framework which guides the equally weighted study of both social and physical subsystems in an urban area. Chapter 2 (the first paper) seeks to investigate progressive transformations in the social dimensions of Wuhan UDZ while also focusing on their spatial transformations, using national census data in 1990, 2000, and 2010. We used varimax rotated principal component analysis (PCA) for the extraction of social dimensions and ArcMap for spatial visualization. This allows us to further analyze the spatial distribution of social clusters. The results suggest that industrial relocation, educational attainment increase, population aging, and migration are the main characteristics of social transformation during 1990 and 2010. Industrial relocation along with the spatial separation appeared as principal social dimensions in the 1990s but became more prominent in the 2000s, accompanied by the improvement of workers’ education levels. Aging population presented spatial movement outward from the city center. Population mobility increased significantly, and immigration became an important social dimension and presented spatial expansion in the 2000s. The socio-spatial patterns transform with a combination of concentric rings and sectoral clusters in different stages. These transformations are formed by the regional push-pull forces and the centripetal-centrifugal forces inside the city. We conclude that the social landscape transforms in a way with diversity and inclusion. Government dominates socio-spatial transformations in the initial stages, while market plays an increasing role in the later stages. To build a more inclusive society requires continuous and systematic improvement of relevant policies. Chapter 3 (the second paper) discusses urban land growth patterns and answers how social factors are associated with the evolution patterns between 1990 and 2010. We extract land cover information based on Landsat images with the vegetation area – impervious surface –water area (V-I-W) model and examine the urban growth patterns during various stages using landscape metrics of the area, aggregation, and shape. Then, we apply geographically weighted regression (GWR) to depict the link between urban land metrics and social factors. The results show that urban land coalescence and diffusion simultaneously exist; the city center is dominated by redevelopment, infilling, edge expansion; and the peripheral areas by outlying expansion. GWR coefficient surfaces show little differences in the models between social factors and urban land area metrics PLAND while remarkable differences are present in the coefficients of GWR models for the urban land patch shape irregularities and social factors. Urban land growth patterns relate to the government-led land supply system, the functional zoning of urban space planning, and the agglomeration and dispersion of social space under the market orientation. The authors conclude that urban management should consider the coexistence of different spatial growth modes and introduce factors such as social preferences in the urban land layout. This may apply to rapidly urbanizing areas. Chapter 4 (the third paper) aims to understand social-natural relationships, with a focus on how socio-demographic features can shape residents’ preference toward green open spaces and their perceptions of ecological services and improvements. Data is collected through online questionnaire surveys and interviews. The results indicate that preferences toward green open spaces vary among different social groups. Demands for improvement to green open spaces are rooted in residents’ appreciation for daily relaxation and health benefits, and link with their preference for visiting. However, how residents perceive green open spaces’ benefits does not rely only on an in-person visit. Interaction experience with nature and knowledge of natural development affect perception of daily use and health-related services. Residents’ perceptions of green open space’s ecological functions are associated with the changes in nature reported by those respondents. Responses to improving green open space reflect the residents’ pursuit of the aesthetics and practicality of such spaces. Though respondents are commonly aware of the ecological importance of green open space, there are differences in their willingness to voluntarily participate in its management. We conclude that to encourage the public to participate in configuration and improvement of green open spaces through a variety of ways, including considering residents’ opinions, is an efficient way in order to better social-ecological relationships. Chapter 5 reviews the main findings and conclusions, research limitations as well as future possibilities. This study establishes a dialogue between urban social and physical subsystems, with an integrated quantitative study of the urbanization process, emphasizing the relationships between two urban subsystems. It provides a comprehensive social-ecological view on a second-tier city based on the social and physical transformations that occurred in Wuhan during a transitional period of a socialist market economy. We conclude that the development of China's second-tier cities between 1990 and 2010 is characterized by the transformations of social dimensions and landscape, the coexistence of multiple urban spatial development modes, and the spatial differentiation between the center and the periphery of the city. The GWR models present spatial non-stationary relationships between social factors and the urban patch shape regularities. The further examination of social-natural relationships finds that residents’ social-demographic features and environmental experience affect their perceptions toward green open space, especially ecological services and improvement necessity. The evolution of urban social and physical systems and their relationships has brought increased attention to inclusive urban social management, public participatory planning, and people-centered social and ecological interactions. This research provides a constructive rethinking of second-tier cities’ growth in China and may serve as a reference for other rapidly urbanizing areas.

創新及創業被認為是現代社會緩解經濟遲緩、促進經濟增長、引領自主創新的一帖良藥。在中國，以培育科技型中小型企業、促進區域經濟發展的「科技企業孵化器」被視為中國落實「大眾創業，萬眾創新」政策的載體，更被用以促進中國經濟穩定增長的重要舉措之一。本研究試圖透過相關重要文獻及次級數據，輔以極具代表性的深圳及武漢地區之孵化器為案例，再透過財務政策及法律改革等相關數據，系統性地分析科技企業孵化器在中國經濟成長下所扮演的角色，以及中國政府在引領並推進此一創新載體所發揮之作用。研究發現，中國科技企業孵化器可做為促進科技創新與經濟增長之媒介－催化劑，為新創企業匹配早期所需之資源(包含知識移轉、社區實體及關係網絡對接)，直接與間接地促進區域經濟轉型升級，證明了科技企業孵化器有能力促進國家創新能力與經濟可持續增長，並成為推進中國經濟轉型的助力之一。同時，中國政府扮演主導推進孵化體系發展的政策指導者，通過一系列資源及政策支持，指導科技企業孵化器的發展路徑及進程，同時促進了政府職能的轉變。總結本研究結果，科技企業孵化器是中國創新體系的一部分，其與政府之間存在著不可分割的關係。政府對科技企業孵化器的支持參與度越大，科技企業孵化器與政府的相互依賴度就越大。作為中國創新和科技發展政策框架的重要組成部分，科技企業孵化器正推動經濟可持續增長並建立一個技術創業的生態系統，同時重塑政府、市場、社會之間的關係。本研究結果可提供未來相關研究探討科技企業孵化器的可持續發展之創新能力。在中國經濟新常態下，探就可持續性的科技企業孵化器有助於全面了解中國科技與經濟成長之關係，相關研究值得後續進一步分析實證。 / Innovation and entrepreneurship are regarded as an economic tool to promote independent innovation and economic growth in the sluggish economy. In China, the Technology-based Business Incubators (BIs) focusing on promoting technology-based small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and regional development are viewed as the innovative carriers under the initiative of “Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation”. This study attempts to systematically analyze the role of BIs in Chinese economic growth and the role of government play in advancing BIs development through the important literatures and secondary resources, complemented in part with incubation case studies in Wuhan and Shenzhen, and the implementing results of the financial policies and legal reforms. Findings demonstrate that Chinese BIs serves as the catalyst to accelerate S&T development and to provide matching service at technopreneurial functions on the resources of knowledge (high-tech research to patents), communities (high-tech SMEs, universities, and relevant entities), and networks (accessing government, investors, and entrepreneurs), which have promoted regional economic transformation. Meanwhile, the role of Chinese government plays a policy guidance in incubation system, while promoting the transformation of government functions. To conclude this research, BIs are part of the Chinese innovation systems. There is an inseparable relationship between Chinese BIs and the government. The greater the government involvement in BIs support, the greater the interdependence of the BIs and the government. BIs are one of the important factors to facilitate the self-reform of the government, remodeling relations among the government, market and society. In the background of China's “new normal”, the findings of this study provides a future direction to investigate the innovation capability of BIs sustainability. To understand the overall picture of China's rapid growth economic development, the innovation capability of BIs sustainability is worthy of further investigation and discussion.