The concept of sustainable use of materials defines as utilizing raw material as less aspossible and introducing less toxic substances to the environment as well. Smartmaterials are one route for sustainability, as they have optimal performance in relation tomaterial composition. New technologies can be developed by using smart materials. Onearea is the development of smart textiles, meaning the incorporation of electronicfunctions in textiles. These functions can be used for human protection or monitoring ofhealth.Conductivity is a key factor in smart textiles. The aim of this report is to identifyelectrically conductivity of textile fibres in conjunction with conductive polymer(polyaniline). By applying conductive polymer (polyaniline ink) on textiles fabric andfibres it is possible to obtain conductive textile products. This project focuses on thedevelopment of conductive fibres by coating of an individual fibre or a few differenttypes of fabric with conductive polymer polyaniline dispersion in water and toluene assolvent. Various situations have been taken into consideration and investigated fordifferent concentration to different times of coating and deposit thickness. Performanceon resistivity calculation led to find optimum concentration and coating numbers anddeposit thickness. Based on the inventory, a qualitative resistivity analysis is carried outfor the purpose of identifying which combination of concentration and times of coating inthe case of woven types fibre or coating thickness in the case of non woven types offabrics as well as the types of fabrics would provide the better conductivity properties in the textile fibres and fabrics.

Afin de développer les exploitations en eaux profondes, l'industrie pétrolière est confrontée depuis quelques années à la nécessité de modifier les systèmes d'amarrage de plate-forme classiques, habituellement constitués d'acier, pour avoir des systèmes plus légers. Dans le cadre de cette problématique, cette étude s'intéresse au comportement mécanique de câbles synthétiques pour deux matériaux différents, l'un étant déjà utilisé en remplacement de l'acier, et l'autre étant potentiellement utilisable : le PET et le PEN.<br />Dans le but d'une caractérisation multi-échelle, des essais mécaniques (principalement traction, fluage et sollicitation cyclique) ont été réalisés sur des assemblages de taille variable, allant de câbles de plusieurs centaines de kN de force à rupture aux plus petits de leurs composants, les<br />filaments. De fortes corrélations ont été observées entre le comportement quasi-statique des assemblages et celui des filaments, montrant que les effets de construction des assemblages sont limités et facilement identifiés. Le comportement des filaments est lui-même associé à des<br />mécanismes se déroulant à l'échelle moléculaire. En revanche, les résultats obtenus sous sollicitation<br />cyclique ont montré que la considération des mécanismes pouvant provoquer la rupture de filaments<br />individuels (fluage, fatigue en tension, échauffement par hystérésis...) ne suffit pas à expliquer la rupture des câbles. Ceci implique l'intervention d'autres mécanismes, propres aux assemblages, du type abrasion.<br />La comparaison des résultats obtenus pour les deux matériaux a montré que le PEN, très peu étudié jusqu'à ce jour, présente un comportement mécanique très proche de celui du PET.

In this thesis, the Mechanical properties of polypropylene yarn of outer protection layer on Submarine High Voltage Cable, twisted around submarine cable,is determined on various conditions at ABB Company. In the first step, tensile tests are done with polypropylene yarn specimens with and without Bitumen at Room temperature. In the second step,tensile tests are done with polypropylene yarn specimens with and without Bitumen and with knotted polypropylene yarn namely: the Fishermen’s knot, the Weaver’s knot, the Square knot and the Overhand knot at Warm Condition (60˚c) and Cold Condition(-5˚c). In the final step,it is proposed to obtain numerical solution using FEM analysis with ABAQUS Software to obtain the hoop stress , the yarn stresses from twisting cable and analyzing of the cylindrical buckling in the buckling torsion and buckling bending on the outer layer of submarine cable with polypropylene material that is mixed with Bitumen.

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Ledningsbanor syftar till att föra ström eller digitala signaler mellan elektroniska komponenter. Traditionellt brukar ledare av solid metall användas, då metall har låg resistans och lämpar sig bra som strömledare. I denna studie utforskas möjlig-heten för olika material att fungera som textila ledningsbanor. Textila ledningsba-nor behövs bland annat i medicinska plagg med sensorer. En ledningsbana som ska vara i ett plagg måste både vara tvättbar och flexibel. I denna studie har tre konduktiva garner testats; Bekinox VN 12/2*275 /175S, Shi-eldex 235/34 och Highflex 3981 7*1 Silver. Ett textilt band med fyra ledningsba-nor i, OHM-e-12-L-1, från företaget Ohmatex har också utvärderats samt har det undersökts om det är möjligt att använda konduktiv silikon, Elastosil LR 3162 A/B, som en ledningsbana. För att ta reda på hur de konduktiva materialen tål tvätt har tvättester utförts där resistansen efter tvätt har mätts. En metod har utvecklats som går ut på att undersöka om konduktiviteten försämras när materialet utsätts för mekaniskt deformation vid en böjrörelse. Det har även testats om en silikonbe-läggning med Dow Corning 3140 RTV Coating kan förhindra en eventuell höjning av resistansen efter testerna och resultaten har jämförts med de prover som inte varit belagda. Beläggningen isolerar även garnerna och därför har även det testats att använda Elastosil som kontaktpunkter för de belagda garnerna. Bekinox klarar både tvätt och böjningstest bra. Shieldex resistans höjs efter tvätt men silikonbeläggningen har en skyddande effekt. Shieldex klarar böjningstestet bra och resistansen ändras knappt. Highflex klarar tvättesterna och har väldigt låg resistans men är känslig mot mekanisk deformation och skadas i böjningstesterna. Där har inte beläggningen en skyddande effekt. Elastosil är inte lämplig som led-ningsbana och fungerar inte som kontaktpunkter. Elastosil visar sig däremot ha god härdighet mot både tvätt och böjning. Bandet från Ohmatex fungerar bra både efter tvätt och böjningstester och är lämplig som ledningsbana. / Interconnections are electrical conductive tracks that aim to transport electricity or digital signals between components in a circuit. The conventional way of doing this is to use connections of solid metal, since they have low electrical resistance and are thereby suitable conductors. In this study, different materials have been investigated for their suitability to be used as textile interconnections. Textile in-terconnections are needed in for instance medical measuring equipment garments. A textile interconnection in a garment needs to withstand washing and bending. In this study three conductive yarns are tested; Bekinox VN 12/2*275/175S, Shieldex 235/34 and Highflex 3981 7*1 Silver. A textile interconnection narrow fabric with four copper wires within, OHM-e-12-L-1, by the company Ohmatex has also been investigated. The conductive silicon Elastosil LR 3162 A/B has also been investigated for its suitability to fit as textile interconnection and as electrical contact with conductive yarns. Washing tests have been made to investigate how the materials electrical resistance is affected by washing. To measure and under-stand the materials flexibility and how the resistance is affected by bending of the material, the materials have been bended in a bending apparatus that has been developed in this study. It has also been investigated whether or not a silicon coat-ing, Dow Corning 3140 RTV Coating, of the yarns may protect them from the chemical and mechanical wearing of washing and bending. The change in re-sistance has then been compared to values of the uncoated yarns. Since the coat-ing is electrically isolating the yarns, screen printed contact points of Elastosil has been added and investigated. Bekinox withstands both washing and bending well. The electrical resistance of Shieldex increases by washing, but the silicon coated yarns increase less than the uncoated yarns. Shieldex withstands the bending test well and the change in re-sistance is low. Highflex passes the washing test well and has very low resistance. But the Highflex yarn is sensitive to mechanical deformation and gets damaged by the bending test. The silicon coating has no protecting effect here. Elastosil is not suitable as an interconnection and the contact points by Elastosil are neither working well together with the conductive yarns. But Elastosil do withstands both the washing and bending test well. The conductive narrow fabric by Ohmatex withstands both the washing and bending test well and it is suitable as an inter-connection.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-26T11:38:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSELITO MEDEIROS DE FREITAS CAVALCANTE - TESE (PPGEP) 2008.pdf: 4844942 bytes, checksum: 947da18e736837f36133a2d6f473ad54 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-26T11:38:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSELITO MEDEIROS DE FREITAS CAVALCANTE - TESE (PPGEP) 2008.pdf: 4844942 bytes, checksum: 947da18e736837f36133a2d6f473ad54 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-23 / As fibras vegetais são utilizadas em compósitos polimérlcos devido ao seu baixo peso e custo e por apresentarem boas propriedades mecânicas, Além disto, são provenientes de fontes renováveis, não são tóxicas e apresentam urna baixa abrasividade. Devido a isto, os compósitos produzidos com fibras naturais podem ser considerados ecologicamente amiqáveis. As fibras vegetais são mais utilizadas como reforço em matrizes termofixas, porém nos últimos anos vem crescendo o interesse per compósitos com matriz termoplástica, Normalmente, para esta última, são utilizadas fibras curtas. Entretanto, a utilização de fibras curtas não gera produtos com boas propriedades mecânicas. Porém quando as fibras vegetais são alinhadas, longas e contínuas, suas potencialidades rnáxlmas de reforço são repassadas ao compósito. Sendo assim neste trabalho foi desenvolvida uma técnica para se incorporar fibras longas, alinhadas e contínuas de juta em matrizes termoplástica. 0 processo se caracteriza por utilizar dois passos distintos, a saber: 1) filament winding - onde fios da fibra desejada são dispostos sabre uma placa rnetálica envolvida por filmes da matriz termoplástica, seguido de 2) recobrimento da placa com outros filmes de matriz termoplástica e compressão do conjunto a quente. 0 produto obtido (placas contendo fibras longas e alinhadas, recobertas por matriz termoplástica) e então empilhado na sequência de orientação desejada e consolidado por compressão a quente mais uma vez para formar os compósitos propriamente ditos. Os compósitos obtidos foram caracterizados mecanicamente (em tração, flexão e impacto), em função do teor de fibra, do fio de juta utilizado (classificados como 10/1 formado por uma única perna; e 10/2 - formado por duas pernas) e do índice de fluidez da matriz. Os resultados demonstraram que a incorporação dos fios de juta a matriz termoplástica provoca aumentos significativos na resistência a tração;,no módulo de elasticidade (tanto em tração, quanta em flexão) e 80 dobramento. Por outro lado, a reslstência ao impacto dos compósitos foi reduzida se comparada ada matriz . / Vegetable fibers can and are used to reinforce polymer matrices with varying degrees of success. The interest in investigating the viability of incorporating these fibers into polymers is associated with their availability, lightweight, low cost, good set of mechanical properties and environmental concerns as these fibers come from renewable sources, are non toxic, non abrasive to processing equipment and degrade fairly easily. Thus, omposites reinforced with these fibers would be considered to be ecofriendly. The use of vegetable fibres as reinforcement in thermoset matrices is well established. In the lastdecades, thermoplastic/vegetable fiber composites are being intensively investigated. However, in general, thermoplastic composites are reinforced with short fibers as these matrices are commonly extruded and/or injection molded, which limits composite property enhancement. Thus, in order to obtain thermoplasticlvegetable fiber composites with better mechanical properties, we have developed a method to manufacture long, continuous, aligned thermoplastic composites. The process consists of aligning and winding fiber yams around a metal plate, sandwiching them with plastic films and compression molding. The plates can then be stacked in different arrangements and consolidated byhot compression. In this work the tensile, flexural and impact properties of PP and LOPE/jute yarn composites, manufactured by the method described, were determined. Two polypropylene (PP) and one polyethylene (LOPE) matrices with different molecular weights were used asthe matrix and two jute yearns (classified as 10/1 and 1012) were used as reinforcement and used In the manufacture of composites having different fiber contents and orientations. Our data shows that the method proposed is viable and that significant property enhancements were achieved. Tensile strength and modulus significantly increased with fiber incorporation and content, although for the latter, better properties were achieved for composites having 2 reinforcing layers. It is believed this behavior may be associated with fiber impregantion and/or interface quality. The same trend was observed for flexural modulus and strength. Composite impact strenghts were significantly smaller than those of the matrices which is thought to be due to the incorporation of relatively rigid fibers into very ductile matrices. In general, higher moduli (tensile and flexural) were achieved by composites reinforced with the thinner thread (10/1), while those reinforced with the thicker jute thread ended to display higher strenght (tensile, flexural and impact).

Cette étude porte sur l’analyse de l’influence de l’eau sur des composites chanvre/époxy. Deux résines ont été utilisées, l’une 100 % pétrochimique (Epolam) et l’autre partiellement bio-sourcée (Greenpoxy). L’absorption d’eau d’éprouvettes de composites tissés a d’abord été suivie par des mesures gravimétriques. Les résultats ont mis en évidence une cinétique d’absorption de type Langmuir dépendant de plusieurs paramètres (types de résine, de fibres et de tissu, fraction volumique de fibres et épaisseur). Des essais de DMA et DSC sur les résines ont montré un effet plastifiant de l’eau ainsi qu’une modification irréversible de leurs propriétés après le vieillissement hydrique. Des observations microscopiques réalisées sur le composite et à l’échelle du fil ont permis de détecter que des fissures entre les fibres de chanvre et la matrice époxy apparaissent et se développent dès le début de la désorption. De surcroît, des observations en photoélasticimétrie ont montré une réorganisation des contraintes internes irréversible due à ces endommagements. Des essais de traction quasi-statiques ont ensuite été réalisés sur des composites tissés et sur les résines seules. Le vieillissement hydrique modifie les grandeurs mécaniques ainsi que l’évolution des endommagements, suivie par émission acoustique et tomographie X.Pour mieux appréhender le comportement de l’interface fil/matrice, différents tests ont été développés sur des éprouvettes monofilamentaires spécifiques dans lesquelles le fil est orienté à 45° ou 90° par rapport à l’axe de sollicitation. Tout d’abord, des tests de nanoindentation ont été effectués de manière à mesurer in situ les propriétés de chaque constituant des composites avant et après vieillissement hydrique. Un second type de test basé sur le principe du choc laser a été utilisé pour déterminer la qualité de l’adhérence entre le fil et la résine. Enfin, des essais de traction sur micromachine sous microscope optique ont été mis au point dans le but de mesurer les champs de déformations par corrélation d’images. Les résultats ont démontré que les déformations locales sont plus importantes après un vieillissement hydrique et que ce phénomène est plus accentué dans le chanvre/Greenpoxy que dans le chanvre/Epolam. Le développement d’un modèle numérique simplifié a permis d’approcher la loi de comportement locale des différents constituants du composite et d’étudier l’évolution des modules après vieillissement. / This study deals with the analysis of the influence of water on hemp/epoxy composites. Two resins have been used, one being 100 % petrochemical (Epolam) and the other one partially bio-based (Greenpoxy). The water absorption of the woven composites have been measured with gravimetric analyses. The results showed a Langmuir-type absorption, and depends on several parameters (type of resin, fibres and fabric, fibre ratio and thickness). DMA and DSC tests realised on resins showed the plasticizing effect of water and an irreversible modification of their properties after the water ageing. Microscopic observations of the composite at the yarn scale helped to detect that cracks between hemp fibres and epoxy matrix appear and develop right from the start of the desorption. Moreover, observations by photoelasticimetry showed an irreversible reorganisation of internal stresses due to this damage. Next, quasi-static tensile tests have been performed on woven composites and resins. The water ageing has modified the mechanical properties of the materials as well as the evolution of damage, which has been studied by acoustic emission and X-ray tomography.For a better understanding of the yarn/matrix interface behaviour, different tests have been developed with specific single yarn composites, in which the yarn is oriented at 45° or 90° in regard to the main axis of the specimen. First, nanoindentation tests have been performed, to measure the properties in situ of each component of the composites before and after water ageing. A second type of tests, based on the laser shock wave method, has been used to determine the quality of adhesion between the yarn and the resin. Finally, tensile tests on a micromachine under an optical microscope have been developed with the aim of measuring strain fields by digital image correlation. The results demonstrated that local strains are higher after a water ageing and that this phenomenon is more pronounced in the hemp/Greenpoxy than in the hemp/Epolam. The development of a finite element model led to estimate the local constitutive law of the different components of the composites and to study the evolution of the modulus after the ageing.

In extreme weather conditions and activity levels of human subjects evaporation of sweat is critical for maintaining the sensorial and thermal comfort. Fabrics, from which clothes worn next to the skin are made, play an important role in facilitating the transfer of body liquid perspiration away from the skin to the environment through the mechanisms of capillary flow and evaporation. This work is a theoretical and experimental investigation of water flow characteristics of plain knitted fabrics with relevance to their structure geometry and constituent fibre chemistry. Plain knitted fabrics were produced by systematically varying different production parameters including fibre type, fibre orientation, yarn folding, yarn twist, yarn linear density, and blend ratio. Cotton and polyester fibres were used. Some commercial fabrics were included in the study. The gravimetric absorbency test system (GATS) was adapted for testing the water areal flow and uptake rates through the fabrics. Yarns taken from the produced fabrics were also tested for horizontal linear flow of liquid water. A theoretical model to predict the capillary flow of liquid water through yarns was proposed. The model is based on the representation of the inter-fibre pores in terms of the hydraulic radius theory. It is established that the plain knitted fabric configuration as interlocking of loops plays an important role in facilitating the capillary flow of liquid water through the fabric. The yarn contact at the crossover points of the knitted loop enables a connected path for liquid flow which increases at higher contact pressure at the crossover points. If the contact pressure increases beyond a certain limit it starts to negatively affect the flow because the higher pressure reduces yarn porosity. When the number of yarns in contact with the liquid source per unit area of the fabric plane increases the capillary flow increases. Fabric compactness, which is controlled by yarn diameter and stitch length, is an important fabric parameter that determines these effects the fabric configuration have on the capillary flow. The experiments and the micro-structural analysis revealed that inter-fibre pores within the plain knitted fabric transfer the capillary driven liquid water through the structure at a faster rate. These pores hold the higher percentage of the fabric total air volume. It was also established that both fibre chemical nature and yarn fine structure geometry have critical effects on the apparent contact angle which is a critical factor controling capillary flow of liquid water. The smooth yarn surface made of filament polyester fibre gave a low apparent contact angle in contrast with the constituent filament which showed a high real contact angle. On the contrary, due to the more disorderly fibre arrangement on the yarn surface, yarns made of the staple polyester fibre showed a similar high contact angle to the constituent fibre. The experimental results of capillary flow of liquid water through yarns showed a strong correlation with the estimated results based on the theoretical model derived from the Kozeny-Carman equation. The model provides theoretical basis for understanding the effects of the geometric and material parameters on the capillary flow through the yarn. The model predicts that as the total fibre perimeter within the yarn cross section increases, or yarn porosity decreases, the velocity decreases, however, the eventual distance the water travels through the yarn increases.

Gegenstand der vorliegenden Dissertationsschrift ist die Entwicklung und Umsetzung von neuartigen Hybridgarnen aus recycelten Carbonfasern (rCF) und Polyamid (PA) 6-Fasern für thermoplastische Verbundbauteile mit hohem Leistungsvermögen. Diese Hybridgarne können die hervorragenden mechanischen Eigenschaften der rCF im Gegensatz zu bisherigen Lösungen auf Basis von Spritzguss und Vliesstoffen in hohem Maße ausnutzen. Bedingt durch deren spezielle Fasereigenschaften (insbesondere hohe Querkraftempfindlichkeit, Sprödigkeit und fehlende Kräuselung) wurde dafür die Prozesskette der konventionellen Stapelfasergarnherstellung, bestehend aus Krempel, Strecke und Flyer, umfangreich analysiert und technologisch-konstruktiv weiterentwickelt, wodurch erstmalig eine schonende und gleichmäßige Herstellung der Hybridgarne ermöglicht werden konnte. Für eine reproduzierbare und effiziente Prüfung der Faserlänge der rCF wurde zudem ein anforderungsgerechtes Faserlängenmesssystem auf Basis der Fibrographmethode entwickelt. Die im Rahmen der Arbeit abschließend durchgeführten Verbund-prüfungen belegen das enorm hohe Potential der Hybridgarne, die über 80 % der Verbundzugfestigkeit von vergleichbaren Referenzprüfkörpern aus Carbon-Filamentgarn und PA 6-Matrix erreichen. Das entwickelte analytische Modell bietet zudem die Möglichkeit zur Berechnung der Verbundzugkennwerte in Abhängigkeit wesentlicher Faser- und Hybridgarnparameter.

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