Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre du développement de nouveaux matériaux permettant de se substituer aux métaux pour les applications de transport de l’électricité. L’excellente conductivité électriques des nanotubes de carbone (NTC) ainsi que le fait qu’ils peuvent être assemblés sous forme de fil en font une alternative prometteuse. Cependant, la conductivité électrique des fils en NTC n’est pas encore suffisante pour directement concurrencer les métaux. Ce travail de thèse cherche à identifier et comprendre les points bloquants pour les dépasser et ainsi améliorer la conductivité des fils en NTC. Les nanotubes de carbones sont fabriqués par la technique de Chemical Vapour Deposition sous forme de tapis. Ces tapis dit "filable" permettent d'extraire une nappe de NTC que l’on densifie ensuite pour former un fil. Tous les travaux de la littérature sur ce type de fil rapportent des résistivités supérieures à 1 mΩ.cm. Afin de comprendre cette limite apparente, une étude approfondie du transport électronique de ces fils est présentée en étudiant le comportement de la résistance du matériau entre 3 K et 300 K. Cette analyse met en évidence que le transport dans les fils de NTC est dominé par les contacts entre NTC en dessous de 70 K et qu’il est dominé par le transport intrinsèque des NTC au-dessus de 70 K. L'amélioration de la conductivité des fils en NTC à température ambiante passe par l’amélioration de la conductivité intrinsèque des NTC. Pour ce faire, deux techniques sont présentées dans ce travail, l’amélioration de la qualité structurale des NTC obtenue par un recuit à plus de 2000 °C et le dopage. L'amélioration linéaire de la conductivité du fil de NTC avec la qualité structurale des NTC nous a permis d’atteindre un record de résistivité à 0.76 mΩ.cm. Le dopant présenté dans ce travail (PtCl4) est pour la première fois utilisé pour des fils en NTC. Ce dopant possède une excellente efficacité (résistivité diminuées par 3) et une très grande stabilité dans le temps. L’amélioration de la qualité structurale des NTC augmente fortement l’efficacité de dopage. La qualité structurale est indispensable pour atteindre d’excellentes conductivités électriques. Un schéma récapitule l’influence des différents paramètres expérimentaux sur le transport électronique des fils en NTC. Enfin, l’étude du transport électronique dans les matériaux en NTC a permis de développer un nouveau modèle de transport s’ajustant à la fois à nos travaux ainsi qu’à tous ceux de la littérature. Ce modèle consiste en deux résistances en série. La première résistance décrit le transport dans les matériaux en NTC en dessous de 70 K et est très bien décrite par la théorie d’un Liquide de Luttinger. La deuxième résistance dépend à la fois du transport intrinsèque des parois métalliques et semi-conductrices des NTC ainsi que de l’arrangement des NTC entre eux (faisceaux ou individualisés). Ce modèle permet de tirer les informations intrinsèques aux fils comme la façon dont les électrons sont injectés dans les NTC, l’influence des NTC semi-conducteurs par rapport aux métalliques et les libres parcours moyen des électrons dans la structure. L’ensemble de ces résultats indique que les paramètres indispensables pour obtenir des fils très conducteurs sont pour des NTC: d’une excellente qualité structurale, fabriqué sous forme individualisée et avec une forte proportion de parois métalliques. / The overall framework of this PhD. work is to develop new materials to replace metals in electrical wiring. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are a good alternative as they show a high electrical conductivity as well as they can be assembled into yarns. However, CNT yarns have not yet reached the electrical conductivity of individual CNTs preventing them from competing with metals. The aim of this work is to identify the factors limiting the CNT yarn conductivity, increase the CNT yarn conductivity and model their electrical transport. In this work, carbon nanotubes are grown in array by Chemical Vapour Deposition. Our CNT arrays are spinnable meaning that, CNT webs can be drawn from it and then densified into yarns. All the published works on this type of CNT yarns reveal that their resistivities are limited above 1 mΩ.cm. In order to understand this apparent limitation, we present an extensive study of the CNT yarn electrical transport by measuring the yarn resistance behavior from 3 K to 300 K. We show that the CNT yarn electrical transport is dominated by the contact resistance between CNTs below 70 K and by the intrinsic CNT resistance above. In order to improve the CNT yarn electrical conductivity at room temperature, it is essential to improve the intrinsic CNT conductivity. Two ways are investigated, the first one is to increase the CNT structural quality by annealing above 2000 °C, and the second one is doping. Annealing treatment drastically improves the CNT structural quality, revealing that the CNT yarn resistivity linearly decreases with the CNT quality improvement. This treatment allows reaching a resistivity record of 0.76 mΩ.cm for undoped yarn made from CNT array. In addition, we present a new dopant for CNT yarn (PtCl4) that shows both high doping efficiency (CNT resistivity decreased by almost a factor of 3) and a very long term stability. By combining successively annealing and doping treatments, we found out that the doping efficiency is drastically increased by the CNT structural quality improvement. From all our experimental studies and the literature data analysis, we present a scheme showing the influence of many parameters on the CNT yarn electrical transport. After bringing to light that existing electrical transport models do not correctly explain the CNT yarn electrical transport, we developed a new model that perfectly fits both our data and those of the literature. Our model consists in two resistances in series. The first resistance represents the CNT material electrical transport below 70 K and is very well explained by the Luttinger Liquid theory. The second resistance depends on both the intrinsic CNT wall electrical transport (metallic or semi-conducting) and the CNT arrangement (bundled or individualized). Our model allows extracting CNT yarn physical parameters such as the way electrons tunnel from one CNT to another, the role of semi-conducting walls versus metallic ones and the electron mean free paths in the structure. All these results highlight that the main ways to make CNT yarns with high electrical conductivities involve individualized CNTs, with an excellent structural quality and also a high metallic CNT wall content.

Den textila industrin är en av världens största industrier, en resurskrävande industri med komplicerade och förorenande processer. Processer som innefattar flera olika steg, från råmaterial till färdig produkt. Detta gäller för alla textila produkter vare sig det handlar om klädesplagg inom fast fashion, eller teknisk textila produkter. Varje steg i processen har en inverkan på miljön och kan även ske på olika geografiska platser runt om i världen. Fast fashion-industrin karaktäriseras av korta produktlivslängder, hög instabilitet och låga priser, vilket direkt kopplas till negativ miljöpåverkan. Enligt konsumenter är kvaliteten på klädesplagg idag bristfällig och det är en stor anledning till varför många använder sina plagg endast ett fåtal gånger. Denna studie undersöker om och hur man kan identifiera livslängden på fyra olika grövre trikåkvaliteter, samt undersöka om förbättringsförslag kan ges för att öka livslängden på dessa. Undersökningen har innefattat kvantitativa metoder genom en enkätstudie där 100 personer deltagit, samt standardiserade testmetoder. I enkätundersökningen fick respondenterna redogöra kvalitetsbrister och användarbeteende. Detta har fungerat som riktlinjer till en metodplan för att simulera användning. Enkätens resultat visade att störst kvalitetsbrister och anledning till att plagg slutar användas främst berodde på grund av noppbildning, slitage genom nötning och dimensionsförändringar. Därmed har metodval för standardiserade tester valts inom dessa parametrar. Detta med 15 tvättcykler mellan testningarna för att simulera två års användning. Mätningar har även jämförts mot kvaliteternas kravspecifikation. Testernas resultat visade att samtliga kvaliteter har en bra beständighet mot nötning, i förhållande till dess kravspecifikation. Samma gällde för resultaten inom dimensionsstabilitet, dock med mycket varierande dimensionsförändringar på olika områden. Vid test av benägenhet till att bilda noppor, klarade endast hälften av kvaliteterna kravspecifikationens villkor. Dessa resultat gäller både innan och efter 15 tvättcykler. Förbättringsförslag för en förhöjd kvalitetsstandard, därmed förlängd livslängd, var svårt bestämma utifrån den information till kvaliteterna som fanns att tillgå. Resultat visade att fibertyp, fibertjocklek, spinnmetod, garnkonstruktion, bindning, masklängd samt delning på stickmaskin är alla parametrar som avgör slutproduktens kvalitet. Olika tekniker för samtliga parametrar medför olika egenskaper som bestämmer slutkvaliteten. I brist på information om värden för nämnda parametrar var förbättringsförslag ej möjliga att bestämma. / The textile industry is one of the world's largest industries, a resource-intensive industry with complicated and polluting processes. Processes that include several different steps, from raw material to final product. Which applies for all textile products, whether it is clothing in fast fashion or other textile products. Each step in the process has an impact on the environment and many of them take place indifferent geographical locations around the world. The fast-fashion industry is characterized by short product lifetimes, high instability, and lower prices, which directly links to negative environmental impacts. According to consumers, the quality of today's clothing has a major deficiency and is a major reason why many people only use their garments a few times before discarding them. This study examines how to identify the lifespan of four different coarser knitted sweaters, but also investigate if it is possible to provide improvement suggestions on how to increase the longevity. The project includes quantitative methods through a survey which has been done by 100 people, and standardized tests. Within the survey the respondents were asked to report quality deficiencies and care behavior. Which has served as guidelines for choice of methods to simulate use of clothing. The results of the survey showed that greatest quality deficiencies and reasons why garments stop being used were mainly due to pilling formation, wear due to abrasion and dimensional changes. Thus, choices of methods for standardized tests were chosen to test within these parameters. This with 15 wash cycles between tests to simulate two years of use. Results have also been compared to the garment requirement specifications. The test results showed that all garment samples had good resistance to abrasion, in relation to the requirement specifications. The same applies to the results within the dimensional stability, however, dimensional changes vary a lot in different areas. The results apply both before and after 15 wash cycles. Suggestions for improvement for an increased quality standard, for increased longevity, were difficult to determine based on the limited information provided regarding the garments. Results showed that fiber type, fiber thickness, spinning method, yarn construction, knit structure, loop size and gauge of the knitting machine are all parameters that influence the quality of the final product. Different techniques for all parameters result in different properties that determine the final quality and the longevity for the product. The lack of specific information needed for the parameters mentioned, suggestions for improvement were not possible to determine.

Die Textiltechnik ermöglicht den Einsatz von rezyklierten Kohlenstofffasern in thermoplastischen Faserverbundwerkstoffen mit hohen Festigkeitsanforderungen. Das Erreichen vergleichbarer mechanischer Eigenschaften entsprechender endlosfaserverstärkter Verbundwerkstoffe wird durch die Nutzung von Stapelfaser-Hybridgarntextilien realisiert. Die Anwendung von thermoplastischen Hybridgarntextilien für die Herstellung von mehr als 100.000 Bauteilen pro Jahr erfordert jedoch eine kurze Taktzeit zur Imprägnierung und Konsolidierung des textilen Halbzeugs. Diese ist in dem derzeitigen Stand der Technik nicht gegeben, sodass hier Forschungsbedarf besteht. Die vorliegende Arbeit präsentiert eine Methode zur Reduktion der Taktzeit zur Imprägnierung und Konsolidierung komplexer Bauteilgeometrien auf Basis leitfähiger Hybridgarntextilien von derzeitig mehreren Minuten auf unter eine Minute, mit Potenzial zur weiteren Minimierung. Dies erfolgt mittels In-situ-Erwärmung im formgebenden Werkzeug unter Nutzung der Widerstandsverluste bei Stromfluss durch die leitfähigen Verstärkungsfasern. Neben der Charakterisierung und Simulation der Erwärmung im Mehrlagengewebe wird eine Parameteranalyse an generischen Probekörpern durchgeführt, um die Machbarkeit zu demonstrieren. Genauso findet eine erfolgreiche Skalierung der Technologie durch Übertragung der Ergebnisse auf eine komplexe Bauteilgeometrie anhand einer innovativen Werkzeugtechnologie statt. Am Ende der Arbeit erfolgt eine wirtschaftliche Betrachtung der kompletten Prozesskette von der einzelnen Faser, über den Hybridroving und das Mehrlagengewebe, bis zum fertigen Bauteil. Die Arbeit zeigt eine Technologie zur wirtschaftlichen Fertigung von Bauteilen aus rezyklierten Kohlenstofffasern in unter einer Minute Taktzeit. Des Weiteren bieten sich Vorteile durch die geringen Materialkosten des Hybridrovings, den hohen Grad der Automatisierung und die energetisch effiziente intrinsische Erwärmung des Halbzeugs.

Cette recherche porte sur les fils multifilamentaires de verre utilisés pour renforcer les matériaux à base de ciment. Elle est focalisée sur les interactions mécaniques de ce type de fils, constitués d'un assemblage de milliers de filaments micrométriques, avec un micro-béton et sur le rôle spécifique de l'imprégnation du fil par cette matrice cimentaire. Trois pré-conditionnements des fils ont été employés lors de la fabrication des éprouvettes afin de moduler les conditions d'imprégnation par la matrice cimentaire. L'imprégnation de 5 fils multi-filamentaires par la matrice cimentaire a été caractérisée et les paramètres d'imprégnation ont été définis en s'appuyant sur des observations MEB, ainsi que des essais de porosimétrie au mercure et des essais spécifiques d'écoulement le long du fil enrobé. Des essais classiques d'arrachement de type pull-out ont été utilisés pour la caractérisation mécanique. L'analyse des liens entre les propriétés mécaniques et les paramètres d'imprégnation ont permis de mieux comprendre les micro-mécanismes d'interaction filaments / matrice cimentaire et d'expliquer le comportement macroscopique à l'arrachement. / This research deals with multi-filaments glass yarns used as reinforcement of cement based materials. It focuses on the mechanical interactions of these yarns, made of thousands of micrometric filaments, with a micro-concrete and on the specific part of the impregnation of the yarn by the cementitious matrix. Modulated impregnation conditions of the yarns were obtained by using three different manufacturing processes for the samples preparation. The impregnation of 5 multi-filament yarns by the cementitious matrix has been characterized and physical parameters of impregnation were determined using SEM investigations, mercury intrusion porosity measurements and specific tests of flow all along the embedded yarn. Classical pull-out tests have been used for the mechanical characterisation. The study of the links between the mechanical properties and the physical parameters of impregnation allowed accessing a better understanding of the filaments / cementitious matrix interaction micro-mechanisms, and explaining the macroscopic pull-out behaviour.

Der komplexe Verarbeitungsprozess endlosfaserverstärkter Textilthermoplaste beeinflusst maßgeblich die resultierende textile Struktur und damit im gleichen Maße die strukturellen Eigenschaften des Verbundes. Zur vollständigen Ausschöpfung des vielversprechenden Potentials dieser innovativen Werkstoffgruppe ist es daher notwendig, die Fertigungssimulation in den Entwicklungsprozess zu integrieren. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine qualitative als auch quantitative Beschreibung der komplexen Deformationsphänomenologie von Textilthermoplasten beim Thermoformen vorgenommen, wobei die eingehende Analyse der lokalen Textilthermoplaststruktur und -verformung fokussiert wird. Auf Grundlage eines umfangreichen experimentellen Prüfprogramm wird abschließend zur modellbasierten Beschreibung der Deformationsvorgänge ein neuartiges Multi-Skalen-Modell entwickelt, mit dem sich die auftretende Phänomenologie virtuell wiedergeben lässt.

Este projeto, \"Influência do fator de cobertura nas propriedades de permeabilidade de tecidos planos\", descreve um breve histórico sobre a Tecelagem e seu crescimento na indústria Têxtil mundial, sendo muito importante o seu desenvolvimento para a indústria. Será apresentado também o conceito sobre Fator de cobertura de tecidos planos. Com o objetivo de avaliar a correlação entre o fator de cobertura e a permeabilidade dos tecidos planos, foram desenvolvidas 18 amostras de tecido com fio 60/2 Ne 100% agodão no urdume e na trama, em ligamento tela, sarja e cetim com densidades de trama 16tramas/cm, 24tramas/cm e 32tramas/cm, e com densidade de urdume 16fios/cm e 32fios/cm . Foi calculado o fator de cobertura para todas as amostras e foram realisados ensaios de gramatura, permeabilidade ao ar, permeabilidade ao vapor de água e permeabilidade a água, com a observação do indice OMMC (Capacidade de gestão global de umidade) do aparelho MMT (Moisture Management Tester). Este estudo se mostra como um caminho na Utilização do fator de cobertura, como item a ser considerado no desenvolvimento de novos artigos. Os resultados mostram para cada ligamento e fator de cobertura o comportamento com relação à permeabilidade dos Tecidos / This project, \"Influence of the coverage factor on the properties of permeability of woven\", describes a brief history on Weaving and its growth in the world textile industry, being very important its development for the industry. The concept of woven coverage factor, will also be presented. In order to evaluate the co-relation between the coverage factor and the permeability of woven, 18 wovens samples were developed with 60/2 Ne 100% cotton thread in the warp and the weft, inwoven twill and satin weave with warp weights 16 yarn/cm, 24 yarn/cm and 32 yarn/cm and with warp density 16 yarn/cm and 32yarn/cm. The coverage factor was calculated for all samples and weight, air permeability, water vapor permeability and water permeability tests were performed with the observation of the OMMC (Global Moisture ManagementCapacity) index of the MMT (Moisture Management Tester).This study shows as a path in the use of the coverage factor, as an item to be considered in the development of new articles. The results show for each ligament and cover factor the behavior regarding the permeability of the wovens

O comportamento dinamométrico de malhas submetidas à tração é geralmente inadequado para atender aos padrões atuais de conforto e desempenho e, portanto, fibras elastoméricas são cada vez mais utilizadas em conjunto com algodão, viscose, poliamida e poliéster para conferir aos artigos um maior grau de alongamento e uma melhor recuperação elástica. Dessa forma as características desses produtos estão amplamente associadas ao fio de elastano e sua utilização. No entanto as relações entre a proporção de elastano, a alimentação de fio rígido e as propriedades físicas obtidas nas malhas é algo ainda pouco estudado. O objetivo desse trabalho é estudar e definir essas relações através do planejamento de experimentos em malhas monofrontura de poliamida/elastano. Foram alteradas condições de alimentação do fio de poliamida (LFA) e tensão do elastano e, após relaxamento, medidas várias propriedades das malhas produzidas como gramatura, largura, densidade, espessura, porcentagem de elastano, permeabilidade ao vapor, alongamento e elasticidade. Foi possível observar como a tensão de elastano é preponderante na densidade e na porcentagem de elastano, enquanto o LFA da poliamida é predominante na espessura e alongamento da malha, enquanto a largura, a elasticidade e a permeabilidade ao vapor não sofrem influências significativas de nenhum dos dois fatores analisados. / The dynamometric behavior of knits subjected to traction is generally inadequate to meet current standards of comfort and performance and, therefore, elastomeric fibers are increasingly used in combination with cotton, viscose, polyamide and polyester to give to these articles a greater degree of elongation and better elastic recovery. Thus the characteristics of these products are widely associated with elastane yarn. However the relationship between the elastic yarn rate, the loop length and the physical properties obtained in the jersey knit is somewhat poorly studied. The aim of this work is to study and define these relationships using design of experiments in polyamide / elastane single jersey knits. The polyamide feed (LFA) and elastane tension were changed and, after relaxation, measurements of jersey properties were done, such as mass per unit area, width, density, thickness, percentage of elastane, water vapor permeability, elongation and elasticity. It was possible to observe how elastane tension is leading to density and percentage of spandex, while polyamide LFA is predominant in the thickness and elongation, since the width, elasticity and vapor permeability are not influenced by either of the two significant factors

Färgning av polyester (PET) sker i temperaturer omkring 130℃ och som en följd av den höga värmen migrerar oligomerer ut ur PET-fibern. Dessa oligomerer skapar därefter problem i form av vita fällningar och avlagringar, som leder till en reducering av maskinernas effektivitet, samt försämring av materialets utseende. En vanligt förekommande metod för att begränsa problemet är att tillsätta hjälpkemikalier i färgbadet. Novozymes A/S hävdar att genomförda studier med PET-garn och enzymet cutinase NS59038 har visat en minskning av det vita damm som kan ses på garnet i samband med migration av oligomerer. Eftersom enorma mängder PET produceras globalt varje år skulle endast en liten minskning av mängden kemikalier innebära en stor skillnad. Kemikalier som ersätts med andra kemikalier kan ifrågasättas om det är en bra metod eller om det bestrider syftet. Ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv kan enzymer ses som ett bättre alternativ eftersom de enligt Jajpura (2017) är biologiskt hållbara, formar sällan någon biprodukt och dess reaktion kräver oftast mildare förhållanden. Hjälpkemikalien Sera Con P-NSI används av Ludvig Svensson AB som färgar garn av den flamskyddade polyesterfibern Trevira CS. Syftet med projektet har därmed varit att undersöka om enzymet cutinase NS59038 är ett alternativ till hjälpkemikalien Sera Con P-NSI, för att reducera de problem som uppstår med oligomerer i färgningsprocessen med Trevira CS. Garnets egenskaper har jämförts genom visuell analys med mikroskop, viktförändring, reflektionsspektrofotometer och dragprovning. Metoder som använts i syfte att detektera oligomerer har varit FTIR, UV-vis spektrofotometer och svart svavelfilterpapper. Utifrån genomförda analyser av garnets vikt, styrka, färgupptagning och visuell bedömning har det inte kunnat konstateras att cutinase NS59038 skulle vara ett alternativ till Sera Con P-NSI. Resultat från analysmetoderna visade skillnader i medelvärde, men inget samband mellan val av färgrecept och garnets egenskap har detekterats. De olika färgningsförsöken visade inte någon förekomst av fällningar/avlagringar som med använda testmetoder har kunnat bekräftas som oligomerer. Resultaten bedömdes därmed inte som tillräckliga för att konstatera om cutinase NS59038 påverkar garnets kvalitet i jämförelse med hjälpkemikalien Sera Con P-NSI. / In the dyeing process of polyester (PET) the temperature goes up to around 130℃ and as a result oligomers migrate out of the PET fiber. These oligomers create problems as white precipitates that deposits on the material and the inside of machines. This leads to a reduction in machine efficiency, as well as a change of material appearance. One common method for limiting the problem is to add help chemicals in conjunction with the dyeing process. According to results from previous studies, Novozymes A/S claims that the enzyme cutinase NS59038 has reduced the white dust on the yarn of polyester. Based on the enormous quantity of PET that are produced every year, even a small reduction of the chemicals that are used would mean a huge difference. Chemicals that replace other chemicals can be questioned whether or not it can be seen as an alternative or if it disputes the purpose. From a sustainable point of view enzymes could according to Jajpura (2017) be seen as a better alternative because they are biodegradable, their reaction seldom form any byproduct and often requires less energy. The help chemical Sera Con P-NSI is used by Ludvig Svensson AB and is added to the dye bath in the dyeing process of the specific polyester Trevira CS (a flame retardant polyester fiber). The purpose of the project has thus been to investigate whether the enzyme cutinase NS59038 is an alternative to the help chemical Sera Con P-NSI, to reduce the problems with oligomers in the dyeing process of Trevira CS. The properties of the yarn have been compared by visual analysis with microscope, weight change, measurement of the color change with spectrophotometer and tensile strength. Methods used to detect oligomers have been FTIR, UV-vis spectrophotometer and black sulfur filter paper. Based on the analysis of the weight of the yarn, strength, color uptake and visual assessment, it can not be established that cutinase NS59038 would be an alternative to Sera Con P-NSI. Results from the analysis methods show differences in the mean, but no connection between the choice of dye recipe and the properties of the yarn can be detected. None of the precipitates that was predicted to arise on the surface of the yarn was ever detected. The results are therefore not considered sufficient to determine whether cutinase NS59038 affects the quality of the yarn compared to the help chemical Sera Con P-NSI.

The idea underlying the present study was to apply twisting in order to introduce different levels of transverse pressure. The modified structure affected both the bonding level and the evolution of the damage in the yarn. In order to isolate this effect in a broader context, additional parameters were included in the experiment design, namely effects of loading rate, specimen length and filament diameter (directly linked to the fineness of the yarn). These factors have been studied in various contexts by several authors. Some related studies on involved factors will be briefly reviewed.

The degradation of wool keratin under conditions relevant to those of wool dyeing was investigated using the techniques of gel permeation chromatography (GPC), ion exchange gel chromatography, and amino acid analysis. Physical testing of the treated and untreated wool was also carried out to determine the physical changes occurring, parameters used being percentage elongation at the break, and the breaking strain of the fibre. Samples of wool keratin were immersed in various aqueous solutions at 1000C for 24 hours and the filtered, aqueous, oxidised extracts were analysed* The solutions used varied only in the dye, or dye intermediate present in the treatment solution. All treatment baths contained 10% owf 1.02 x 10 -2 MSulphuric VI acid; 10%owf 7.04x 10 -3 MSodium sulphate VI ; A 100 :1 liquor ratio was used in each case. Some of the dye intermediates showed a marked catalytic effect, particularly in their effect on breaking strain, a decrease of 40% in some cases. The GPC profiles of the extracted proteins were examined in detail and compared against previous workers' results. An explanation of the behaviour of the dyes and intermediates was proposed. The amino acid composition data of the extracted and fractionated proteins were compared against various morphological components extracted by other workers, as was the total gelatin obtained from each treatment.