The Book of Odes carries specific classical aesthetic, political, social and literature value. How it was reflected by traditional scholar Chŏng Yak-yong in monarch Chosŏn dynasty within the rhetoric end? Between the conflict within text knowledge of traditional classics and practical knowledge of western learning, how Chŏng Yak-yong balanced and combined them with rhetorical discourses of fengci(풍자,讽刺)? And what Chŏng Yak-yong understood the rhetoric of fengci offered the open end for the future development of understanding the tradition. Chŏng Yak-yong was one of Korean traditional scholars in late Chosŏn dynasty and through his commitments the fengci in the Book of Odes, I tried to dignify Chŏng Yak-yong’s assumption to image of Korean state confronting the influence of western practical learning and western Catholic religion. Chŏng Yak-yong through his commitments rhetoric of fengci in the Book of Odes rebirthed the traditional thoughts with new contents under the influence of western practical learning. His ideology of state of Korea was based on the traditional text knowledge, meanwhile combined western practical knowledge to build Korean new specific knowledge essence of morality, value and the emotion of public of Koreans, revealing and realizing the power of the state. Even more, his understanding of the fengci in the Book of Odes was based on fengci’s social critical function, associating with Korean traditional ethic value of humanism, rebuilding the essential nature of ruler and noble to the public, which was proper to the current political domination of monarch system. Additionally, the discourse of fengci contained in the Book of Odes would have its literature meaning as poems to the society and political domination. This thesis would find the way that fengci as the rhetoric that how its discourse related the society, politics and literature as an integrated system in monarch late Chosŏn period. / text

周濤. / "2010年9月". / "2010 nian 9 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 186-197). / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Zhou Tao. / 摘要 --- p.i / 致謝 --- p.iii / Chapter 第一章 --- 導論 --- p.1 / Chapter 一、 --- 引論 --- p.1 / Chapter 二、 --- 文獻研究綜述 --- p.5 / Chapter 三、 --- 論文理論框架 --- p.10 / Chapter 四、 --- 論文主題、論述結構與寫作目的 --- p.13 / Chapter 五、 --- 田野點的選擇及研究方法 --- p.19 / Chapter 六、 --- 論文的章節安排 --- p.24 / Chapter 第二章 --- 村落政治歷史與社會文化背景 --- p.26 / Chapter 一、 --- 秀巴村的政治歷史背景 --- p.26 / Chapter 二、 --- 工布藏族 --- p.30 / Chapter 三、 --- 親屬制度 --- p.33 / Chapter 四、 --- 宗教信仰與節日民俗 --- p.37 / Chapter 五、 --- 小結 --- p.41 / Chapter 第三章 --- 生態環境與畜牧業 --- p.43 / Chapter 一、 --- 秀巴村的自然生態環境 --- p.43 / Chapter 二、 --- 犛牛的分類及尋群管理 --- p.46 / Chapter 三、 --- 季節性游牧與高山牧場 --- p.53 / Chapter 四、 --- 谷地牧場與農業 --- p.65 / Chapter 五、 --- 小結 --- p.71 / Chapter 第四章 --- 國家、環境與氣候變暖 --- p.73 / Chapter 一、 --- 人民公社:小麥賦稅 --- p.74 / Chapter 二、 --- 國家林場:伐木工業 --- p.79 / Chapter 三、 --- 改革開放:發展藏豬養殖 --- p.82 / Chapter 四、 --- 西部大開發:發展生態旅遊 --- p.88 / Chapter 五、 --- 西藏氣候暖化及其影響 --- p.98 / Chapter 六、 --- 小結 --- p.100 / Chapter 第五章 --- 犛牛、市場與社會變遷 --- p.103 / Chapter 一、 --- 犛牛數量的增長 --- p.104 / Chapter 二、 --- 犛牛與牧民理性 --- p.114 / Chapter 三、 --- 犛牛的市場化 --- p.119 / Chapter 四、 --- 牧房私有化、「領地」與變遷中的草場遷徙 --- p.126 / Chapter 五、 --- 農田面積的減少與農業的邊緣化 --- p.133 / Chapter 六、 --- 村委權威的削弱 --- p.138 / Chapter 七、 --- 小結 --- p.140 / Chapter 第六章 --- 共用草場的管理機制及其終結 --- p.143 / Chapter 一、 --- 共用草場的管理機制 --- p.144 / Chapter 二、 --- 共用草場管理機制的終結 --- p.159 / Chapter 三、 --- Ostrom的共用資源共管理論應用與分析 --- p.162 / Chapter 四、 --- 小結 --- p.167 / Chapter 第七章 --- 結論:環境、草場治理與國家話語 --- p.169 / Chapter 一、 --- 再論有機環境與資本主義構造的環境 --- p.169 / Chapter 二、 --- 國家與草場治理模式 --- p.175 / Chapter 三、 --- 國家話語:發展與環境保護 --- p.181 / Chapter 四、 --- 結語 --- p.184 / 參考文獻 --- p.186

Yaks sind sehr gut an die Umweltbedingungen des kirgisischen Hochgebirges angepasst und sind seit Jahrhunderten ein Bestandteil dieses Ökosystems. Politische und wirtschaftliche Veränderungen haben in den letzten 60 Jahren dazu geführt, dass die Yakbestände in Kirgistan zurückgegangen sind. Seit einigen Jahren gibt es Bestrebungen diese wiederaufzubauen. Dabei müssen die ökologischen Ansprüche der alpinen Landschaft berücksichtigt werden. Das Ziel der Arbeit bestand darin, in einem engen zeitlichen Raster, das Verhalten der Yaks im Herdenverband zu analysieren, die Lebendmasseentwicklung von Yakfärsen im Zusammenhang mit dem saisonalen Einfluss zu untersuchen und den Weideertrag zu schätzen. Dazu wurden im Osten Kirgistans Verhaltensuntersuchungen an 12 Yakkühen durchgeführt sowie die Lebendmasseentwicklung von 20 Yakfärsen analysiert. Für die Analyse der Vegetation wurden 10 Plots genutzt. Das Habitatsverhalten der Yaks ist von verschiedenen Faktoren abhängig, die vor allem im Zusammenhang mit dem großen Weidegebiet stehen: die Variation im Futterangebot, die geografischen Gegebenheiten sowie die Witterungsverhältnisse. Die Untersuchungen zeigten, dass das Verhalten der Yaks stark durch die Jahreszeiten beeinflusst wird. Das bezieht sich auf die Nutzung von Flächen und Höhenlagen sowie auf das Bewegungsverhalten. Es zeigte sich, dass bestimmte Weideareale permanent stärker frequentiert werden. Die Lokomotion der Yaks ist im Winter stärker ausgeprägt als im Sommer. Die Vegetationsanalyse weist darauf hin, dass Ertrag und Futterwert der Weidepflanzen, eindeutig durch die Höhenlage beeinflusst werden. Die Untersuchungen zur Lebendmasseentwicklung zeigten den gravierenden Einfluss der Jahreszeiten und damit des Futterangebotes auf die Lebendmasseentwicklung der Yakfärsen. Ein detailliertes Wissen über das Verhalten von Yaks kann dazu beitragen, die Bewirtschaftung von Hochgebirgsweideflächen zu verbessern und vorhandene Ressourcen schonend und nachhaltig zu nutzen. / Yaks are very well adapted to the environmental conditions of the Kyrgyz high mountains and have been part of this ecosystem for centuries. Political and economic changes over the past 60 years have led to a decline in yak stocks in Kyrgyzstan. For some years, there have been efforts to rebuild them, to this end the ecological demands of the alpine landscape must be taken into account. Within this context, the objectives of the PhD – thesis were to analyse the behaviour of the yaks in the herd, to investigate the development of the body weight of yak heifers in connection with the seasonal influence and to estimate the grazing yield in a tight time grid. In the eastern part of Kyrgyzstan, 12 yak cows were selected for the behavioural studies and 20 yaks heifers for the development of the body weight. For the analysis of the vegetation, 10 plots were used. The habitat behaviour of the yaks depends on various factors, which are mainly related to the large grazing area: the variation in the forage supply, the different geographical conditions as well as the weather conditions. The investigations showed that the behaviour of the animals is strongly influenced by the seasons, specifically regarding use of areas and altitudes; as well as to exercise behaviour. It was found that certain pastures are permanently more frequented than others. The locomotion of the yaks is more pronounced in winter than in summer. The research on the development of the body weight showed the serious influence of the seasons and thus of the food supply on the development of the yak heifers. Results showed that body growth takes place despite the losses in winter. The vegetation analysis indicates that the yield and feed value of the pasture plants are clearly influenced by the altitude. A detailed knowledge of the behaviour of yaks can help to improve the management of high mountain pastures and thus to use the available resources sparingly and sustainably.

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Avancer que le texte littéraire a joué un rôle dans l’évolution des pratiques d’enseignement / apprentissage du FLE peut paraître une évidence. Pourtant, la place accordée aux textes littéraires diffère dans le temps. Or, c’est à un moment où les manuels de cours se détournaient le plus de ces textes que des didacticiens spécialistes du FLE se sont servi presque paradoxalement de la littérature pour élaborer de nouvelles activités qui devaient révolutionner la façon d’enseigner et d’apprendre la matière. Élaborées dans la période des années post soixante-huit, ces activités ont modifié à la fois le rôle de l’enseignant et la place de l’apprenant dans la classe. À l’instar de la littérature qu’il enseignait jusqu’alors, le premier perdait de son influence et se muait en animateur bienveillant. Quant au second, il devenait désormais actif et gagnait en autonomie. Libérées des méthodes du passé, les deux parties poussées à plus d’investissement personnel, devaient également trouver plus de plaisir dans leurs nouveaux rôles.Les littératures à l’origine de ce bouleversement sont dites « créatives ». Leurs modes de production reposent soit sur des techniques visant à libérer les auteurs des règles enclavant leur inventivité, soit sur des contraintes favorisant la production d’énoncés répondant à des modèles préétablis. Il va sans dire qu’appliquées dans les cours de FLE, les deux façons de procéder devaient conduire les apprenants à produire des textes dits créatifs à leur tour. La présente recherche porte sur les textes littéraires utilisés et les exercices qu’ils ont engendrés. / To advance that the literary text has always played a part in the evolution of the practices of teaching/training of French as Foreign Language (FFL) is an obviousness. The place granted to it differs of course in time. However, it is at the moment when the handbooks were turning away from these texts that the didacticians, specialists in FFL, made use of the literature to work out new activities. The latter were to revolutionize the way of teaching and learning the matter. Worked out during the years of post-68, these activities modified the role of the teacher as well as the place of the learner in the class. Following the example of the literature which he taught hitherto, the first lost of its influence and turned into a benevolent instructor. As for the second, from then it became active and gained in autonomy. Released from the methods of the past, the two thorough parts with more personal investment were to also find more pleasure in their new roles.The literatures at the origin of this upheaval are known as «creative». Their modes of production rest either on techniques aiming at releasing the authors of the rules wedging their inventiveness or on constraints supporting the production of types based on prerequisites. It goes without saying that, applied to the FFL courses, the two ways of proceeding should lead learners in turn to produce texts known as «creative». The present research relates to the various literary techniques used and the exercises which they generated.