A Doença Hepática Gordurosa Não Alcoólica (DHGNA) é atualmente uma das formas mais comuns de doença hepática, e está diretamente relacionada com a obesidade. Estudos indicam uma prevalência por volta de 30% na população ocidental e 11% na população oriental. A DGHNA possui um largo espectro abrangendo desde casos de esteatose simples sem inflamação, até casos com esteatohepatite e fibrose, podendo evoluir para cirrose e carcinoma hepatocelular. A fisiopatogênese da DHGNA é baseada em múltiplos eventos: resistência insulínica, aumento da lipólise periférica, aumento da síntese de novo de lipídeos, estresse oxidativo, endotoxemia crônica no desencadeamento da inflamação e fibrose entre outros. A etapa inicial caracteriza-se pelo acúmulo de ácidos graxos no hepatócito, suplantando sua capacidade de metabolização e exportação conseqüente à ação lipogênica da insulina, desta forma o metabolismo de ácidos graxos está intimamente ligado ao desenvolvimento da DHGNA. O Yo Jyo Hen Shi Ko (YHK) é um composto natural usado na medicina japonesa para tratamento de doenças hepáticas e apresenta propriedades antioxidantes, antiinflamatórias e hipolipemiantes. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do YHK no metabolismo hepático de lipídeos. Para tanto, foram utilizados camundongos obesos (ob/ob) com esteatohepatite não alcoólica (ENA) induzida por dieta deficiente em colina e metionina (DCM) e foram analisados no tecido hepático, genes relacionados com a síntese de novo de lipídeos (SREBP1c, FASn), genes relacionados com a oxidação e exportação de lipídeos (CPT1a e SCD-1, MTP), assim como genes relacionados com o armazenamento de lipídeos (Perilipina e ADFP). O YHK apresentou um efeito citoprotetor hepático com melhora dos parâmetros histológicos neste modelo experimental de ENA. Associadamente, houve redução na expressão de genes relacionados à síntese de novo como SREBP e da FASn, quando se comparou o grupo tratado com DCM+YHK com o grupo não tratado DCM. Em contrapartida, houve aumento na expressão da MTP e da SCD-1 ocasionando uma maior exportação de triglicerídeos hepáticos nos animais que utilizaram o YHK. Ainda, o YHK modulou as proteínas Perilipina e ADFP. Por outro lado, não houve modificação na oxidação de lipídeos.. Conclui-se que o YHK pode ser uma droga promissora no tratamento da DHGNA, já que age modulando genes envolvidos na síntese e exportação de lipídeos hepáticos, reduzindo o acúmulo de gordura no hepatócito / Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently one of the most common forms of liver disease, related directly to the increase of obesity in the world. Previous studies indicate a prevalence of around 30% in the western population and 11% in the eastern. This disease covers cases from simple steatosis without inflammation to cases of steato hepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis and it may lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathophysiology of NAFLD is based on multiple events: insulin resistance, increased peripheral lipolysis, increased de novo lipogenesis, oxidative stress, endotoxemia in triggering chronic inflammation and fibrosis and others. The initial stage of the disease is characterized by the accumulation of fatty acids in hepatocytes caused by the lipogenic action of insulin. This condition results in the surpassing of the cells ability to metabolize and export. This way, the metabolism of fatty acids is closely linked to the development of NAFLD. The Yo Jyo Hen Shi Ko (YHK) is a natural compound used in Japanese medicine for the treatment of liver disease and it has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and lipid lowering properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of YHK in the hepatic metabolism of lipids. An experimental model was designed using obese mice (ob/ob) affected by NASH induced by a deficient diet in choline and methionine (MCD). Then, genes from its hepatic tissue related to de novo lipogenesis (SREBP1c, FASN), to lipid oxidation and exportation (CPT1A and SCD-1, MTP) as well as genes related to lipid storage (Perilipin and ADFP) were analyzed. The YHK presented a cytoprotective effect, improving the hepatic histological parameters in this experimental model. Additionally, when comparing the group treated with MCD + YHK (diet + YHK) to the untreated MCD group (diet) there was a reduction in the expression of genes related to de novo synthesis like SREBP1c and FASn. However, an increased expression of MTP and SCD-1 were observed leading to a greater liver exportation of fatty acids in animals that were treated with YHK. Moreover, the YHK modulated the proteins Perilipin and ADFP. On the other hand, there was no changing in lipid oxidation. In summary, the YHK can be a promising drug for the treatment of NAFLD, as it acts by modulating genes involved in the synthesis and exportation of hepatic lipids, reducing the accumulation of fat in hepatocytes

Este estudio se dedica a investigar los posibles efectos de un bagaje multilingüe en: (1) las actitudes ante el multilingüismo en general, y, más concretamente ante el español como lengua extranjera, (2) en la capacidad de crear autoimágenes ideales multilingües y como hablantes de español y, finalmente (3) en el esfuerzo intencional de adquirir español como lengua extranjera. Como parte del marco teórico del presente estudio se ha utilizado el componente yo idealdel sistema del yo motivacional de L2, proporcionado en primer lugar por Dörnyei (2005), pero ampliado en nuestro estudio para incluir el nuevo paradigma multilingüe. A través del método cuantitativo, en este caso una encuesta, se han analizado las respuestas de dos grupos de alumnos suecos. Un grupo del alumnado tiene el sueco como lengua materna y el otro grupo tiene un bagaje multilingüe, es decir, tiene otra lengua materna. Los resultados indican que el bagaje multilingüe, en esta selección de participantes, afecta positivamente todas las dimensiones estudiadas, aunque en la primera dimensión acerca de las actitudes, las diferencias son menos significativas. Lo más notable entre los resultados del estudio es la mayor capacidad que muestran los alumnos cuyo bagaje es multilingüe de no sólo crear un yo idealmultilingüe, sino también un yo ideal como hablante de español. Es este un resultado que ilumina el rol motivador del multilingüismo en la adquisición de lenguas y señala la necesidad de crear vías educativas que valoren y fomenten el multilingüismo dentro de la enseñanza de lenguas extranjeras. / This study is dedicated to investigating the potential effects of a multilingual background in: (1) attitudes displayed towards multilingualism in general, and more specifically towards Spanish as a foreign language, (2) the ability to create ideal, multilingual images of one’s self and of one’s self as a Spanish speaker, and (3) the intentional effort of acquiring Spanish as a foreign language. Part of the theoretical framework for this study comes from the ideal self from The L2 motivational self system, provided firstly by Dörnyei (2005), but herein expanded to include the new multilingual paradigm. Utilizing the quantitative method, in this case a survey, we have analyzed answers provided by two groups of Swedish students. One student group has Swedish as their mother tongue while the other has a multilingual background, meaning that they have a different mother tongue. The answers reveal that in this group of participants, the multilingual background has a positive effect on all three of the aspects studied, although in the first aspect concerning attitudes, the differences are less significant. What is most notorious about the study results is that the participants possessing a multilingual background have a greater ability to create not only an ideal, multilingual self but also an ideal Spanish speaking self. This fact highlights the motivational role that multilingualism plays when it comes to acquiring languages and it points out the need to create educational channels that value and encourage multilingualism within the teaching of foreign languages.

A Doença Hepática Gordurosa Não Alcoólica (DHGNA) é atualmente uma das formas mais comuns de doença hepática, e está diretamente relacionada com a obesidade. Estudos indicam uma prevalência por volta de 30% na população ocidental e 11% na população oriental. A DGHNA possui um largo espectro abrangendo desde casos de esteatose simples sem inflamação, até casos com esteatohepatite e fibrose, podendo evoluir para cirrose e carcinoma hepatocelular. A fisiopatogênese da DHGNA é baseada em múltiplos eventos: resistência insulínica, aumento da lipólise periférica, aumento da síntese de novo de lipídeos, estresse oxidativo, endotoxemia crônica no desencadeamento da inflamação e fibrose entre outros. A etapa inicial caracteriza-se pelo acúmulo de ácidos graxos no hepatócito, suplantando sua capacidade de metabolização e exportação conseqüente à ação lipogênica da insulina, desta forma o metabolismo de ácidos graxos está intimamente ligado ao desenvolvimento da DHGNA. O Yo Jyo Hen Shi Ko (YHK) é um composto natural usado na medicina japonesa para tratamento de doenças hepáticas e apresenta propriedades antioxidantes, antiinflamatórias e hipolipemiantes. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do YHK no metabolismo hepático de lipídeos. Para tanto, foram utilizados camundongos obesos (ob/ob) com esteatohepatite não alcoólica (ENA) induzida por dieta deficiente em colina e metionina (DCM) e foram analisados no tecido hepático, genes relacionados com a síntese de novo de lipídeos (SREBP1c, FASn), genes relacionados com a oxidação e exportação de lipídeos (CPT1a e SCD-1, MTP), assim como genes relacionados com o armazenamento de lipídeos (Perilipina e ADFP). O YHK apresentou um efeito citoprotetor hepático com melhora dos parâmetros histológicos neste modelo experimental de ENA. Associadamente, houve redução na expressão de genes relacionados à síntese de novo como SREBP e da FASn, quando se comparou o grupo tratado com DCM+YHK com o grupo não tratado DCM. Em contrapartida, houve aumento na expressão da MTP e da SCD-1 ocasionando uma maior exportação de triglicerídeos hepáticos nos animais que utilizaram o YHK. Ainda, o YHK modulou as proteínas Perilipina e ADFP. Por outro lado, não houve modificação na oxidação de lipídeos.. Conclui-se que o YHK pode ser uma droga promissora no tratamento da DHGNA, já que age modulando genes envolvidos na síntese e exportação de lipídeos hepáticos, reduzindo o acúmulo de gordura no hepatócito / Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently one of the most common forms of liver disease, related directly to the increase of obesity in the world. Previous studies indicate a prevalence of around 30% in the western population and 11% in the eastern. This disease covers cases from simple steatosis without inflammation to cases of steato hepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis and it may lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathophysiology of NAFLD is based on multiple events: insulin resistance, increased peripheral lipolysis, increased de novo lipogenesis, oxidative stress, endotoxemia in triggering chronic inflammation and fibrosis and others. The initial stage of the disease is characterized by the accumulation of fatty acids in hepatocytes caused by the lipogenic action of insulin. This condition results in the surpassing of the cells ability to metabolize and export. This way, the metabolism of fatty acids is closely linked to the development of NAFLD. The Yo Jyo Hen Shi Ko (YHK) is a natural compound used in Japanese medicine for the treatment of liver disease and it has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and lipid lowering properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of YHK in the hepatic metabolism of lipids. An experimental model was designed using obese mice (ob/ob) affected by NASH induced by a deficient diet in choline and methionine (MCD). Then, genes from its hepatic tissue related to de novo lipogenesis (SREBP1c, FASN), to lipid oxidation and exportation (CPT1A and SCD-1, MTP) as well as genes related to lipid storage (Perilipin and ADFP) were analyzed. The YHK presented a cytoprotective effect, improving the hepatic histological parameters in this experimental model. Additionally, when comparing the group treated with MCD + YHK (diet + YHK) to the untreated MCD group (diet) there was a reduction in the expression of genes related to de novo synthesis like SREBP1c and FASn. However, an increased expression of MTP and SCD-1 were observed leading to a greater liver exportation of fatty acids in animals that were treated with YHK. Moreover, the YHK modulated the proteins Perilipin and ADFP. On the other hand, there was no changing in lipid oxidation. In summary, the YHK can be a promising drug for the treatment of NAFLD, as it acts by modulating genes involved in the synthesis and exportation of hepatic lipids, reducing the accumulation of fat in hepatocytes

Hintergrund: Die Excimer Laser PRK zur Korrektur der geringen bis moderaten Myopie wird als präzises Verfahren der refraktiven Chirurgie angesehen und weltweit angewandt. Die Genauigkeit der PRK nimmt jedoch mit steigender Korrektur ab. Das Ziel dieser Untersuchung bestand darin, den Einfluß unterschiedlicher Laserstrahlapplikations- und -formungssysteme auf die korneale Oberflächenstruktur, das Hornhautprofil und die Zielrefraktion zu untersuchen. Materialien und Methoden: Es wurden mit dem Meditec Mel 60 und dem Schwind Keratom, zwei Excimer Laser der Wellenlänge 193 nm, an jeweils 10 enukleierten Schweinehornhäuten eine PRK mit einer Zielkorrektur von -3, -6, -9 D mit einem Ablationsdurchmesser von 6 mm (5 mm - 9D) durchgeführt, ein Silikonabdruck von der Hornhautoberfläche angefertigt und mit einem dynamisch fokussierenden Topometrie System UBM Microfocus vermessen. Hornhautradius, Brechkraft der stromalen Oberfläche, Profilabweichungen von der idealen sphärischen Form sowie Rauheitsparameter der verschiedenen Zonen wurden ermittelt. Ergebnisse: Epithelfreie Hornhäute besitzen ein sphärisches Profil. Der Meditec Mel60 Laser erzielte nach PRK von -3, -6 und -9 D sphärische Profile mit einer durchschnittlichen Refraktionsänderung von -3.4, -6.7 und -8.7 D. Das Schwind Keratom erzeugte eine mittlere Refraktionsänderung von -3.5, -5.8 und 8.4 D, wobei das korneale Ablationsprofil in allen Korrekturgruppen erhebliche Profilabweichungen in Form von zentralen Profilkuppen aufwies. Die durchschnittliche Höhe der zentralen Profilkuppen betrug nach der -3 D PRK 7.39 (±0.34) µm und stieg auf 16.31 (±1.06) µm bzw. 15.06 (±0.96) µm in der -6 und in der -9 D Serie. Die Relation zwischen der Profilkuppenhöhe und der Abtragtiefe lag zwischen 21 - 25% und konnte durch eine Anti-Central-Island Programm (ACI 100%) nur um 4% auf 18-20 % der Abtragtiefe reduziert werden. Die stromale Oberfläche der unbehandelten, epithelfreien Kontrollgruppe hat eine glatte, homogene Struktur. Die Rauheit der stromalen Oberfläche nach Ablation mit dem Meditec Laser war um 50 % stärker ausgeprägt als beim Schwind Keratom. Diskussion: Die Beschaffenheit der stromalen Oberfläche nach der Excimer Laser PRK zur Korrektur der Myopie, wird durch die Rauheitsparameter quantitativ beschrieben und ermöglicht den direkten Vergleich zwischen den Lasersystemen. Die Rauheit ist positiv mit der Ablationstiefe und dem Ablationsdurchmesser korreliert. Je höher eine myope Korrektur angestrebt wird, desto rauher ist die stromale Oberfläche und damit das Risiko, dass sich eine epitheliale Hyperplasie und subepitheliale Trübungen entwickeln, die ursächlich mit den klinisch beobachteten Phänomenen der myopen Regression, der Abnahme der Kontrastsehschärfe, dem Verlust der bestkorrigierten Sehschärfe und monokularer Doppelbilder in Zusammenhang stehen. Ob der Unterschied der Rauheit von durchschnittlich 50% sich in der Inzidenz der klinischen Komplikationen widerspiegelt, können nur vergleichende Studien belegen. Sicher ist, das die Vorhersagbarkeit des refraktiven Ergebnisses durch die Ablation mit dem Aesculap Meditec MEL 60 Laser besser einzuschätzen ist, als das mit zentralen Profilkuppen komplizierte Ablationsprofil des Schwind Keratoms. / Purpose: To evaluate the predictability of refractive outcome, sphericitiy of corneal profiles and surface roughness parameters after myopic PRK with different, commercially available excimer laser beam delivery and beam shaping systems. Materials and Methods: Myopic Excimer Laser PRK of -3, -6 and -9 D in 6mm ablation zone (5 mm in -9 D) on performed on porcine eyes was performed with the Aesculap Meditec Mel 60, a slit scanning Laser and the Schwind Keratom I, a broad area laser with band mask beam shaping. A silicone replica was obtained to conserve the corneal profile and measured with a dynamic focusing topometry system (UBM Microfocus) to obtain radius, corrected corneal refraction and corneal surface roughness parameters. Results: Untreated corneas of the control group displayed spherical profiles. PRK of intended -3, -6 and -9 D correction with the slit scanning Aesculap Meditec Mel60 excimer laser achieved a refractive change of an average -3.4, -6.7 and -8.7 D respectively without major profile deviations. PRK with the Schwind Keratom, a broad area beam excimer laser resulted a refractive change of -3.5, -5.8 and -8.4 D respectively. The Ablation created considerable central profile deviations representing central islands of 7.39 (±0.34) µm after -3 D, 16.31 (±1.06) µm and 15.06 (±0.96) µm height after - 6 and -9 D PRK, respectively. Mean central island height was 21 - 25% of ablation depth and was reduced by anti-central-island-program to 18-20 % of ablation depth. Stromal surface roughness increased with ablation depth and was significantly rougher after scanning beam ablation compared to broad area ablation. Conclusions: Profile deviations increase with higher corrections and lessen the predictability of the refractive results. The Aesculap Meditec MEL60 Slit scanning system creates predictable spherical corneal profiles. The Schwind Keratom broad area laser create with band mask beam shaping central islands increasing with higher corrections. The application of an Anti-Central-Island Program does not eliminate the central profile elevations sufficiently. Stromal surface was rougher after scanning beam compared to broad area beam ablation.

El punto de partida para el siguiente trabajo es el supuesto de que en el cuento de Luisa Valenzuela, Si esto es la vida, yo soy Caperucita roja(1993), y en el poema largo La jaula bajo el trapo,de María Negroni,se le da tratamiento al tema de la identidad femenina, más específicamente de la construcción y del proceso madurativo de la identidad como sujeto femenino, entrelazándolo con la identificación con la figura materna y el autodescubrimiento de la identidad desde la relación madre e hija.Dada la similitud temáticade ambas obras nos interesa realizar un estudio comparativo sobre el tratamiento de la identidad femenina en ambos textos y nuestro análisisse centrará en la pluralidad de voces, ya que consideramos que este aspecto es especialmente relevante para abordarhistorias maternofiliales como modo de construir una identidad femenina en las obras en cuestión. Para realizar nuestro objetivo partiremos del estudio de Mijaíl Mijáilovich Bajtín, Problemas de la poética de Dostoievski (2003), para abordar el fenómeno de la pluralidad de voces,y nos valdremos de términos polifonía enunciativa y dialogismo al que añadimos un concepto fundamental para los fines de nuestro trabajo la identidad femenina, extraído de Breve introducción a la teoría literariarealizado por Jonathan Culler.

本文是以情態形式「daro」與終助詞「yo」、「ne」、「ga」「ni」及接續助詞「ga」相互結合時所產生的意思變化為考察對象。其探討重點首先將分析終助詞「yo」、「ne」、「ga」「ni」的基本義及其使用方法。接著針對｢daro_ne｣、｢daro_yo｣、｢daro_ga｣、｢daro_ni｣等形式之結合為何會產生責難、不信任之意加以探討。並將這四者對照比較，藉此探究各形式之間的差異。最後也針對「daro」與接續助詞「ga」結合後所產生的並列用法加以探討，並與「～demo～demo」對照比較，探討其用法之差異。 考察之結果，可得知其衍生意思是由於終助詞與表示不同意思的｢daro｣相互結合而產生的。終助詞「yo」與表示「推測」的｢daro｣相互結合會產生出詰問之意。另一方面，終助詞「ga」與表示「要求確認」的｢daro｣之組合會產生出責難等意思。 關鍵字：「daro」、終助詞「ne」‧「yo」‧「ga」‧「ni」、接續助詞「ga」、責難、不信任感

In this paper I try to reconstruct the arguments developed by Fichte in his work Foundations of Natural Right (1796/1797), in order to support the necessity of a recognition of capabilites and rights by the other, so that the I can constitute itself as a self-consciousness. I also take into account the criticisms the Fichtean theory has received by many contemporary interpreters, testing its consistency in the light of these arguments. / En este trabajo intento reconstruir la argumentación desarrollada por Fichte en su obra Fundamento del derecho natural, de 1796/1797, en orden a fundamentar la necesidad de un reconocimiento de capacidades y de derechos por parte del otro, para que el yo pueda constituirse como autoconciencia. También considero las críticas que ha recibido la teoría fichteana por parte de diferentes intérpretes contemporáneos, testeando la consistencia de la misma a la luz de estas argumentaciones.

En el presente estudio se analiza la utilización de la intertextualidad como recurso de seducción por parte del personaje Luis Molina hacia el personaje Valentín Arregui en dos de las películas citadas en El beso de la mujer araña, de Manuel Puig. Se parte del concepto de dialogismo de Mijaíl Bajtín y del término intertextualidad, propuesto por Julia Kristeva. A través de la utilización de la hermenéutica, el estudio hace un análisis que es centrado en torno a ideas analíticas y que hacen una conexión entre las películas La mujer pantera y Yo anduve con un zombie y sus respectivas versiones narradas por el personaje Molina. Como resultado del análisis, se concluye que Molina utiliza la narración de las películas con el objetivo de seducir a su compañero de celda.

Au XXᵉ siècle, des compositeurs non-guitaristes commencent à composer des œuvres pour la guitare mais avec des lacunes dans leur compréhension des spécificités techniques de l'instrument. Certains consultaient un guitariste pour obtenir des conseils techniques, mais d'autres publiaient des œuvres souvent techniquement maladroites, voire impossibles. Un exemple notable en est Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco (1895-1968). Au départ, il composa de la musique pour guitare en collaboration avec Andrés Segovia (1893-1987), puis en collaboration avec d'autres guitaristes. Ses dernières œuvres pour guitare furent publiées à titre posthume sans avoir été révisées par un guitariste, par exemple Platero y yo, op.190 pour guitare et narrateur, l'une de ses œuvres pour guitare les plus importantes. Cette recherche documente mon processus d'adaptation de Platero y yo dans lequel je me suis efforcé de trouver un équilibre entre la fidélité à la partition originale, le contexte narratif et l'efficacité technique et sonore des différentes solutions que j'ai expérimentées. / In the 20ᵗʰ century, non-guitarist composers began composing solo works for the guitar but lacked a sufficient understanding of the instrument's technical specificities. Some would consult with a guitarist for technical guidance, but others would publish works that are often technically awkward or even impossible. A notable example of this is Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco (1895-1968). Initially, he wrote music for the guitar in collaboration with Andrés Segovia (1893-1987), then in collaboration with other guitarists. His late works for the guitar were posthumously published without having been revised by a guitarist. A notorious example of this is Platero y yo, op.190 for guitar and narrator, one of Castelnuovo-Tedesco's major guitar compositions. This research documents my adaptation process of Platero y yo in which I strived to find a balance between faithfulness to the composer's score and to the narrative context, and the technical and sonic effectiveness of the different solutions I experimented with.

Summaries in German, English, Afrikaans and Southern Sotho / Text in German / Christliche Gemeinden in Deutschland finden sich zunehmend in einer interkulturell zusammengesetzten Gesellschaft wieder und viele fragen danach, wie eine Integration von Migranten in ihre bestehenden Gemeinden gelingen kann. In dieser qualitativ-empirischen Studie wurden drei evangelische Freikirchen in Deutschland dahingehend untersucht, wie sie sich von einer ehemals monokulturell-deutschen Gemeinde in eine interkulturelle Gemeinde entwickelt haben. Dabei wurden in besonderer Weise die Voraussetzungen für die Entwicklung, der Veränderungsprozess und besondere Merkmale der Gemeinden untersucht. Als Grundlage für die Forschung wurde ein aus verschiedenen Disziplinen zusammengeführtes Modell aus Erkenntnissen zu interkulturellem Gemeindebau entworfen. In der Studie wird deutlich, dass interkultureller Gemeindebau sowohl bereichernd als auch herausfordernd und konfliktgeladen erlebt wird. Besonders wichtig sind dabei eine strategisch kompetente Leitung, eine missionarische Grundausrichtung, ein liebevoller und wertschätzender Umgang miteinander, die Einigung auf gemeinsame Leitlinien, das Feiern von Erfolgen, Beziehungsaufbau, das Einladen zur Mitarbeit auf Augenhöhe, interkulturelle Leitungsteams, die Übersetzungsarbeit, Geduld und Flexibilität sowie die Bereitschaft, voneinander zu lernen. / German society is becoming increasingly intercultural, and many Christian churches are asking how migrants can be successfully integrated into established churches. In this qualitative-empirical study, three free evangelical churches in Germany were examined to determine how they developed from a previously monocultural German church into an intercultural church. In the course of the study, the prerequisites for development, the change process and special features of the churches were specifically examined. An integrated model designed on the basis of insights of various disciplines regarding the intercultural construction of churches served as the foundation for the research. It became clear in this study that building an intercultural church not only enriches the church, but is also experienced as challenging since it has the potential to give rise to conflict. The following elements are especially important: strategic and competent leadership, a basic missionary orientation, a loving and esteeming manner in associating with one another, consensus on common guidelines, a celebration of successes, building of relationships, an invitation for others to minister on equal terms, intercultural leadership teams, translation work, patience and flexibility, and a willingness to learn from one another. / Die Duitse samelewing raak toenemend interkultureel, en talle Christengemeentes wonder hoe migrante in gevestigde gemeentes opgeneem kan word. Wyses waarop drie Evangeliese gemeentes in Duitsland ontwikkel het van eens monokulturele Duitse gemeentes in interkulturele gemeentes, is in hierdie kwalitatief empiriese studie ondersoek. In die besonder die voorvereistes vir verandering, die veranderingsproses en die unieke kenmerke van die gemeentes is in hierdie studie verken. ʼn Geïntegreerde model wat berus op die insigte van verskeie dissiplines wat hulle op die interkulturele samestelling van kerke toespits, het die basis van die navorsing gevorm. Dit blyk uit hierdie studie dat die totstandkoming van ʼn interkulturele gemeente nie slegs verrykend kan wees nie, maar dat dit moontlik ook tot onenigheid aanleiding kan gee. Die volgende is van besondere belang: strategiese en bevoegde leiers, ʼn sendingoriëntasie, liefdevolle en respekvolle omgang met mekaar, eenstemmigheid oor algemene riglyne, ʼn viering van suksesse, die bou van goeie verhoudinge, ʼn versoek dat ander op gelyke voet dien, interkulturele leierskapspanne, vertaalwerk, geduld en toegeeflikheid, en die gewilligheid om by mekaar te leer. / Tshitshavha tsha German tshi khou ṋaṋa u vha na mvelelo dzo ṱanganelanaho, nahone kereke nnzhi dza Tshikhiresite dzi khou vhudzisa uri ṱhunḓu dzi nga ṱanganyiswa hani zwavhuḓi kha kereke dzi re hone. Kha ngudo iyi ya khwaṱhisedzwaho nga tshenzhelo na ndeme, kereke tharu dza evangeli yo vhofholowaho dza ngei Germany dzo lingwa u vhona uri dzo bvelela hani u bva kha u vha dza tshikale dza Germany dza mvelele nthihi u ya kha kereke ya mvelele yo ṱanganelanaho. Kha khoso iyi ya ngudo, ṱhoḓea ya u bvelela, maitele a tshanduko na zwiṱaluli zwo khetheaho zwa kerekezwo lingululwa. Tshiedziswa tsho ṱanganelanaho tsho itwaho ho sedzwa luvhonela lwa masia o fhambanaho mayelana na u fhaṱa kerekedzo ṱanganelanaho tsho shuma sa mutheo wa ṱhoḓisiso. Zwo bvela khagala kha ngudo iyi uri u fhaṱa kereke yo ṱanganelanaho a zwi pfumisi fhedzi kereke, zwi dovha zwa vha tshenzhelo ire na khaedu saizwi i na khonadzeo ya u vusa dzikhakhathi. Zwipiḓa zwi tevhelaho ndi zwa ndeme vhukuma: vhurangaphanḓa vhu re na tshiṱirathedzhi nahone ho ṱalifhaho, u pfumbudzwa ha mutheo kha zwa vhufunzi, nḓila ua lufuno na ndeme kha matshilisano, u tendelana kha nyendedzo dzi fanaho, u pembelela mvelaphanḓa, u fhaṱa vhushaka, thamba ya vhaṅwe kha u funza nga milayo i linganaho, thimu dza vhurangaphanḓa ha mvelele yo ṱanganelanaho, mushumo wa vhupinduleli, u konḓelela na u tenda u shanduka, na u ḓiimisela u guda kha vhaṅwe. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Christian Leadership)