Fertility transformation in the youngest age from point of view of demography Abstract This thesis aims at evaluating fertility transformation in the youngest age in the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century in the Czech Republic. Circumstances and causes of transformation of fertility in this age group of women are based on usage of theoretical concepts related to fertility issues in the youngest age. The chosen period shows a number of changes in socioeconomic, political and legislative way. The transformation of the society in 20th century had influence on fertility level and fertility timing. Form of motherhood in the young age has changed also. Differences of characteristics of fertility in youngest age influenced by social evolution were shown on example of comparison of young women fertility evolution in Czech Republic, France and Romania. It approves that fertility level in the youngest age can be the driver of the social progression. Keywords: fertility, Czech Republic, young mother

This study assessed how early motherhood influences maternal behavior and infant healthin Ethiopia. Data from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2011 were used.Descriptive and Multinomial analysis were performed to observe the determinants of antenatalcare visits and birth weight. Cox regression model was employed for analyzing the risk of infantmortality. Findings clearly show that young maternal age at birth was associated with asignificantly lower number of ANC visits and increased the risk of infant mortality. However,there was no significant difference in the incidence of having babies with a low birth weight byage. Apart from maternal age at birth, education, wealth status, place of residence and ethnicityhad a stronger significant effect on outcome variables.In conclusion, this study demonstrated that young age at birth has an effect on utilizationof ANC service and infant health. For a favorable maternal behavior and infant health outcomewe strongly suggest that the following should be considered-: strong enforcement of minimumage at marriage abided by law, promoting young women’s education, and adequate andaffordable health care services in remote rural areas where health clinics are inaccessible.

Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva och analysera unga mammors tankar om sitt föräldraskap och hur det påverkar identitetsprocessen. Syftet är också att förstå vilket stöd de behöver i sin situation som unga föräldrar. Studien bygger på intervjuer med sex mammor som alla fött sitt första barn innan de fyllt 21 år. Intervjuerna har därefter analyserats med hjälp av teorier om identitet och stöd. Resultatet i denna studie visar på att trots att mammorna lever ett tillsynes välordnat och vanligt liv är det en grupp med unga mammor som också upplever en ensamhet och utanförskap. De är isolerade i hemmet där de har det största ansvaret för barn och hem. Barnets pappa står för försörjningen och detta bidrar till hans frånvaro från familjen. De unga mammorna har svårt att återgå till studier och de är begränsade i deras möjligeter att komma ut i arbetslivet. De begränsas också i sina möjligheter att utveckla sin identitet då de inte får möjlighet att vistas på andra arenor än i hemmet eller med sina barn. De unga mammorna har ett behov av stöd på flera olika plan. De är i behov av samhälleligt stöd för att få en chans att komma ut till arbete och i deras vardagliga liv är deras egna nätverk en viktig del för att den unga mamman ska få vardagen att fungera men de behöver också få tillgång till kontakter med jämnåriga utanför familjen och möta andra unga föräldrar i samma situation. / The aim of this study is to describe and analyze young mothers' thoughts on parenthood and how it affects their identity process. It is also to understand what support they need in their situation as young parents. The study is based on interviews with six mothers who all gave birth to their first child before they turned 21 years of age. The interviews have then been analyzed with the help of theories about identity and support. The results of this study show that despite the mothers living seemingly well-managed lives, they are a group of young mothers who experience loneliness and exclusion. They are isolated at home where they have the greatest responsibility for the children and the home. The child's father is responsible for supporting the mother and child which contributes to his absence from the family. These young mothers have difficulty in resuming studies and are limited in their possibilities to return to working life. They are also limited in their ability to develop their identity due to the fact that they are not able to reside in physical environments other than the home or with their children. The young mothers are in need of support on several different levels. They are in need of societal support in order to have a chance to go out to work, and their own network which is an important part of the young mother's everyday life helping them function on an everyday basis but in addition they also need access to contacts of the same age outside the family and to meet other young mothers in similar situations.

Les ovins D’man sont élevés dans les oasis tunisiennes selon un rythme accéléré permettant d’avoir trois agnelages en deux ans. En plus des effets directs du mode d’élevage et d’environnement exercés sur les brebis D’man, la prolificité élevée pose question quant à la survie, la croissance et le bien-être des agneaux. L’objectif de ce travail est de déterminer les facteurs de risque qui affectent la survie et la croissance chez les agneaux D’man élevés dans les oasis de Gabès. Dans une première étape, le travail a traité les facteurs de risque d’ordre zootechnique et environnemental sur la base des données concernant 1189 agneaux élevés à la ferme de l’OEP de Gabès. En moyenne, un taux de mortalité égal à 13,4% a été observé de la naissance au sevrage dont 41% pendant les 10 premiers jours de vie, 29% entre 10 et 30 jours et 30% entre 30 et 70 jours. Le taux de mortalité est plus élevé chez les agneaux nés en hiver (23,5%) par comparaison au printemps (12,3%), l’automne (10,2%) et l’été (9,5%). A cause de leur poids léger, les agneaux issus des portées multiples (triples et quadruples) ont un taux de mortalité plus élevé (52,2%) comparés à ceux issus des portées simples et doubles ayant un poids de naissance medium (24,4%) ou lourd (1,8%). Les agneaux nés en printemps sont plus lourds à la naissance, à 30 et 70 jours et par conséquent ont des vitesses de croissance plus importantes par comparaison aux agneaux nés en hiver, en automne et en été. Le poids à la naissance et les vitesses de croissance sont également influencés par la taille de portée et l’âge de la brebis. Le faible poids à la naissance (≤ 1,5 kg), les portées multiples (quadruples et quintuples) et les agnelages d’hiver sont les principaux facteurs de risque pour la survie et la croissance des agneaux D’man. / D’man ewes are reared in Tunisian oases under an accelerated management system allowing breeders to have three lambing periods every two years. High prolificacy may accentuate the detrimental effects of an accelerated lambing system through problems which affect growth, welfare and survival. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the risk factors of lamb mortality in this prolific breed maintained under intensive management in Tunisian oases. In a first step, growth and mortality rates are reported using records of 1189 lambs collected between 2004 and 2009 from an accelerated lambing system to determine risk factors according to characteristics of the animals and the environment. Results showed that overall mortality from birth to 70 days of age was 13.4%. Of all the total losses, 41% of the lambs died within 10 days of birth, 29% died between 10 and 30 days of age and 30% between 30 and 70 days. Mortality rate was significantly higher in winter (23.5%) than in spring (12.3%), autumn (10.2%) and summer (9.5%). Lambs in the low-weight category died more frequently (52.2%) than lambs from medium-weight (24.4%) to high-weight (1.8%) categories. Lambs born in spring were consistently the heaviest at birth, at 30 and 70 days of age with the greatest average daily gains compared to those born in winter, autumn and summer. Birth weights were affected by litter size and ewe age, and lambs from older ewes (2-10 years) grew faster than lambs born from young ewes (1 year). The principal risk factors identified were season (winter), birth type (multiple) and weight class (≤ 1.5 kg).

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / Background: Professional health assistance is a significant indicator in monitoring progress towards Millennium Development Goal five to reduce the maternal mortality ratio by three quarters and child mortality by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. It is also significant that mothers deliver their babies in an appropriate setting, where life saving equipment and hygiene can also help reduce the risk of complications that may cause death or illness to mother and child. But in developing countries access to health services is still an issue. Objective: From a fundamental research view point, this study aims to investigate the determinants of place of delivery and professional health providers by analysing the factors that are likely to influence young mothers’ accessibility and use of prenatal facilities in the developing world. Specifically in Kenya, Ethiopia, Nepal, Bangladesh, Guyana and Haiti. Methodology: Univariet and bivariet analysis were performed to determine a relation or association between dependent and independent variables. Using secondary data from Demographic and Health Survey secondary data requested from the DHS selected between 2005 and 2010, the analysis was performed by means of SPSS software. Bringing together the demographic variables and access and the use of health services related variables, the study captures the differences and similarities across these countries. Results: The study has identified the main factors influencing the use of professional health providers and health facilities according to the variables examined from the DHS. The finding showed the use health facilities for delivery, professional health providers were influenced by economic status of young mothers, level of education, place of residence, religion, marital status, in all six countries. Access to health facilities was much influence availability of transport, the presence of health providers at facilities and availability of drugs at facilities. Family members’ knowledge about the importance of delivering a baby at health facilities was found to be the strongest predictors of use of health facilities for delivery in all six countries. These findings suggest that these factors cited are associated with access and use of professional health providers and health facilities, and should be the target of interventions aimed to increase the use of prenatal facilities and professional health providers among young women in these countries in order to improve maternal and child health in accordance with Millennium Development Goals four and five.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-09T12:21:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 69580.pdf: 498929 bytes, checksum: 1bcc6aad8c661493b352c587adc9da4c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira. Departamento de Ensino. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e da Mulher. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / O alto número de nascimentos de bebês que necessitam de internação em UTIN e os agravos decorrentes da mesma nos convocam a pensar e pesquisar alternativas no campo dos cuidados. Grande importância é dada ao desenvolvimento/ manutenção da relação mãe-bebê como medida capaz de amenizar as dificuldades a serem enfrentadas por essa dupla, bem como pelo núcleo familiar. Estas dificuldades são ainda maiores quando trata-se de uma mãe adolescente ou jovem. No que tange à assistência ao recém-nascido, significativos avanços tecnológicos e de humanização do cuidado são descritos na história recente. O presente estudo tem como objetivo principal analisar, sob a ótica de enfermeiras e mães jovens, quais os sentidos atribuídos à atividade de leitura dirigida a bebês em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal, e quais as possibilidades da leitura atuar como facilitadora da relação mãe jovem-bebê, considerando a metodologia do Projeto Biblioteca Viva. Trata-se de estudo com abordagem qualitativa. Paraa coleta de dados, foi utilizada a técnica de entrevista semi-estruturada. Foram entrevistadas 10 (dez) enfermeiras que trabalham em UTINe 7 (sete) mães jovens de bebês internados na unidade referida. A pesquisa demonstrou que a leitura de histórias infantis para bebês em UTI neonatal, que tem por objetivo aproximarmãe e bebê, possibilita para esse par um momento em que o foco principal não seja relativo ao adoecimento e vem a somar às propostas de atenção a essa clientela e às estratégias de aproximação da dupla mãe-bebê. Este estudo revelou ainda que mães e profissionais de enfermagem compreendem a atividade de leitura comouma qualificação da assistência em UTIN, percebendo a promoção de leitura como meio de tornar a oferta de carinho uma dinâmica institucional e como alternativa de oferecer ao RN estímulos positivos ao seu desenvolvimento. / The high number of needed-hospitaliz ation babies born in NICU and its complications lead us to reflect and pro pose alternatives ways in the field of medical care. The development/kepping of mother-baby relationship as a manner to overcome the difficulties by them selves, as well as their families, is a thing to be considered. These difficu lties are even harde r when it is an adolescent or young mother. As regard the newborns care, signifi cant technological advances and in the humanization care field were recently described. This study has the aim to analyze, under the nurses and young mothers perspective, which are the meanings attributed to the reading activity to babies in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, as well as its possibilities to become easier the young mother-baby relationship, considering the methodology of the Biblioteca Viva Project. This is a qualitative study. For t he data collection, a half-structured interview approach were used. We interv iewed 10 (Ten) nurses that work in the NICU and seven (7) young mothers of hospi talized babies in the same unit. The results showed that the readi ng of children's stories to babies in NICU, allows them a time when the major focus is no t the illness but the approximation of the mother-baby. This study also showed that mothers and nurses understand the reading activity as a qualification for NICU assistance, realizing that the promotion of reading is a way to bec ome the care offering in a dynamic institution and as an alter native way to offer the newborn positive stimulation for their development.

MCur / Department of Advanced Nursing Science / Background: Globally, malnutrition among children is one of the most challenging and critical public health problem, and it remains one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality among children under the age of 5 years. There is no exception for the Vhembe District. Purpose: The study determined the perceptions of young mothers regarding causes of malnutrition in children under the age of 5 years in the Vhembe District, of the Limpopo Province. Methodology: This study used qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual design to collect data among young mothers regarding causes of malnutrition in children under 5 years. Twelve young mothers were sampled using probability, simple random sampling at selected hospitals population. In-depth individual interviews were used to collect data and analysed using Tesch’s steps. Measures to ensure trustworthiness and ethical consideration were adhered to throughout the study. Results: Three themes emerged from the analysed data, namely: Young mothers’ perceived causes of malnutrition, young mother’s beliefs about malnutrition, and health care seeking actions for a malnourished child. Recommendations: This study recommend a strategies to integrate young mothers into the health promotion regarding their understanding and experiences about malnutrition. Policies on child nutrition should be reviewed regularly in the Vhembe District for prevention and management of malnutrition in children under 5. / NRF