Syftet med föreliggande kvalitativa studie var att undersöka unga svenska mödrars upplevelser och erfarenheter av amning för att öka förståelsen för kvinnors subjektiva amningsupplevelse. Studien syftade även till att undersöka hälso- och sjukvårdens och den sociala omgivningens roll i amningsupplevelsen. Nio semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes och analyserades genom tematisk innehållsanalys. Resultatet utgjordes av fem teman: Ömsesidigt utbyte, Oskrivna amningsregler, Att inte klara uppgiften, Någon att vända sig till och När stödet brister. Resultatet visade på informanternas syn på amning som naturlig och det bästa för barnet. Amningen beskrevs vara en viktig del av moderskapet och amningssvårigheter var förknippade med känslor av misslyckande och otillräcklighet. I resultatet framkom hur kvinnorna upplevde en press att amma, från både omgivningen och hälso- och sjukvård. Studien visade även på de unga mödrarnas behov och avsaknad av gemenskap och socialt stöd i relation till amningen. / The aim of this qualitative study was to examine young mothers breastfeeding experiences in order to gain a better understanding of women’s subjective experience.  Furthermore, the purpose of this study was to examine how the health care system and the women’s social environment influenced the breastfeeding experience. Nine semi-structured interviews were conducted and analyzed by thematic analysis. The analysis resulted in five main themes: Mutual exchange, Unwritten rules of breastfeeding, Unable to manage the task, Someone to turn to and When the support fails you. The results showed the women’s view of breastfeeding as natural and the best option for the child. Breastfeeding was described as an important part of motherhood and breastfeeding difficulties were associated with feelings of failure and inadequacy. The women experienced pressure to breastfeed, both from the health care system as well as their social surroundings. The study showed the young mothers’ lack of and need for social support and sense of belonging in regards to breastfeeding.

傳統台灣社會女性結婚、生育年齡較早；但隨著時代改變，初婚平均年齡隨之升高，年輕媽媽懷孕事件層出不窮，導致年輕媽媽成為現今社會的特殊議題。由於社會及媒體的渲染使得年輕媽媽生育事件引起許多負面觀感，無論今昔社會都需承擔外在輿論、評判及污名化。正值青春年華卻遇到人生衝擊的轉捩點，在抉擇困難下，同時承擔起重大的責任。道德的衝擊與充滿變數的未來不斷拉扯，年輕媽媽所承受的壓力遠遠超乎常人想像。在年輕媽媽懷孕至生育的過程裡，隱藏著許多權力關係及文化背景的操控。 本研究運用半結構訪談蒐集研究資料，檢視年輕媽媽的生命歷程，描繪母職實踐的方式與分析不同母職類型，透過遇到的阻礙與困境，檢視社會對她們的污名，重構年輕媽媽母職圖像。研究個案非透過社福機構及相關單位，乃由研究者周遭同儕、社群網路介紹所取得，共四位年輕媽媽。本研究聚焦的問題及研究發現分為三大類別： 1. 綜觀心路歷程的體悟：年輕媽媽皆在家中感受不到溫暖及關愛，選擇離家，對於愛情的懵懂意外懷孕，最終選擇生育。未婚的年輕媽媽則要承擔起一切的重擔；已婚的年輕媽媽則要適應公婆、迎合新生活。 2. 年輕媽媽的母職圖像：年輕媽媽因事件不同對於母職態度的呈現有積極與消極的區隔，在教育孩子層面以干預程度的高低分為高控制與低控制兩種類型。 3. 母職角色的挑戰：年輕媽媽會以生活經驗、被教養的經歷及子女的個別差異來決定代間傳遞的教養方式；代間傳遞的教養可區分為連續性、不完全性及不連續性代間教養這三種型態。 本研究的發現提供年輕媽媽更有意識地覺知生命歷程的壓迫與突破，並發展出更切合環境脈絡的母職圖像。

Teen pregnancy in New Zealand has been constructed as a multifaceted problem, which has prompted scrutiny into the lives of pregnant and parenting teens and their children. Research largely presents teen mothers as ‘at risk’ parents and high school drop outs, with high rates of welfare dependence. Teen parents are considered unlikely to achieve the educational and economic success of their non-parenting peers. This research considers the impact of the experience at a Teen Parent Unit (TPU) on the ways pregnant and parenting teens understand and achieve success. Using a qualitative case study of a Teen Parent Unit in an urban setting in New Zealand, this thesis documents the experiences and perspectives of four young women. Its aim is to detail, explain and interpret the ways these pregnant and parenting teens understand their developing identities as successful students and parents. Drawing on social constructionist perspectives, the views of the young women participants, and of the researcher have been analysed through a conceptual lens of culturally responsive pedagogical theory. Comparisons are made between the culture of success that has been developed in the Teen Parent Unit setting and that of schools which have engaged in Māori culturally responsive pedagogical practice. This thesis offers a strengths-based analysis of an environment which, by reframing expectations of success, presents a challenge to negative academic and societal expectations of pregnant and parenting teens. Its goal is to provide educators, social support agencies, education and social policy makers with an analysis of approaches that have made important differences in the lives of the young women and their children.

abstract: This study utilized ecological theory and social exchange theory to examine how father involvement effects the human capital accumulation of young mothers. This study used data from a sub-sample of young mothers taken from the Healthy Families Arizona longitudinal evaluation (N = 84). The participants in the sub-sample were between 13 and 21 years of age. Using a random effects regression model, it was found that father involvement negatively affects a young mother's school attendance over time. The probability of a mother attending school when the father is involved decreases by 12%. It was also found that for the average age mother (19 years of age), the probability of attending school decreases by 59% every additional year. Furthermore, for a mother with an average number of children (one child), every additional child she has decreases the probability of attending school by 24%. In addition it was found that for the average age mother (19 years of age) every additional year, the likelihood of being employed increases 2.9 times, and for a mother with an average number of children (one child) every additional child decreases the likelihood of employment by .88 times. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Social Work 2011

POSPÍŠILOVÁ KLIMENTOVÁ, Lucie. Teenage mothers in the capital city of Prague. Prague: Philosophical Faculty of Charles University, 2015 s. 80. Thesis. The thesis deals with pregnancy and subsequent motherhood underage girls from Prague. The aim is to describe and analyze the life situation in which underage girls got their early pregnancy and subsequent parenthood. The theoretical part contains a broader insight into the problems of underage preg- nancy. The thesis contains in addition to the definitions, the legal anchorage and discusses possible solutions to the situation. Empirical part is focused on specific life experiences of girls who became pregnant and gave birth during their minority. To determine the necessary information was used analysis of documents and interviewing methods, namely semi-structured interview tech- niques. Analysis of documents was subjected to 16 file documentation of teenage girls and their children. It was subsequently conducted 10 interviews with women who are underage pregnancy and maternity personally gone through. The conclusion summarizes theoretical knowledge and evaluates the results of the research. Keywords: non age pregnancy, maternity, Prague.

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<p>The purpose of this paper was to examine how young parenthood is represented by the professionals and their thoughts and experiences from meetings with the young parents, and how the professionals work with this group of parents. As professionals we refer to those who work with young parents, and the definition of young parents are parents in the ages 15-24. The paper also discusses what needs these parents have, and what kind of support the society offers, according to the professionals. The method we worked with was interviews and we interviewed six professionals to find out how the professionals looked upon the young parents and their situation. Earlier research has stated that young parenthood is associated with many risks and disadvantages for both the parents and their children. What we discovered was that young parenthood not necessarily has to be only about disadvantages. Many benefits were brought up during our interviews. Among others the professionals saw the young parents as more spontaneous and more to easy with their children, compared to older parents. The young parents also seemed less concerned than the older parents and their young age made them more biologically suited to have children. Some of the disadvantages we found were that many lacked higher education and trouble finding suitable accommodation because of lack of income. As a conclusion the professionals stated that a social network was of most importance for the young parents.</p>

The purpose of this paper was to examine how young parenthood is represented by the professionals and their thoughts and experiences from meetings with the young parents, and how the professionals work with this group of parents. As professionals we refer to those who work with young parents, and the definition of young parents are parents in the ages 15-24. The paper also discusses what needs these parents have, and what kind of support the society offers, according to the professionals. The method we worked with was interviews and we interviewed six professionals to find out how the professionals looked upon the young parents and their situation. Earlier research has stated that young parenthood is associated with many risks and disadvantages for both the parents and their children. What we discovered was that young parenthood not necessarily has to be only about disadvantages. Many benefits were brought up during our interviews. Among others the professionals saw the young parents as more spontaneous and more to easy with their children, compared to older parents. The young parents also seemed less concerned than the older parents and their young age made them more biologically suited to have children. Some of the disadvantages we found were that many lacked higher education and trouble finding suitable accommodation because of lack of income. As a conclusion the professionals stated that a social network was of most importance for the young parents.

This thesis is based on four articles. In the first article, questionnaire data from a follow-upstudy (Article I) that aimed to explore social support, coping and resilience as predictors ofmental health in unwed young pregnant women and young mothers during placement in ashelter home were analysed. Nine shelter homes were invited to participate in the study (n ofpre-assessment = 250; n of post-assessment = 79). Percentages, paired sample t-tests, multipleanalyses of variance (MANOVA), and multiple regression analysis were used to analyse thedata. There were no significant changes in social support, coping or resilience between thepre- and post-assessment. The variability in the mental health scores from the follow-upassessment could be explained by the variability in coping, social support and resilience forbetween 14% of the variance in the BDI score and 36% in the GHQ sum-score. However,about 32% of the unwed young pregnant women and young mothers had a BDI score above26 suggesting the occurrence of a depressive disorder at the second assessment. Thequalitative part of the study (Articles II and III) attempted to investigate the reactions receivedfrom their significant others, and how these reactions influenced their pregnancy experience.Furthermore, their daily life experience during their placement in a shelter home is described.Seventeen unwed young pregnant women and young mothers aged from 12 to 18 wereinterviewed. Qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis were used to analyse thetranscriptions of the interviews. Significant others were often perceived as reacting to theunwed young pregnant women and young mothers with secrecy, repression and rejection. Theresponse of the unwed young pregnant women and young mothers to the significant others inrespect of their pregnancy was to feel detached, trapped, unworthy and ambiguous. Theresults of the thematic analysis (Article III) led to three themes: rules and regulations, therelationship with the staff, and the relationship with the other girls in the shelter home. Theresults indicated that the participating shelter homes were often not fulfilling the standards ofshelter homes according to the Malaysian national laws and the United Nations Conventionon the Rights of the Child. In addition, a mixed methods approach (Article IV) was applied toinvestigate the associations between the experiences of the unwed young pregnant women andyoung mothers in the shelter home and their social support, coping, resilience, and mentalhealth. Because of the nominal data, the findings from the qualitative analyses were quantifiedand jointly analysed with the questionnaire data using Spearman Rank coefficient. The analyses were done based on the interviews and survey with 17 unwed young pregnantwomen and young mothers aged 12 to 18 years. The mixed methods study emphasized thatthe unwed young pregnant women and young mothers have poor availability and adequacy ofsocial support and were at risk of developing mental health problems if untreated.

Through this study, I aim to increase understanding of how young moms experience, perceive, make meaning, and conceptualize positive support within the context of service provision (education, residential services, legal services, healthcare etc.). More broadly, I aim to illuminate ways that societal notions of vulnerability and autonomy may be shifted to offer improved quality of support to young mothers and other marginalized communities. Such a shift would counter paternalistic attitudes that have historically influenced how “support” has been imposed on young mothers. Although a full transformation would take time, we may begin to undertake the necessary work of reimagining support, gradually shifting towards the goal of building capabilities toward relational autonomy. 25 moms from diverse socio-economic backgrounds in Ontario, Canada, between the ages of 16-25 years, participated in creating visual art images and/or verbally sharing what support meant to them. I engaged in a relational approach to interaction and dialogue, centering a praxis of reflexivity and ethical treatment of everyone involved in the interview process. Guided by a critical feminist framework that included intersectionality, maternal theory, and vulnerability theory, I engaged in a feminist phenomenological approach to the analysis of transcripts and co-constructed visual analysis of imagery with the moms. Study findings reveal how service provision contexts are shaped by traditional ways of understanding vulnerability and autonomy as a binary and in opposition to one another, with an overvaluation of invulnerability. Yet young moms describe that they understand positive support as a combination of both responses to the effects of exposure to sources of vulnerability and as efforts to build autonomy in relationships with service providers, infrastructure, and broader communities of care. In addition, young moms describe positive qualities of service design and delivery, such as being non-judgemental, reliable, and sensitive, with attuned and caring interactions. The combination of these qualities can facilitate a process of internalization of positive attitudes, culminating in the development of an identity as a confident caregiver. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Through this critical feminist arts-based study, I aim to increase understanding of how young moms make meaning of the concept of positive support within the context of service provision. 25 moms in Ontario, Canada, between the ages of 16-25 years, participated in creating visual art images and/or verbally sharing what support meant to them. I engaged in a relational approach to interviewing, and a feminist phenomenological approach to the analysis of transcripts and visual analysis of imagery. Study findings reveal how service provision contexts are shaped by traditional ways of understanding the concepts of vulnerability and autonomy as a binary and in opposition to one another. Yet young moms asserted that effective forms of positive support must be designed and delivered as a combination of both a response to the effects of exposure to sources of vulnerability and as efforts made to build autonomy in-connection to others and the world(s) around us.