Trotz der häufig anzutreffenden gesellschaftlichen Praxis, Kinder nach Abschluss des ersten Lebensjahres in eine Krippenbetreuung einzugewöhnen, ist bisher wenig bekannt, wie die Kleinst- und Kleinkinder selbst diese meist erste Transition erleben, verarbeiten und mitgestalten. Im Mittelpunkt der psychoanalytisch-pädagogisch ausgerichteten Dissertation stehen die vielschichtigen, latenten Beziehungs- und Interaktionsprozesse im Dreieck Eltern - Kind - Kindheitspädagogin im Übergang zur Krippenbetreuung. Erstmalig zeigt die multiperspektivische Beobachtungsstudie die Besonderheiten der Eingewöhnung von Ein- bis Zweijährigen auf, die erhebliche Unterschiede von denen älterer Kinder aufweist. Aus der novellenartig gehaltenen Einzelfallstudie lässt sich ableiten, dass frühe Eingewöhnungsprozesse mit einer forcierten Selbständigkeitsentwicklung des Kindes einhergehen können. Anders als im familiären Gefüge des Aufwachsens muss das beobachtete einjährige Einzelkind vielfältige Herausforderungen im neuen, institutionellen Kontext bewältigen. Diese kommen einer Forcierung ihrer Selbständigkeit gleich. Ungeachtet dessen zeigt sich in dieser Arbeit, dass die frühe Transition mit ihrer unabdingbaren Trennungsdynamik auch progressive Entwicklungspotentiale für das Kind bereithält. Desweiteren lässt sich an diesem individuellen Einzelfall der frühe, ambivalente Übergang von einer Situation des Einzelkindes in der Familie hin zu einem Krippenkind in der institutionalisierten Kinderbetreuung untersuchen. Mit dem Einsatz der psychoanalytischen Beobachtungs- und Auswertungsmethode nach Bick/Tavistock-Konzept gelingt ein seltener Einblick in die frühe Kinderbetreuung, der belegt, dass es sich bei der frühen Krippenbetreuung um ein hoch komplexes und konfliktreiches Feld handelt. / Despite of the common social practice of bringing toddlers to the day care center in their first year of life, there is just little profound knowledge of this topic. Especially the children´s feelings, experience and active participation of day care entry and their setting-in processes. This psychoanalytic-pedagogical thesis will focus on the multifaceted and complex latent interaction triangle of parents - child - childcare during adapting to day care. For the first time this multi-perspective observational study is pointing out the particular characteristics of one and two year old children, within this transition to day care process and its significant differences regarding older children. From this thesis, based on a individual case study can be deduced that an early childcare transition process correlate with forced independence and autonomy development. This work illuminates which different strains the one year old child had to challenge in the context of an institutionalized group care system compared to the family-related environment. Nevertheless the conclusions of this thesis take the progressive development potential for the child into account, that result of the interpersonal relations of the transmission and separation process. Based on one individual case study of an early, ambivalent transition from an only child in the family circle to the institutionalized day care nursery and by the methods of psychoanalytic observation and evaluation (Bick/Tavistock-Concept) this work provides a glimpse behind the scenes of the early childcare adapting process. It provides an unprecedented perspective for latent interactions and relations during this enter out-of-home-care. This clearly demonstrates the complexity, conflict-prone and controversy of the early child care topic.

<p>Infant and young child feeding practices are suboptimal in Tanzania, but optimal nutrition during the first two years of life is critical for development. At this age, behaviors of caregivers determine children’s diets, but few studies quantify how fathers or couples jointly influence child feeding. We investigate how men and women shape the family food environment to determine children’s diets in rural Mara, Tanzania. This mixed methods study used quantitative baseline data from the Engaging Fathers for Effective Child Nutrition and Development in Tanzania (EFFECTS) trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03759821), including 960 rural households with both parents and a young child. Logistic and linear mixed effects regressions examined associations between parental determinants and exclusive breastfeeding (n=189) and child dietary diversity over one day and one week (n=764 children 6-23 months; n=597 children 9-23 months). Parental determinants measured knowledge of breastfeeding and complementary feeding, self-efficacy on provision of diverse or nutritious diets, workload away from home, social support, household savings, and couples’ communication and decision-making, indicating women’s empowerment. Qualitative data drew from formative research (July-August 2018) conducted with parents of children aged 0-36 months, including eight focus group discussions (FGDs) with mothers and fathers (four FGDs each, 31 and 30 participants, respectively). FGDs were transcribed, translated, quality checked, and coded to identify key themes. The odds of exclusive breastfeeding decreased with mothers’ higher workload away from home and increased with mothers’ reports of more frequent couples’ communication over household decisions. Higher child dietary diversity was linked to mothers’ reports of higher knowledge of nutritious foods, higher social support, and higher couples’ communication frequency and quality. Generally, fathers’ determinants were not associated with children’s diets. Qualitative findings indicated that knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding was common, but challenges of perceived breastmilk insufficiency, women’s workload, and concerns about breastmilk quality led to early introduction of complementary foods. Affordability was a common challenge to appropriate complementary feeding, while couples’ decision-making dynamics and attitudes and beliefs about foods had the potential to be both enablers and barriers. Interventions must improve nutrition knowledge and social support, and they must empower women through joint decision-making and more gender-equitable workloads between parents to enable optimal child diets. </p>

Med längre bostadsköer och ökande hemlöshet vill vi med denna studie rikta fokus mot ungdomar och unga vuxna som till följd av hemlöshet står inför ökade risker. Syftet med denna scoping review är att identifiera och sammanställa risker som ungdomar och unga vuxna står inför till följd av hemlöshet samt identifiera kunskapsluckor. Denna scoping review handlar om riskfaktorer i främst USA men även Storbritannien, Kanada och Frankrike, däremot inte i Sverige. I denna studie granskas 15 vetenskapliga artiklar från 2015 till 2023 för att identifiera och sammanställa riskerna till följden av hemlöshet. Ungdomar med erfarenhet av hemlöshet löper ökad risk för att missbruka alkohol och droger. Hemlösa ungdomar har även sämre psykisk hälsa i relation till ungdomar utan erfarenhet av hemlöshet.Hemlösa ungdomar löper högre risk att utsätta deras sexuella hälsa. Risken för brott ökar för hemlösa ungdomar ju längre de varit hemlösa. Hemlösa ungdomar löper även högre risk att själva bli brottsoffer. Hemlösa ungdomar riskerar att hoppa av skolan innan 16 årsåldern och utsättas för mobbing i skolan. / With longer housing queues and rising homelessness, we are in this study aiming to focus on adolescents and young adults who due to homelessness are facing higher risks. The aim of this study is to identify and compile risks adolescents and young adults are facing due to homelessness and identify knowledge gaps. This scoping review is about risk factors in USA, Great Britain, Canada and France, but not in Sweden. This study contains a review of 15 scientific articles from 2015 to 2023 to identify and compile risk due to homelessness. The risk for substance or alcohol abuse rises due to homelessness for adolescents. In comparison to adolescents with housing homeless adolescents mental health is at higher risk. Homeless adolescentshave higher risk to develop a sexual riskbehaviour. The risk of committingoffences rises the longer the adolescent has been homeless. Homeless adolescents are at higher risk of victimization. Homeless adolescents are also at higher risk of dropping out of school before the age of 16.

The objectives of the study were to determine infant and young child feeding (IYCF) knowledge of Household Health Promoters (HHPs) and examine its relationship with demographic characteristics. Quantitative, non-experimental descriptive design was used. Seventy-one randomly selected HHPs participated in the study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. The results showed that the mean IYCF knowledge score was 77.8% (N=71). The knowledge of the respondents was not uniform across the components of IYCF which ranged between 19.72% for duration of breastfeeding to 100% for colostrums feeding. None of the socio-demographic characteristic was significantly associated to the mean knowledge score. The study identified that refresher training should be provided to the HHPs on IYCF with emphasis on the aspects of IYCF with scores below the mean / Health Studies

The objectives of the study were to determine infant and young child feeding (IYCF) knowledge of Household Health Promoters (HHPs) and examine its relationship with demographic characteristics. Quantitative, non-experimental descriptive design was used. Seventy-one randomly selected HHPs participated in the study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. The results showed that the mean IYCF knowledge score was 77.8% (N=71). The knowledge of the respondents was not uniform across the components of IYCF which ranged between 19.72% for duration of breastfeeding to 100% for colostrums feeding. None of the socio-demographic characteristic was significantly associated to the mean knowledge score. The study identified that refresher training should be provided to the HHPs on IYCF with emphasis on the aspects of IYCF with scores below the mean / Health Studies

The objectives of this study were to determine the nature of data recorded on the Road to Health Card (RtHC) and its utilisation by nurses at primary health care setting, comparing it with norms and standards on the RtHC guideline, and to provide guidelines for optimal utilisation of the RtHC by health workers. A quantitative nonexperimental descriptive method was used. Two methods were used to collect data; document analysis of the RtHC and structure observation of nurses. A structured exit interview of caregivers was conducted to validate observations from nurses. A sample size of 18 nurses from all categories from six clinics was observed, and 36 RtHC of children under five years of age were analysed. Results indicated that data recorded on the RtHC was mostly inaccurate, incomplete and not interpreted. The study identified a need to train health workers on optimal utilisation of the RtHC facilitating health improvement of children under five years of age. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

The objectives of this study were to determine the nature of data recorded on the Road to Health Card (RtHC) and its utilisation by nurses at primary health care setting, comparing it with norms and standards on the RtHC guideline, and to provide guidelines for optimal utilisation of the RtHC by health workers. A quantitative nonexperimental descriptive method was used. Two methods were used to collect data; document analysis of the RtHC and structure observation of nurses. A structured exit interview of caregivers was conducted to validate observations from nurses. A sample size of 18 nurses from all categories from six clinics was observed, and 36 RtHC of children under five years of age were analysed. Results indicated that data recorded on the RtHC was mostly inaccurate, incomplete and not interpreted. The study identified a need to train health workers on optimal utilisation of the RtHC facilitating health improvement of children under five years of age. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:32:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbara Radovanski Galvao.pdf: 1402283 bytes, checksum: d88a1f1b82a0bfff24c697bdd5ec764f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-10 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study is part of Núcleo de Estudos sobre Gênero, Raça e Idade - NEGRI s group project regarding gender and age relationships of Pos-graduate Study Program in Social Physicology of Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP). Its objective was to analyze speeches of men-fathers regarding young child, their care and education in public spaces through the intersection of some fields of knowledge: gender studies, including studies about manhood, and recent studies about childhood. Therefore, through interview methods and content analysis techniques, the speech of men-fathers was analyzed leading us to four main topics or subjects: interviewee and theirs social context; speech of men-fathers of urban medium classes; speeches about gender e manhood; speeches about young child, their education and care. We discovered on interviewees speeches, at the same time, a trend to change on family practices and the maintenance of traditional patterns. We observed on the interviews a sophisticated speech with pertinent information and comments regarding care and education of their child. However, we have not found the same level of thinking regarding public care and child education, which lead us to believe that, for these men-fathers, baby s privileged place is still at home / Esta dissertação integra o projeto coletivo sobre relações de gênero e de idade do NEGRI (Núcleo de Estudos sobre Gênero, Raça e Idade) do Programa de Estudos Pós-graduados em Psicologia Social da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP). Seu objetivo foi analisar discursos de homens-pais sobre criança pequena, seu cuidado e educação em espaço público a partir da intersecção de alguns campos de conhecimento: os estudos de gênero, incluindo os estudos sobre masculinidade(s) e os novos estudos sobre a infância. Para tanto, através do método da entrevista e mediante o uso de técnicas de análise de conteúdo, analisou-se o discurso proferido por homens-pais que nos levaram a quatro eixos interpretativos: os entrevistados e seus contextos sociais; discursos de homens-pais dos estratos médios urbanos; discursos sobre gênero e masculinidade; discursos sobre a criança pequena, sua educação e cuidado. Encontramos nos discursos dos entrevistados, ao mesmo tempo, relato de tendências à mudança de práticas familiares e a manutenção de padrões mais tradicionais . Apreende-se nas entrevistas um discurso extremamente sofisticado com informações e ponderações pertinentes no que diz respeito ao cuidado e educação dos(as) seus(as) filhos(as). Entretanto, não encontramos o mesmo nível reflexões a cerca do cuidado e educação infantil em âmbito público, o que nos possibilita pensar que, para esses homens-pais, o lugar privilegiado do bebê e da criança pequena ainda é o da casa

Motivation Processed complementary food labels should protect and promote optimal breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices, important determinants of child survival, growth and development, and provide information regarding safe and appropriate use. However, there is a lack of formal guidelines from international normative bodies on the appropriate marketing of complementary foods. In recognition of the need for interim guidance, the Maternal, Infant and Young Child Working Group developed the Draft Guide for Marketing Complementary Foods, which provides practical guidance on how the marketing (including labelling) of processed complementary foods and supplements can be informed by the principles of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (the Code) and subsequent relevant World Health Assembly (WHA) resolutions in a way that supports optimal infant and young child feeding. Aim The aim of this study was to describe the extent to which the labelling practices (as a sub-set of marketing practices) of processed complementary food sold in South Africa comply with international guidance on the marketing of complementary foods that is fully aligned with the principles of the Code and subsequent relevant WHA resolutions (the Draft Guide for Marketing Complementary Foods). Methods Employing a cross-sectional study design, products were purchased from a sample of 17 retail grocery stores, three wholesale grocery stores, three retail pharmacies and three baby chain stores in the Gauteng, Western Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces from June to August 2011. Purchased products were then compared with a master list of complementary food products compiled through desk research, and missing products were identified and purchased. Label information was captured, then blinded and the order of products randomised. The Draft Guide for Marketing Complementary Foods was used to create a checklist with pre-set answers and accompanying criteria against which the captured labelling practices were then analysed. Results One hundred and sixty product labels of 35 manufacturers were analysed, none of which complied with all checklist criteria. Fifty-six (35%) labels did not provide an appropriate age of introduction, while 32 (20%) labels used phrases implying that the product was suitable for use before six months of age. Thirty-seven (23%) labels used images of infants appearing to be younger than six months. Only 20 (13%) labels carried a message regarding the importance of exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life, and none provided a message on the importance of the addition of complementary foods from six months together with continued breastfeeding to two years or beyond. Eight (5%) labels recommended feeding the product in a bottle and two labels (1%) used an image of a feeding bottle. Nineteen (12%) labels suggested a daily ration too large for a breastfed child, and 32 (20%) potentially promote the manufacturer’s infant formula. All labels provided label information in an appropriate language, but 102 (64%) labels relegated required label information to small text and were thus not easy to read. Only six (4%) labels failed to provide instructions for safe and appropriate use, while 44 (28%) did not include safety messages in their preparation and use instructions. Ten (6%) labels did not provide storage instructions, and 27 (17%) labels did not provide necessary warnings. Nutrient content claims, nutrient comparative claims, nutrient function/other function claims and reduction of disease risk claims were found on 126 (79%), eight (5%), 117 (73%) and 10 (6%) labels, respectively. Conclusion The labelling practices of processed complementary food labels in South Africa do not fully comply with international guidance on the marketing of complementary foods (the Draft Guide for Marketing Complementary Foods) and so do not sufficiently protect and promote optimal infant and young child feeding practices, revealing much room for improvement. Such guidance must be refined and formalised by international normative bodies and adopted into national legislation to assist manufacturers in ensuring that their complementary food labels meet an accepted standard and contribute towards the safe and appropriate use of processed complementary foods. / Thesis (MSc (Nutrition))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Motivation Processed complementary food labels should protect and promote optimal breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices, important determinants of child survival, growth and development, and provide information regarding safe and appropriate use. However, there is a lack of formal guidelines from international normative bodies on the appropriate marketing of complementary foods. In recognition of the need for interim guidance, the Maternal, Infant and Young Child Working Group developed the Draft Guide for Marketing Complementary Foods, which provides practical guidance on how the marketing (including labelling) of processed complementary foods and supplements can be informed by the principles of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (the Code) and subsequent relevant World Health Assembly (WHA) resolutions in a way that supports optimal infant and young child feeding. Aim The aim of this study was to describe the extent to which the labelling practices (as a sub-set of marketing practices) of processed complementary food sold in South Africa comply with international guidance on the marketing of complementary foods that is fully aligned with the principles of the Code and subsequent relevant WHA resolutions (the Draft Guide for Marketing Complementary Foods). Methods Employing a cross-sectional study design, products were purchased from a sample of 17 retail grocery stores, three wholesale grocery stores, three retail pharmacies and three baby chain stores in the Gauteng, Western Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces from June to August 2011. Purchased products were then compared with a master list of complementary food products compiled through desk research, and missing products were identified and purchased. Label information was captured, then blinded and the order of products randomised. The Draft Guide for Marketing Complementary Foods was used to create a checklist with pre-set answers and accompanying criteria against which the captured labelling practices were then analysed. Results One hundred and sixty product labels of 35 manufacturers were analysed, none of which complied with all checklist criteria. Fifty-six (35%) labels did not provide an appropriate age of introduction, while 32 (20%) labels used phrases implying that the product was suitable for use before six months of age. Thirty-seven (23%) labels used images of infants appearing to be younger than six months. Only 20 (13%) labels carried a message regarding the importance of exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life, and none provided a message on the importance of the addition of complementary foods from six months together with continued breastfeeding to two years or beyond. Eight (5%) labels recommended feeding the product in a bottle and two labels (1%) used an image of a feeding bottle. Nineteen (12%) labels suggested a daily ration too large for a breastfed child, and 32 (20%) potentially promote the manufacturer’s infant formula. All labels provided label information in an appropriate language, but 102 (64%) labels relegated required label information to small text and were thus not easy to read. Only six (4%) labels failed to provide instructions for safe and appropriate use, while 44 (28%) did not include safety messages in their preparation and use instructions. Ten (6%) labels did not provide storage instructions, and 27 (17%) labels did not provide necessary warnings. Nutrient content claims, nutrient comparative claims, nutrient function/other function claims and reduction of disease risk claims were found on 126 (79%), eight (5%), 117 (73%) and 10 (6%) labels, respectively. Conclusion The labelling practices of processed complementary food labels in South Africa do not fully comply with international guidance on the marketing of complementary foods (the Draft Guide for Marketing Complementary Foods) and so do not sufficiently protect and promote optimal infant and young child feeding practices, revealing much room for improvement. Such guidance must be refined and formalised by international normative bodies and adopted into national legislation to assist manufacturers in ensuring that their complementary food labels meet an accepted standard and contribute towards the safe and appropriate use of processed complementary foods. / Thesis (MSc (Nutrition))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.