Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T21:56:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao- Eunice Maciel Soeiro.pdf: 43148217 bytes, checksum: 74e47a0557a15f4331626831db841fd8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The work deals with the Environmental Education in the view transversal and liberating to modality of Education of Youngs and Adults from Rurals Schools of the Jaú. It is a study constructed with philosophical basis of the historical critic that objects to comprehend the direction generality in that itself the Environmental Education, in particular in the place searched. The choice of the knowledge s theory historical critic attaches the fact of the to be a proposal pedagogic preoccupied with the comprehension of the real to its transformation breaking of the vision of the students (workers), based in the experience of yours anterior fight and actual fight. In the that deal the comprehension of the reports between international politic, national and local of environmental protection, this vision contributes fundamental with the possibility of the perceive the parts of the reality that itself relate with totality. The vision historical critic contributed to comprehend that the philosophy ´s science functions how the exercise of the critic the organization of the vision the Environmental Education developed Education of Youngs and Adults at PNJ , enable the postulation de possibilities to its. For this the study was based in the literature search and field. The bibliographic pointed to a new vision of approach to work the Environmental Education in the Education of Youngs and Adults these schools, based in the categories of Paulo Freire: ontology, gnosiologia, ethics, esthetics and possible unpublished. The search of field constituted of interviews and production of written reports. Fifteen people participated of interviews. Nine students, three teachers, two secretaries and one representative of ONG. The search of field looked for to know the particularity about Environmental Education, the process teaching apprenticeship, actions of parts governmental and nogovernmental in the schools and difficulties of teachers and students. The results achieved by the search pointed which where were the schools, Jau National Park, predominated the control, the vigilance and the discipline above the people and the negligence of the Public Power about the students and teachers these schools. Students workers that live in process of stagnation. The Environmental Education is in the discourse of the author of Management Plan, of the secretaries, of the teachers, but no of the students these schools because no know it. / O presente trabalho trata da Educação Ambiental, numa perspectiva transversal e libertadora, para amodalidade de Educação de Jovens e Adultos das Escolas Campesinas do Jaú. É um estudo construído com fundamento da epistemologia histórico-crítico que objetiva compreender a direção geral em que se desenvolve a Educação Ambiental, em especial no local pesquisado. A escolha da abordagem histórico-crítica prende-se ao fato de ser uma epistemologia que contribui para a construção de uma proposta pedagógica preocupada com a compreensão do real para sua transformação a partir do ponto de vista dos educandos (trabalhadores), baseada na experiência de suas lutas anteriores e nas atuais. No que se refere à compreensão das relações existentes entre a política internacional, nacional e local de proteção ambiental, essa a possibilidade de perceber as partes da realidade que se histórico-crítica ajudou a compreender que a Filosofia da Ciência funciona como o exercício da crítica à organização da perspectiva de EA desenvolvida na modalidade de Jovens e Adultos das Escolas do PNJ , possibilitando a postulação de possibilidades para elas. Por isso, o estudo foi baseado numa pesquisa bibliográfica e de campo. O levantamento bibliográfico apontou para uma nova perspectiva de se trabalhar a Educação Ambiental na EJA das escolas em questão, fundada nas categorias de Paulo Freire: ontologia, gnosiologia, ética, estética e o inédito-viável. A pesquisa de campo se constituiu de entrevistas e produção de relatórios. Participaram das entrevistas 15 sujeitos, sendo: 9 alunos, 3 professores, 2 secretários municipais e 1 representante de Organização Não- governamental. A pesquisa de campo procurou conhecer as particularidades relativas à EA, o processo ensino-aprendizagem dos educandos, atuação de segmentos governamental e nãogovernamental nas escolas e as dificuldades de professores e alunos. Os resultados obtidos pela pesquisa retrataram que o local onde se situam as escolas, o Parque Nacional do Jaú, predomina o controle, a vigilância e a disciplina imposta aos moradores e o descaso do poder público em relação aos alunos e professores dessas escolas. Alunos trabalhadores que vivem em processo de estagnação. A Educação Ambiental faz parte do discurso do responsável do Plano de Manejo, dos Secretários, dos professores, mas não dos alunos dessas escolas, que não a conhecem.

O presente trabalho, realizado junto ao Grupo de Novos Materiais e Dispositivos (GNMD), no Laboratório de Microeletrônica do Departamento de Sistemas Eletrônicos da Escola Politécnica da USP, visou determinar algumas das propriedades termo-mecânicas de materiais depositados pela técnica de plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) que são importantes para o desenvolvimento de sistemas microeletromecânicos (MEMS). O módulo de elasticidade, a tensão mecânica residual, o coeficiente de expansão térmica e a condutividade térmica de filmes finos de carbeto de silício amorfo hidrogenado (a-SiC:H) e de oxinitreto de silício (SiOxNy) foram estudados. Medidas de nanoindentação e ressonância de cantilevers foram utilizadas para a obtenção do módulo de elasticidade e os resultados obtidos foram similares (75 e 91 GPa) pelos dois métodos e compatíveis com valores encontrados na literatura. Além disso, obteve-se o módulo de elasticidade de filmes de cromo (285 GPa). A tensão mecânica residual dos filmes utilizados neste trabalho foi medida através da curvatura do substrato induzida pela deposição dos filmes e pela deformação de cantilevers. O valor médio da tensão mecânica, obtido pela curvatura do substrato, variou de -69 MPa até -1750 MPa, mostrando grande dependência das condições de deposição dos filmes. O método que utiliza a deformação de cantilevers possibilitou a obtenção do gradiente de tensão mecânica, que também mostrou uma dependência das condições de deposição, sendo sempre o a-SiC:H quase estequiométrico o menos tensionado. O coeficiente de expansão térmica foi medido utilizando a técnica do gradiente de temperatura e o valor obtido foi similar a valores reportados na literatura para o carbeto de silício cristalino. Para um a-SiC:H quase estequiométrico foi obtido um coeficiente de expansão térmica de 3,41 m/oC, enquanto para um a-SiC:H rico em carbono o valor foi de 4,36 m/oC. Também foi verificado que a variação da resistência do cromo em função da temperatura é pequena, não permitindo sua utilização como sensor de temperatura e inviabilizando a obtenção da condutividade térmica dos filmes estudados. Além disso, foram apresentados trabalhos promissores, mostrando o potencial dos materiais estudados para o desenvolvimento de MEMS. Nesses trabalhos, demonstrou-se a viabilidade de integrar microestruturas atuadas termicamente e guias de onda ópticos, utilizando os materiais estudados neste trabalho. Foram fabricados chaves ópticas, portas lógicas ópticas, fontes de luz integradas e acoplamento das fontes de luz com guias de onda. / This work, realized at the New Materials and Devices Group (GNMD) at the Microelectronics Laboratory of the Department of Electronic Systems of the Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo, focused at the determination of thermo-mechanical properties of materials deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) that are important for the development of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). The Youngs modulus, the residual stress, the coefficient of thermal expansion and the thermal conductivity of amorphous hydrogenated silicon carbide (a-SiC:H) and silicon oxynitride (SiOxNy) thin films were studied. Nanoindentation and the resonance of cantilevers were used to obtain the Youngs modulus. The results were similar (75 and 91 GPa) with both methods and compatible with literature values. Further, the Youngs modulus of chromium films was also obtained (285 GPa). The residual stress of thin films was obtained through the substrate curvature induced by the film deposition and through the deformation of cantilever beams. The residual stress, obtained through the substrate curvature, varied between -69 MPa and -1750 MPa, showing great dependence on the deposition conditions of these materials. The deformation of cantilevers allowed the determination of the stress gradient and it was also affected by the deposition conditions. In all stress measurements the near stoichiometry a-SiC:H film was less stressed. The coefficient of thermal expansion was measured using the temperature gradient technique and the obtain values were similar to those reported in the literature for crystalline silicon carbide. For a near stoichiometry a-SiC:H film, a value of 3.41 m/oC was obtained, while a carbon rich film showed a thermal expansion coefficient of 4.36 m/oC. It was also verified that the variation of the chromium resistance as a function of temperature is small. This did not allow the utilization of chromium as a temperature sensor, which prevented the obtention of the thermal conductivity of the studied films. Also, some promising works were presented, showing potential applications of the studied materials for the development of MEMS. In these works, the viability of integration of thermal actuated microstructures and optical waveguides was demonstrated. In these works, optical switches, optical logic gates, integrated light sources and coupling of integrated light sources with optical waveguides were presented.

This diploma thesis deals with the beginnings of the release of culture in the period of political- cultural melting in Czechoslovakia in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Cultural loosening has been evident since the second half of the 1950s and will be demonstrated on the example of Czechoslovak film, in which the dynamics of changes in Czechoslovak culture were very obvious. The main focus of my thesis will be the depiction of the young generation and the way their image is transformed and developed on screen, and I will not forget to mention the social critique and satire in the film, which also plays an irreplaceable role in the process of cultural melting. The aim of the thesis is to show that the power of the young generation has become a driver of cultural change and youth itself became a symbol of cultural melting, which I will demonstrate on selected film examples, which will reach the 1960s. The sixties became a symbol of the rebellion of the young generation and its heyday in the arms of Czechoslovak culture. Keywords The cultural melting, fifties, sixties, the young generation, czechoslovak film, view of youngs, Czechoslovakia

Kohlenstoffnanoröhren (Carbon Nanotubes, CNTs) gelten seit einigen Jahren als vielversprechendes neuartiges Material für verschiedenste Anwendungen in der Technik unterschiedlicher Fachgebiete. Von besonderem Interesse, z.B. in Leichtbaustrukturen, sind die postulierten exzellenten mechanischen Eigenschaften der einzelnen CNTs hinsichtlich Steifigkeit und Festigkeit. Diese auf der Nanoskala identifizierten Eigenschaften sollen auch in makroskopischen Bauteilen zu besonders guten mechanischen Eigenschaften führen. Demonstriert werden kann dies zum Beispiel an einer neuartigen Faser, die aus einer Vielzahl individueller Kohlenstoffnanoröhren gesponnen wurde. An dieser Faser durchgeführte Tests zeigen jedoch, dass die Eigenschaften nicht in der gewünschten Höhe von der Nanoskale auf die Makroskale übertragen werden. Um diesen Effekt erklären und evtl. beheben zu können, sowie für das Design von Strukturen aus Nanoröhren ('Superstrukturen') und einige weitere Anwendungen, sind Simulationsmodelle nötig, die die grundlegenden mechanischen (elastischen) Eigenschaften beschreiben können und zudem mit einer sehr großen Anzahl beteiligter CNTs und damit Atome umgehen können. Betrachtet man dies zusätzlich unter dem Aspekt, dass, beispielsweise zu Designzwecken, jeweils Rechnungen zu mehreren Varianten notwendig sind, ist verständlich, dass für jeden Durchlauf nur eine begrenzte Menge an Rechenzeit aufgebracht werden soll. Daher wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit ein mechanisches Modell der Kohlenstoffnanoröhren entwickelt, das die geforderte Aufgabe um ein Vielfaches schneller als quantenmechanische Methoden oder auch klassische Molekulardynamik behandeln kann. Basis hierfür ist ein molekularmechanischer Ansatz, der ein Ersatzmodell der betrachteten Kohlenstoffnanoröhre aus Balkenelementen erzeugt. Die zur Definition des Balkenfachwerks nötigen Balkeneigenschaften werden hierbei aus einem zugrundeliegenden chemischen Kraftfeld abgeleitet, das die kovalenten Bindungen zwischen den Atomen der Nanoröhre beschreibt. Der Ansatz ist damit in die Klasse der 'molecular structural mechanics' (MSM) Ansätze einzuordnen. Ausgangspunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit ist zunächst ein etabliertes MSM-Modell, dessen Schwächen in der vorliegenden Arbeit analysiert werden. Dabei wird festgestellt, dass der bisher verwendete MSM-Ansatz nicht energetisch konsistent zum zugrundeliegenden chemischen Kraftfeld ist. Dieser Umstand wird zunächst durch die Entwicklung eines modifizierten MSM-Modells behoben. Anschließend wird gezeigt, dass dieses Modell energetisch konsistent zum eingesetzten Kraftfeld ist. Um weitere Fortschritte mit dem gewählten molekularmechanischen Ansatz zu erzielen, wird dann ein verallgemeinertes MSM-Modell auf Basis eines fortschrittlichen chemischen Kraftfeldes entwickelt, das weitere Nachteile des ursprünglichen Ansatzes behebt und universeller einsetzbar ist. Das Modell wird dann zur Bestimmung der elastischen Konstanten von Armchair und Zig-zag CNTs eingesetzt und die erhaltenen Ergebnisse diskutiert.:1. Grundlagen 2. Modellbildung und Simulation einwandiger Kohlenstoffnanoröhren 3. Ergebnisse und Diskussion zum Zweck der Modellentwicklung 4. Ergebnisse und Diskussion der elastischen Parameter einwandiger CNTs 5. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick / For several years now, Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) are seen as a promising new material for manifold applications in new technologies from different fields. The predicted excellent mechanical properties such as high strength and stiffness are of particual interest e.g. in lightweight structures. The nanoscopic propertiers are prone to lead to good mechanical properties also in macrosopic parts. This can be demonstrated for instance on the basis of a novel type of carbon fiber which is spun out of a multitude of individual carbon nanotubes. However, tests of the fibre show that the outstanding properties on the nanoscale are not fully transfered to the macroscale. In order to explain this effect as well as for designing structures made out of nanotubes (so called super structures) and other applications, models for simulations are needed. These models should be capable of reproducing the basic (elastic) mechnical properties of the nanotubes as well as to be capcable of dealing with a large number of participating nanotubes and hence atoms. Considering the additional aspect that multiple calculations of similar systems, e.g. for design purposes, are required, it is easy to understand, that for each calculation only a limited amount of computational effort is affordable. Hence, in the present work a mechanical model for the carbon nanotubes is developed which can fulfil the requested task in a much shorter time than quantummechanical or moleculardynamic calculations. The model is based on a molecular mechanics approach which creates a substitute model for the carbon nanotube based on beam elements. The parameters mandatory to define the beam elements in the beam framework are obtained on the basis of a chemical force field forming the foundation of the approach. The chemical force fields describes the properties of the covalent bonds in the carbon nanotube. As a result, the proposed model can be classified to be part of the molecular structural mechanics (MSM) approaches. Starting point of the present work is a well known MSM-model which is at first analyzed in order to identify its drawbacks. During this investigation it is found, that the model used so far is not consistent in terms of energy to its underlying chemical force field. This problem is fixed by the development of a modified MSM-approach. It is shown that this modified approach is now consistent to the underlying chemical force field in terms of energy. In order to further improve the method, a generalized, advanced MSM-framework is developed on the basis of a sophisticated chemical force field. This advanced framework resolves further drawbacks of the models and enables a more general application of the model. The obtained model is then used to calculate and discuss the elastic constants of Armchair and Zig-zag Carbon Nanotubes.:1. Grundlagen 2. Modellbildung und Simulation einwandiger Kohlenstoffnanoröhren 3. Ergebnisse und Diskussion zum Zweck der Modellentwicklung 4. Ergebnisse und Diskussion der elastischen Parameter einwandiger CNTs 5. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick

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Levando-se em consideração que hoje no Brasi l não possuímos informações consistentes sobre a reincidência entre egressos penitenciários, que principalmente, sem qualquer fundamentação empírica, é identificada como alta no país, este estudo tem como objetivo central compreender como vêm funcionando os programas laborativos e educacionais no sistema penitenciário brasileiro; qual a percepção dos diversos agentes operadores da execução penal quanto aos programas de ressocialização; e qual o impacto efetivo da educação e do trabalho na ressocialização dos detentos. Pretende-se, com este estudo, perceber se realmente os programas de ressocialização de cunho educacional e laborativo interferem diretamente na reinserção social do apen ado, bem como qual o efetivo impacto na execução penal, além de sugestões de políticas públicas eficientes. / Taking into account that in Brazil we do not have reliable information about prison recidivism among those who left prison, which mainly without any empirical foundation, is identified as high in the country, this study aims at understanding how they come running the educational and industrial programs the Brazilian penitentiary system, the perception of the agents operators about the effective punishment implementation as well as the rehabilitation programs, and what the actual impact of education and work in the rehabilitation of the convicts. Then, this study really aims to perceive if the programs of educational and occupational re-socialization affect directly the social reintegration of the convict and what the effective impact on law enforcement, as well as suggestions for effective public policies.

Levando-se em consideração que hoje no Brasi l não possuímos informações consistentes sobre a reincidência entre egressos penitenciários, que principalmente, sem qualquer fundamentação empírica, é identificada como alta no país, este estudo tem como objetivo central compreender como vêm funcionando os programas laborativos e educacionais no sistema penitenciário brasileiro; qual a percepção dos diversos agentes operadores da execução penal quanto aos programas de ressocialização; e qual o impacto efetivo da educação e do trabalho na ressocialização dos detentos. Pretende-se, com este estudo, perceber se realmente os programas de ressocialização de cunho educacional e laborativo interferem diretamente na reinserção social do apen ado, bem como qual o efetivo impacto na execução penal, além de sugestões de políticas públicas eficientes. / Taking into account that in Brazil we do not have reliable information about prison recidivism among those who left prison, which mainly without any empirical foundation, is identified as high in the country, this study aims at understanding how they come running the educational and industrial programs the Brazilian penitentiary system, the perception of the agents operators about the effective punishment implementation as well as the rehabilitation programs, and what the actual impact of education and work in the rehabilitation of the convicts. Then, this study really aims to perceive if the programs of educational and occupational re-socialization affect directly the social reintegration of the convict and what the effective impact on law enforcement, as well as suggestions for effective public policies.

This thesis was made in cooperation with Roxtec. Roxtec specialises in cable sealingsolutions and are world leading in their area. In many of Roxtec’s products steel isused in the frame holding the sealing rubber. To lower Roxtec’s environmental foot-print plastic would be used instead in the frames if possible, more specific polyamide6.6 with 25% glass fiber reinforcement (PA66GF25). Polyamide is affected to agreater extent by temperature and humidity than steel and therefore poses a greaterrisk when considering the sealing capability in harsh conditions. The purpose of thisthesis is therefore to investigate the effects on the Young’s modulus by temperatureand relative humidity, which both correlate to moisture content in the plastic. Theintended temperature and moisture saturation interval are -40◦C to 80◦C and 0% to100% moisture saturation respectively. Tensile test samples were made through machining samples from existing productsand conditioning them to desired moisture content. With the use of tensile testingthe Young’s modulus could be determined for a number of combinations of temper-ature and moisture content. From this data an approximated polynomial surfaceof the Young’s modulus could be produced. The conditioning of the test piecescould be accelerated by submersion in heated water, decreasing conditioning timeto less than two days. The approximation of the Young’s modulus function couldbe done using polynomial approximation. The resulting polynomial for the positivetemperatures was of the third order dependant of the two variables moisture con-tent and temperature. For the negative temperatures a single variable polynomialwas approximated due to only one moisture content being tested for. To ensure thevalidity of the model each test combination consisted of three individual tensile testof which an average was calculated. The approximated function was then comparedto a data sheet value for a certain moisture content and temperature. From theresulting surface approximation of the Young’s modulus in positive temperatures itcan be deduced that PA66GF25 is more greatly affected by moisture content thantemperature. Especially at low levels of moisture content where the rise in Young’smodulus is exponential while more linear at higher moisture contents. The maximumand minimum Young’s modulus was found to be 8 GPa and 2.7 GPa respectively.The negative temperature approximation was restricted to one moisture content andtherefore resulted in a graph. The behaviour of this graph was likely a result of icein the material as similarities to a study regarding the mechanical properties of icewas found. / Detta examensarbete gjordes i sammarbete med Roxtec. Roxtec specialialiserar sig ikabeltätningslösningar och är världsledande i området. I många av Roxtecs produk-ter så används stål till att försegla gummi. För att minska Roxtecs miljöpåverkan såskulle plast användas till tätningarnas ramar om möjligt, speficikt polyamid 6.6 med25% glasfiberförstärkning (PA66GF25). Polyamid påverkas till större andel av tem-peratur och luftfuktighet än stål och utsätts därmed för en större risk med avseendepå tätnings kapabiliteten i tuffa miljöer. Syftet med detta arbete är därmed attundersöka effekterna på Elasticitetsmodul från temperatur och luftfuktighet, vilkakorrelerar mot fuktmättnadsgraden i plasten. Det avsedda temperaturintervallet är-40◦C till 80◦C och 0% till 100% fuktmättnadsgrad. Dragprovstesterna gjordes genom bearbetning av existerande produkter följt av kon-ditionering till önskad fuktmättnadsgrad. Genom genomförandet av dragprov, såkunde Youngs modul bestämmas för ett antal kombinationer av temperaturer ochfukterhalter. Från denna data så kunde en polynomyta för Youngs modul approx-imeras. Konditioneringen av dragprovsbitarna kunde accelereras genom nedsänkningi upphettat vatten, vilket minskade konditioneringstiden till mindre än två dygn. Ap-proximeringen av funktionen för Youngs modul kunde göras genom polynomapprox-imering, vilket resulterade i en tredje ordnings polynom beroende på två variablernafuktmättnadsgrad och temperatur. En annan approximation gjordes för de nega-tiva temperaturerna, då enbart temperaturberoende beteende undersöktes med enkonstant fuktmättnadsgrad. För att säkerställa validiteten av modellen så gjordestre mätningar på varje testkombination ifrån vilket ett medel kalkylerades. Den ap-proximerade funktionen jämfördes sedan med värdena från datablad för en viss fukt-mättnadsgrad och temperatur. Från den resulterande ytapproximationen av Youngsmodul för de positiva temperaturerna, så kan slutsatsen att PA66GF25 är avsevärtmycket mer påverkad av fukt än temperatur dras. Detta är tydligare för de testernamed låga fuktmättnadsgrader då ökningen av Youngs modul är exponentiell medanden är mer linjär för högre fuktmättnadsgrad. Den maximala och minimala Youngsmodul visade sig vara 8 GPa och 2.7 GPa respektive. De negativa temperaturernasapproximation var begränsad till en fuktmättnadsgrad och därmed resulterade i engraf kring 5 GPa. Beteendet hos denna graf var troligtvis ett resultat från isen imaterialet vars beteende är snarlikt en studie på isens mekaniska egenskaper visadepå.