The dangers of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure on the human body were initially reported in 1972, just eight years after the negative effects of smoking on smokers was reported. The Surgeon General of the United States systematically expanded (and continues to expand) the warnings over time, as new scientific evidence becomes available. Warnings, which began to incorporate youths in 1975, emphasized the need to pay particular attention to fetuses, newborns, infants, children, adolescents, and young adults since they rely on parents, guardians, and other adults to keep them safe. Although fewer in number than adults, the diseases that are causally linked to smoking and exposure to SHS in youths are also complex and can result in death (i.e., sudden infant death syndrome). The introduction of new tobacco products, such as low nicotine cigarettes and electronic cigarettes, prompted the Surgeon General to release additional warnings. In 2016, the Surgeon General advised the nation that more information will become available as the electronic cigarette manufacturers comply with new Tobacco Control Act requirements to report harmful vapor constituents. Physicians need to keep abreast of the vast and growing body of knowledge related to the biological and chemical components of SHS and vapor, as well as the dangers that SHS and vapor cause. To ease the burden on physicians, the federal government and medical professional societies created clinical practice guidelines which summarize the literature related to the dangers of SHS and make recommendations for medical management. Guidelines recommend that physicians and other clinicians should offer smoking cessation advice and intervene to limit youth exposure to SHS. Although the approach recommended for use with patients in a physician’s office is clear and attempts to streamline the processes have been made, the identification and counseling process for smoking cessation and eliminating SHS exposure remains time consuming. Barriers to payment make it difficult for physicians to be adequately reimbursed for their efforts to keep their patients safe from the dangers of SHS and vapor exposure. More work is needed to be able to continue to reduce the percentage of youths exposed to SHS in their environments. Additional attention is needed to address the racial and ethnic disparities that are evident in the scientific literature.

MSc (Med), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2006

Although emotional maltreatment is clearly a very important issue that impedes youths' development, it has only recently begun to receive the attention it deserves. The present study hypothesized that for adolescents with high self-worth, high religiosity, high parent and peer support, high family cohesion, and low family conflict the negative effects of emotional abuse on internalizing symptomatology would attenuate. Additionally, the same protective factors were hypothesized to moderate the relationship between emotional and physical abuse and adolescent internalizing symptomatology. Two samples were used in order to test the aforementioned hypotheses: 1) a whole sample that consisted of adolescents with no or any emotional and physical abuse (N = 220) and 2) a no physical abuse sample that consisted of adolescents with no or any emotional abuse (N = 118). In order to assess the study variables the following measures were used: Conflict Tactics Scale-PC, Self-Perception Profile, Youth Religiosity Scale, Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment, Family Environment Scale, and Youth Self Report. None of the study's hypotheses were supported by the current data. It is assumed that this might be due to the sample's nature and it is suggested that future studies utilize a sample with different age groups and with higher reports (means) of emotional and physical abuse. However, the findings suggested that emotional abuse had a stronger effect on internalizing symptomatology than physical abuse, and the significant main effects of self-worth, parent support, peer support, and family cohesion indicated the importance of their presence in adolescents' psychological adjustment. / Ph. D.

The purpose of this study is to examine the perspective of suburban youths on their residential are. This research is based upon qualitative interviews. In order to analyse the qualitative interviews that will be conducted, two theories will be implemented. To achieve the highest quality results, different theories will be applied to suit the purpose of this study. Our informants are three male and three females aged 18-19, living in a suburban area of south Stockholm. The results in this study have highlighted that young people in suburban areas have both positive and negative image of their residential areas. The youths believe that the society have attributed bad conceptions towards them. Even though they don’t agree with the society, the youths do not seem to see light in the future for the area. / Syftet med denna studie är att utifrån förortsungdomars perspektiv undersöka deras syn på livet i sitt bostadsområde. Detta görs genom kvalitativa intervjuer. Informanter i studien är tre tjejer och tre killar i åldern 18–19 år. Alla är bosatta och uppväxta i ett förortsområde söder om Stockholm. Intervjusvaren i studien har analyserats med hjälp av två teorier samt tidigare forskning. Resultaten har betonat att förortsungdomar har både positiv och negativ bild av sitt bostadsområde, samt att de övriga i samhället har bidragit till att skapa negativa föreställningar om dem. Ungdomarna verkar ha svårt att se en ljus framtid för och i sitt bostadsområde.

Este estudo trata de temas importantes tais como: juventudes, mundo do trabalho, políticas públicas voltadas para a juventude e escola. Estes se cruzam a partir da pesquisa realizada com os jovens do Projeto da Cadeia Produtiva do Skate, que procurou analisar o significado do trabalho e da escola para estes jovens a partir do momento que passam a fazer parte do Projeto da CPS. Na revisão bibliográfica: conceituo as juventudes no contexto mais geral, analisando as mudanças e os desafios que estão colocados para este segmento; apresento as políticas públicas para a juventude, procurando analisar o contexto histórico em que as mesmas ocorreram, e identificando a concepção de juventudes que as informa; lanço mão de um estudo sobre as juventudes e sua relação com a escola e com o trabalho; incorporo elementos das reflexões sobre o trabalho como princípio educativo, e sobre a forma de trabalho associativo que é a proposta do Projeto da CPS. Metodologicamente, a preocupação central foi a de dar vez e voz para os cinco jovens que fizeram parte deste estudo. O principal instrumento utilizado para coletar os dados foram as cartas escritas por eles, através das quais foram contando suas histórias de vida, os significados do Projeto nelas e os significados do trabalho e da escola para eles. Considero a metodologia um ponto forte do trabalho, pois para além de um mero instrumento de coleta de dados, foi uma oportunidade de os jovens refletirem sobre si mesmos configurando-se também em um instrumento pedagógico, propiciando aprendizagem para os jovens. As considerações finais retomam as preocupações que motivaram esta pesquisa e mostra que o Projeto da CPS, entre outras coisas, permitiu aos jovens uma formação mais abrangente, possibilitando uma qualificação que ultrapassou o saber fazer, permitindo a vivencia de novos conhecimentos e novas experiências. Em relação ao trabalho, o estudo mostra que o seu significado para a vida dos jovens é múltiplo e diverso, assumindo um papel fundamental de transformação. Quanto à escola, este estudo mostrou que muitos deles a abandonaram durante sua permanência no Projeto, levando-me à hipótese de que esta não conseguiu acompanhar as mudanças e o momento intenso que os jovens estavam vivendo ali. Mas é importante destacar que todos demonstraram em suas falas que mesmo o CPS sendo um espaço de muitas aprendizagens, estas não substituíram o papel da escola, e aqueles que estavam afastados da escola sabem que a ela precisam retornar, fazendo parte de seu projeto de futuro, depositando nela uma grande esperança. / This study deals with important subjects as: youths, the world of work, public policies directed to the youth and schooling. These subjects have a crossed link starting at the research done with the young people of the Projeto da Cadeia Produtiva do Skate (CPS) - Project of the Skate Productive Chain - which has tried to analyze the signification of the work and the school for these youngsters from the moment they started to take part on the CPS Project. In the bibliographic revision: the concepts of youths are in a more general context, analyzing the changes and challenges that are given to this segment; the public policies for youth are presented trying to analyze the historical context in which they occurred as well as, identifying the conception of youths which informs them; herewith I begin a study on the youths and their relation with the school and the work; adding elements of the reflections on work as an educational principle and about the associative work which is the proposal of the CPS Project. Methodologically, the core preoccupation was to give chance and voice to the five young people who took part on this study. The main instrument used to collect data were the letters written by them, in which they tell their life stories, the significations of the Project in them and the signification of work and school for them. I consider the methodology a strong point of the work, since further than a mere instrument of data collecting; it was an opportunity for youngsters to reflect about themselves, becoming as well a pedagogical instrument, enabling learning to these youngsters. The final considerations resume the preoccupations that have motivated this research and show that the CPS Project, among other points, has allowed the youngsters a broader education, accrediting a qualification that has overcome the know-how, allowing the acquaintance of new knowledge and new experiences. In relation to the work, the study shows that its signification to the life of the youngsters is multiple and diverse, assuming a fundamental role in transformation. As to the school, this study has shown that many of them have quit while in the Project; leading me to the hypothesis that they have not been able to cope with the changes and the intensity of the moment the youngsters were living there. Though it is important to highlight that all of them have shown in their speeches that even CPS being a space of much learning, this does not substitute the role of the school, and those who were away from the school know they need to return, being this, a part of their future plans, laying on it a great hope.

Este estudo trata de temas importantes tais como: juventudes, mundo do trabalho, políticas públicas voltadas para a juventude e escola. Estes se cruzam a partir da pesquisa realizada com os jovens do Projeto da Cadeia Produtiva do Skate, que procurou analisar o significado do trabalho e da escola para estes jovens a partir do momento que passam a fazer parte do Projeto da CPS. Na revisão bibliográfica: conceituo as juventudes no contexto mais geral, analisando as mudanças e os desafios que estão colocados para este segmento; apresento as políticas públicas para a juventude, procurando analisar o contexto histórico em que as mesmas ocorreram, e identificando a concepção de juventudes que as informa; lanço mão de um estudo sobre as juventudes e sua relação com a escola e com o trabalho; incorporo elementos das reflexões sobre o trabalho como princípio educativo, e sobre a forma de trabalho associativo que é a proposta do Projeto da CPS. Metodologicamente, a preocupação central foi a de dar vez e voz para os cinco jovens que fizeram parte deste estudo. O principal instrumento utilizado para coletar os dados foram as cartas escritas por eles, através das quais foram contando suas histórias de vida, os significados do Projeto nelas e os significados do trabalho e da escola para eles. Considero a metodologia um ponto forte do trabalho, pois para além de um mero instrumento de coleta de dados, foi uma oportunidade de os jovens refletirem sobre si mesmos configurando-se também em um instrumento pedagógico, propiciando aprendizagem para os jovens. As considerações finais retomam as preocupações que motivaram esta pesquisa e mostra que o Projeto da CPS, entre outras coisas, permitiu aos jovens uma formação mais abrangente, possibilitando uma qualificação que ultrapassou o saber fazer, permitindo a vivencia de novos conhecimentos e novas experiências. Em relação ao trabalho, o estudo mostra que o seu significado para a vida dos jovens é múltiplo e diverso, assumindo um papel fundamental de transformação. Quanto à escola, este estudo mostrou que muitos deles a abandonaram durante sua permanência no Projeto, levando-me à hipótese de que esta não conseguiu acompanhar as mudanças e o momento intenso que os jovens estavam vivendo ali. Mas é importante destacar que todos demonstraram em suas falas que mesmo o CPS sendo um espaço de muitas aprendizagens, estas não substituíram o papel da escola, e aqueles que estavam afastados da escola sabem que a ela precisam retornar, fazendo parte de seu projeto de futuro, depositando nela uma grande esperança. / This study deals with important subjects as: youths, the world of work, public policies directed to the youth and schooling. These subjects have a crossed link starting at the research done with the young people of the Projeto da Cadeia Produtiva do Skate (CPS) - Project of the Skate Productive Chain - which has tried to analyze the signification of the work and the school for these youngsters from the moment they started to take part on the CPS Project. In the bibliographic revision: the concepts of youths are in a more general context, analyzing the changes and challenges that are given to this segment; the public policies for youth are presented trying to analyze the historical context in which they occurred as well as, identifying the conception of youths which informs them; herewith I begin a study on the youths and their relation with the school and the work; adding elements of the reflections on work as an educational principle and about the associative work which is the proposal of the CPS Project. Methodologically, the core preoccupation was to give chance and voice to the five young people who took part on this study. The main instrument used to collect data were the letters written by them, in which they tell their life stories, the significations of the Project in them and the signification of work and school for them. I consider the methodology a strong point of the work, since further than a mere instrument of data collecting; it was an opportunity for youngsters to reflect about themselves, becoming as well a pedagogical instrument, enabling learning to these youngsters. The final considerations resume the preoccupations that have motivated this research and show that the CPS Project, among other points, has allowed the youngsters a broader education, accrediting a qualification that has overcome the know-how, allowing the acquaintance of new knowledge and new experiences. In relation to the work, the study shows that its signification to the life of the youngsters is multiple and diverse, assuming a fundamental role in transformation. As to the school, this study has shown that many of them have quit while in the Project; leading me to the hypothesis that they have not been able to cope with the changes and the intensity of the moment the youngsters were living there. Though it is important to highlight that all of them have shown in their speeches that even CPS being a space of much learning, this does not substitute the role of the school, and those who were away from the school know they need to return, being this, a part of their future plans, laying on it a great hope.

Este estudo trata de temas importantes tais como: juventudes, mundo do trabalho, políticas públicas voltadas para a juventude e escola. Estes se cruzam a partir da pesquisa realizada com os jovens do Projeto da Cadeia Produtiva do Skate, que procurou analisar o significado do trabalho e da escola para estes jovens a partir do momento que passam a fazer parte do Projeto da CPS. Na revisão bibliográfica: conceituo as juventudes no contexto mais geral, analisando as mudanças e os desafios que estão colocados para este segmento; apresento as políticas públicas para a juventude, procurando analisar o contexto histórico em que as mesmas ocorreram, e identificando a concepção de juventudes que as informa; lanço mão de um estudo sobre as juventudes e sua relação com a escola e com o trabalho; incorporo elementos das reflexões sobre o trabalho como princípio educativo, e sobre a forma de trabalho associativo que é a proposta do Projeto da CPS. Metodologicamente, a preocupação central foi a de dar vez e voz para os cinco jovens que fizeram parte deste estudo. O principal instrumento utilizado para coletar os dados foram as cartas escritas por eles, através das quais foram contando suas histórias de vida, os significados do Projeto nelas e os significados do trabalho e da escola para eles. Considero a metodologia um ponto forte do trabalho, pois para além de um mero instrumento de coleta de dados, foi uma oportunidade de os jovens refletirem sobre si mesmos configurando-se também em um instrumento pedagógico, propiciando aprendizagem para os jovens. As considerações finais retomam as preocupações que motivaram esta pesquisa e mostra que o Projeto da CPS, entre outras coisas, permitiu aos jovens uma formação mais abrangente, possibilitando uma qualificação que ultrapassou o saber fazer, permitindo a vivencia de novos conhecimentos e novas experiências. Em relação ao trabalho, o estudo mostra que o seu significado para a vida dos jovens é múltiplo e diverso, assumindo um papel fundamental de transformação. Quanto à escola, este estudo mostrou que muitos deles a abandonaram durante sua permanência no Projeto, levando-me à hipótese de que esta não conseguiu acompanhar as mudanças e o momento intenso que os jovens estavam vivendo ali. Mas é importante destacar que todos demonstraram em suas falas que mesmo o CPS sendo um espaço de muitas aprendizagens, estas não substituíram o papel da escola, e aqueles que estavam afastados da escola sabem que a ela precisam retornar, fazendo parte de seu projeto de futuro, depositando nela uma grande esperança. / This study deals with important subjects as: youths, the world of work, public policies directed to the youth and schooling. These subjects have a crossed link starting at the research done with the young people of the Projeto da Cadeia Produtiva do Skate (CPS) - Project of the Skate Productive Chain - which has tried to analyze the signification of the work and the school for these youngsters from the moment they started to take part on the CPS Project. In the bibliographic revision: the concepts of youths are in a more general context, analyzing the changes and challenges that are given to this segment; the public policies for youth are presented trying to analyze the historical context in which they occurred as well as, identifying the conception of youths which informs them; herewith I begin a study on the youths and their relation with the school and the work; adding elements of the reflections on work as an educational principle and about the associative work which is the proposal of the CPS Project. Methodologically, the core preoccupation was to give chance and voice to the five young people who took part on this study. The main instrument used to collect data were the letters written by them, in which they tell their life stories, the significations of the Project in them and the signification of work and school for them. I consider the methodology a strong point of the work, since further than a mere instrument of data collecting; it was an opportunity for youngsters to reflect about themselves, becoming as well a pedagogical instrument, enabling learning to these youngsters. The final considerations resume the preoccupations that have motivated this research and show that the CPS Project, among other points, has allowed the youngsters a broader education, accrediting a qualification that has overcome the know-how, allowing the acquaintance of new knowledge and new experiences. In relation to the work, the study shows that its signification to the life of the youngsters is multiple and diverse, assuming a fundamental role in transformation. As to the school, this study has shown that many of them have quit while in the Project; leading me to the hypothesis that they have not been able to cope with the changes and the intensity of the moment the youngsters were living there. Though it is important to highlight that all of them have shown in their speeches that even CPS being a space of much learning, this does not substitute the role of the school, and those who were away from the school know they need to return, being this, a part of their future plans, laying on it a great hope.

Research has previously highlighted the physical, social, affective and cognitive benefits of engagement in quality physical education (PE) (Bailey, 2006). Furthermore, practical, physical and expressive creative experiences in education have also been cited as being an important constituent when educating children and young people with social, emotional and behavioural difficulties (SEBD) (Cole and Visser, 1998). However, research has yet to address the experiences of the child with SEBD, as told by themselves, alongside the ideological benefits of their participation in physical education. As such, this study has examined how children and young people experience the National Curriculum of PE in England and Wales. Specifically working with those deemed by their school to have SEBD, this study aims to give voice to how participants create meaning of their PE experiences. A case study methodology was adopted whereby, after a period of piloting and familiarisation, two periods of twelve weeks were spent with six adolescent boys, each described by their schools as having SEBD. A range of participatory methods were used to elicit their perceptions of PE. Inductive processes of analysis generated outcomes which showed signs of the idiosyncratic nature of varying experiences and multiple truths. A number of themes emerged from the analysis of each case, aside to the contextualised responses of individuals. Participants spoke of their affinity towards the inherent practical nature of PE, which appeared to be forgiving of their desire for cathartic opportunities to participate physically. They regularly discussed their perception of PE being a subject allowing for relative freedoms not found elsewhere in their curricula. Narratives which described their experiences were also characterised by issues which focussed upon the non-educational aspects of the subject. The perceived pardon from the academic demands of school life, and the subsequent opportunities for socialisation with peers, were described as times which cemented the both positive and negative social systems at place in their classes. ii The case studies have resulted in the discussion of experiences which demonstrate the rich and highly individualised nature of children and young peoples‟ time in PE. The nature of their difficulties appeared to exacerbate and heighten the responses to participation which have been commonly reported in previous studies. Participants‟ time in PE was shown to be an example of the challenges that they face in their school lives more broadly. PE served to magnify both the positive and negative responses to education that were described as being experienced elsewhere in their curriculum subjects. This research has shown that, when adopting methodologies which privilege participatory methods, it is possible to gain greater depth of understanding as to how children with social emotional and behavioural difficulties experience physical education.

Gender norms shape our sexual experiences because they provide us with information about the appropriate behavior for men and women in social interactions (Allgeier and McCormick, 1983). Family is one of the places where we first learn about gender norms. Research on youth sexuality shows the importance of family on the sexuality of individuals through paths such as parent-child communication, parents‟ gender attitudes, parental surveillance, etc. However, less is known about other practices in the family, such as gender dynamics, or gender role practices, that could also affect the sexuality of young individuals. The aim of this dissertation is to analyze whether the sexual division of decision-making power and labor (gender dynamics) in which vii youngsters were raised, have any effect on their age at sexual debut, and their use of condoms as a contraceptive method. The source of information is the National Survey of Youth 2000 for Mexico. A discrete time hazard model is used in the analysis of age at sexual debut and a logistic regression was performed to analyze condom use. Results show that egalitarian gender dynamics have effects that differ by socioeconomic status and gender. The most remarkable findings are that shared decision-making power decreases the likelihood of an early sexual debut among girls with low socioeconomic status, and increases the likelihood of condom use among girls with high socioeconomic status. / text

This study used the conceptual framework of emerging adulthood to explore the following question: “What are the post-care housing experiences of youths who have transitioned from care through the Independent Living with Supports (ILS) program offered by MacDonald Youth Services (MYS)?” In order to answer the research question, semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten youths who had aged out of care through the ILS program. Six service providers who worked with youth in and from care in various capacities and from various agencies were also interviewed. Content analysis was used to analyze the interview data. The youths’ housing experiences were characterized by multiple moves post-care, including homelessness in the case of seven youth participants. These findings mirror the literature. In addition, none of the youth participants indicated they were successfully connected to formal supports prior to leaving care... / May 2016