The Black Country was, and remains, an area characterised by insular and conservative social attitudes. These charactersistics were already strongly evident by the 1860s and thereafter were intensified by the collapse of the area's prosperity consequent on the rapid decline of its two basic industries, coal mining and iron manufacture, and the transformation of its traditional metal using trades by the widespread application of machine methods. The divisive consequences of industrial decline, depressed living standards and social stagnation for working class organisation were compounded by the extreme local particularism of its sub-regions, deriving in the main from an intense localisation of industry. Within this context the progress of the working class movement in the area was uncertain and slow. The first large group of workers to organise were the ironworkers: in the spring of 1863. At this time the impetus to organisation given by a sharp upturn of trade in a strongly cyclical industry proved strong enough to overcome the obstacles inherent in the structure of the industry, and the Associated Ironworkers of Great Britain was formed. The union survived for only five years, but the conflicts which arose with the rival association of the northern ironworkers, the National Association of Ironworkers, during this short time left a legacy of suspicion and hostility between the two groups of ironworkers which long outlasted the two unions. the National Association of Ironworkers narrowly survived the depression of 1867-8 which brought the collapse of the Associated Ironworkers and was re-formed as the National Amalgamated Association of Ironworkers. When the first onset of the great coal and iron boom in 1869-70 brought no recovery of unionism in the Black Country the National Amalgamated Association took the initiative in organising the area and in 1872 its status as the national association for ironworkers was recognised by the Black Country men. Despite the spectacular success of the National Amalgamated Association in the Black Country during the early 1870s the tensions between the south Staffordshire ironworkers and those in the north of England persisted and were again clearly revealed when the dramatic collapse of the iron and coal boom effectively destroyed union organisation in the Black Country. The conciliation movement which had accompanied the rise of the National Amalgamated Association in the Black Country survived the collapse of unionism. The ad hoc South Staffordshire Iron Trade Board which had been established in 1872 broke up in 1875 but was quickly reformed and placed on a firmer institutional basis as the South Staffordshire Mill and Forge Wages Board. Over the next decade leadership of the local ironworkers was exercised by this board, and with its influence in favour of conciliation being strongly reinforced by the continuing shrinkage of the south Staffordshire iron trade the adjustment to decline was made without undue difficulty. The success of the wages board largely obscured the weakness of organisation on the men's side, but intensified pressure on wages consequent on a further marked down turn in trade in the mid 1880s brought into . sharp, focus the importance of complementing conciliation machinery with effective union organisation and the Black Country ironworkers took a leading part in re-forming the National Amalgamated Association of Ironworkers as the Associated Iron and Steel Workers of Great Britain during 1887. The return of union organisation to the south Staffordshire iron trade in turn prompted calls for re-organisation of the wages board and in the following year this was successfully carried through, the change being marked by re-naming the board the Midland Iron and Steel Wages Board. The question of the relationship between the union and the men's representatives on the wages board was resolved at an early stage, and over the next two decades union and board combined to preserve as much as possible of the declining south Staffordshire trade. During this time the position of the Associated Iron and Steel Workers as the strongest union in the iron and steel trade was increasingly challenged by the rise of the British Steel Smelters Association, committed to replacing the subcontract system by direct labour. This development had particularly important implications for the south Staffordshire iron industry, which was organised entirely on a sub-contract basis and while there was no direct challenge to the Associated Iron and Steel Workers in the Black Country the possible consequences of an inter-union clash for the fragile prosperity of the area's industry were dramatically demonstrated at"Hawarden Bridge in 1909- 11. Thereafter such resistance as remained among Black Country ironworkers to the idea of rationalising the industry's fragmented union structure crumbled rapidly and they offered no resistance to the process of union consolidation which culminated in the formation of the Iron and Steel Trades Confederation in 1917. The formation of district associations by Black Country miners followed directly from the establishment and initial success of the Associated Ironworkers of Great Britain, and the area was strongly represented at the Leeds conference of November 1863 at which the Miners' National Association was formed. When the National Association failed to support them during a long strike in 1864 the Black Country men rebelled against Alexander Macdonald's leadership and took a leading part in forming the breakaway, P ractical Miners' Association. This organisation collapsed within two years, but doubts about the value of alliances with miners of other areas persisted and were an important factor in shaping the attitudes of Black Country miners for the next half century. These doubts were temporarily overcome during the great boom of the early 1870s. The revival of organisation in the north-east sector of the coalfield was led by the Amalgamated Association of Miners, formed in 1869, and during 1873 the associations of the south-west sector reaffiliated to the National Association. With the collapse of union organisation at the end of the boom doubts revived. Only two Black Country associations affiliated to the ' Miners' National Union, formed in 1875 from what remained of the National and the Amalgamated, and by 1878 both had seceded. By this time a second important characteristic of Black Country miners' organisations, namely marked differences of "temper" between the associations in the northeast and south-west sectors of the coalfield, was becoming increasingly evident. This difference had first become apparent during the great boom when the associations of the south-west sector had acted as pace-setters in the drive for improved wages and shorter hours, but had been largely obscured at that time by the dramatic success of unionism and the wages movement. The collapse of prosperity in 1874 was followed by a long strike as the miners resisted the owners* attempt to impose a wage reduction, and when this ended with the establishment of a sliding scale of wages the difference in temper between the miners! associations of the southwest and north-east sectors were clearly revealed in attitudes to the scale. The difference intensified through the 1880s. Even the necessity of making common cause against the owners during the long strike of 1884 failed to bring any lasting reconciliation, and by 1890 the rise of a powerful national organisation, the Miners' Federation of Great Britain, and changes in the structure of local unionism had produced a situation where Black Country miners were divided into two hostile camps. The miners in the central districts of the coalfield accepted the authority of the South Staffordshire and East Worcestershire Coal Trade, Wages Board while two militant enclaves to north and south were affiliated to the Miners' Federation of Great Britain. / Hostility between the two camps made the 1890s a particularly difficult decade for mining trade unionism in the Black Country, but the growing influence of the Miners' Federation of Great Britain progressively undermined the authority of the wages board until in 1899 the miners of the central districts affiliated and the wages board was reconstituted as a board of conciliation. Resolution of the local position in relation to the Miners' Federation of Great Britain did not, however, eradicate the long standing difference of temper between rival local associations. These persisted to 1914 and beyond and were clearly revealed in differing densities ofiunion membership, differing attitudes to the question of employers' liability and in the different levels at which demands were pitched during the strike for the individual district minimum wage in 1912. The craftsmen of the Black Country were slower to organise than the ironworkers and the miners. The flintglass makers and flint-glass cutters had established strong unions during the 1840s and 1850s, but in the metal using trades no lasting association of workers was formed until 1870 when the nut and bolt workers established a union. This achieved some success during the 1870s, but thereafter its position was progressively undermined as technological change eroded the craft basis of the nut and bolt industry.

Criminological Aspects of Hate Crime Abstract The purpose of this thesis on the topic of the Criminological Aspects of Hate Crime is to present a concise summary of essential and available information on the issue of these crimes and to highlight specifics of these criminal activities from other types of crime. The thesis is divided into ten chapters according to the selected thematic areas. The first chapter is focused on concept of hate crime and its characteristic. This chapter offers various conceptions of hate crime, its definitions, brief history, development and description of spreading of this concept. A common feature of the definitions of hate crime mentioned in this thesis is that hate crime is a crime committed by the offender due to some strongly negative emotion, which this offender has towards variously defined groups of the population. The second chapter describes the forms of hate crimes in terms of the nature of the offender's conduct and in terms of the offender's motivational background. The third chapter provides an overview of the legal regulation of hate crime in the Czech Republic and in the selected countries (USA, Canada and FRG). The end of this chapter contains a comparison of the legislation of the Czech Republic with the legislation of the selected countries. The fourth chapter...

In my diploma thesis I deal with the family of the lords of Hradec, who in the 15th century strongly opposed George of Poděbrady and at the same time worked in important diplomatic circles, mostly alongside the rulers of the Czech kingdom. The main point of my work is Menhart II. from Hradec, an important diplomat and nobleman who was an important figure in the Hussite era. I also focus on Oldřich V. of Hradec, who fought in the affairs of his father and Henry IV. from Hradec, appearing in a unity armed against George of Poděbrady. The work is supplemented by the Strakonice and Zelenohorský units, which arose during individual disputes.

Data collected at the LHC are analyzed by the ATLAS collaboration for evidence of dark matter. In this thesis, a fast simulation of the ATLAS detector response using the Delphes software is assessed for dark matter models with a leptonically decaying Z boson and a pair of dark matter particles in the final state. Limits for the Two Higgs Doublet plus pseudoscalar dark matter model are obtained using simplified systematics, and found to be nearly indistinguishable to limits obtained using the more complex standard ATLAS analysis. / Graduate

Covid-19 has affected people’s lives due to the restrictions and recommendations. The Swedish public health authority urged the residents to abstain from being in indoor environments such as stores, therefore is the action seen as a misbehaviour. Meanwhile, city centres are dying, therefore are the consumers facing a difficult dilemma. The purpose of the present thesis was to investigate why consumers chose to shop in PRS during the pandemic and how the behaviour was justified. The thesis was written from a consumer's perspective and focuses on generation Z. The theoretical framework was based on hedonic and utilitarian motivations, which explains the consumers' motivation to shop in PRS while the Neutralization theory explains how the actions were justified. A qualitative study was used, and the empirical data was collected through a time- and event-contingent diary design. 17 participants were chosen through a convenience sample. A combination between three theories map out how consumers reasoning throughout the process. The findings showed that the pandemic had an impact on consumers behaviour and that both hedonic and utilitarian motivations affect consumer intentions to shop in PRS. The findings also showed that consumers frequently justified their action by referring to the fact that the restrictions and recommendations were followed. We also found a pattern on how different motivations are justified similarly.

The entrepreneurial journey can be filled with challenges. Having a successful mentorship forsupport and guidance can be crucial for the development of a startup and for learningentrepreneurial skills. For many young entrepreneurs, mentorship is an available alternative.At the same time, there are other options that could present a more tempting course of action.This study has investigated what value young entrepreneurs put into traditional mentorshipand what other alternatives are utilized. Through a study on members from student firmsunder the Swedish organization Ung Företagsamhet, this investigation is pursuing to find outthe value of mentorship. Semi-structured interviews have been constructed with 42 studentsfrom 12 different firms to get a deeper understanding for how these young entrepreneurs thinkwhen they integrate with a mentor, how they act and why, and what kind of methods theyprefer to use.Prior studies are telling us that mentorship is a delicate matter, and even under the rightconditions, mentorship is not always successful. The respondents of this investigation belongto a group of people who spend more time on the internet and on social media than anygeneration before them. The result of this research is indicating that traditional mentorship isstill considered to be a very valuable tool, despite many available options.

Problemformulering: Vilken betydelse har situationsanpassat ledarskap för Generation Zs motivation och för deras benägenhet att stanna kvar på arbetsplatsen? Syfte: Syftet med studien är att skapa förståelse och förklara vilken betydelse situationsanpassat ledarskap har för Generations Zs motivation och för deras benägenhet att stanna i revisionsbranschen. Genom ökad förståelse för betydelsen av situationsanpassat ledarskap för Generation Z ämnar studien till att utveckla ett teoretiskt ramverk för företag med medarbetare från Generation Z. Teori: I den teoretiska referensramen behandlas situationsanpassat ledarskap, generationsskillnader, motivation och personalomsättning. Slutligen presenteras studiens egen analysmodell som innefattar nämnda komponenter. Metod: Studien har varit en kvalitativ undersökning med en abduktiv forskningsansats. En flerfallstudie har genomförts där åtta respondenter från tre olika företag inom revisionsbranschen har medverkat. Där fyra respondenter är medarbetare från Generation Z och fyra respondenter är individer med ledarroller. En litteraturstudie genomfördes genom att samla in teorier från tidigare forskningsstudier som sedan låg till grund för denna studie. Slutsats: Resultatet av studien visar att situationsanpassat ledarskap har betydelse för Generation Zs motivation och benägenhet att stanna kvar på arbetsplatsen. Studien visar att en stödjande ledarstil som innebär ett relationsorienterat beteende har störst betydelse för Generation Zs motivation och benägenhet att stanna kvar på arbetsplatsen.

Master thesis touches upon the interesting spheres of risk classification, measurement and management of financial institutions. Modern banks have numerous credit risk measurement models at their disposal. However, agreement about performance of those models is not that unanimous and to some point the models are blamed for breaking out of 2007 financial crisis. In the theoretical part of the thesis we provide survey of risk measurement practices in banks. We investigate the main types of risk of banks in their day-to-day activities. Special focus is paid on the credit risk and on the models and techniques of its measurement; Practical part of thesis then contains construction and accuracy estimation of particular credit-risk-model (Altman Z-score). In it we construct and compute Altman Z-score for sample of firms from two chosen sectors in United Kingdom. Main goals of the work are a) testing accuracy of the model by comparing its outputs to real development, and b) econometric testing of the specification of the model itself.

This Master thesis was focused on seasonal development of macrozoobenthos for season 2009-2010, its long-term changes and effects of extreme events on acidified brooks in headwater catchments of the Litavka river in the Brdy Mountains (the Czech Republic). The extreme events are considered: drought, floods and deforestation. Changes in composition of macrozoobenthos were compared with the previous research, which was provided there for season 1999-2000. Headwater catchment of the Litavka river consist of two streams: strongly acidified Litavka-krmelec (LK) and slightly acidified Litavka-hlavní (LH), which is taken as a reference stream. Measured pH levels of LK were in range of 4,00-4,22 (with median 4,10) and concentration of reactive aluminium (R-Al) were in range of 1381-2187 µg.L-1 (with median 1692 µg.L-1 ). Measured pH levels of LH were in range of 4,74-6,22 (with median 5,62) and concentration of reactive aluminium (R-Al) were in range of 8-400 µg.L-1 (with median 33 µg.L-1 ). Concentrations of R-Al are observed due to toxic forms of Al3+ ions on aquatic organisms. The significant differences in composition of macrozoobenthos were also observed. On strongly acidified study site LK were not present acidosensitive groups, such as mayflies, molluscs and some species of caddisflies. All of these...

Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Analytical Chemistry Candidate: Vendula Kucharčíková Supervisor: Burkhard Horstkotte, Ph.D. Consultant: Doc. PharmDr. Hana Sklenářová, Ph.D. Title of thesis: Comparison of manual and dynamic extractions of selected transition metals from solid samples The analysis of trace metals in soil is a subject of study in many laboratories. Due to large industrial areas soil can be highly contaminated. This work focused on two easy methods - manual extraction and single flow extraction with the same extractant -acetic acid. Two methods, two concentrations of acetic acid (0.11 M and 0.43 M), and two samples were used to evaluate, which conditions were more effective. As a detection device inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry was selected and two different wavelengths were used to prevent interferences. Manual extraction was more time-consuming and less reproducible than the dynamic extraction. Higher concentration of acetic acid extracted a larger amount of metals and the extraction showed higher reproducibility of the results. In both soils the contaminations with Cu outreached the permitted level for this metal (according to the requirement of the government of the Balearic Islands) and are potentially...