Assignment (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: While admitting that the ambitious privatization programme embarked on from 1991 to date in Zambia has contributed to unemployment largely due to the closure of privatized parastatal companies, post-privatization business conduct of investors need analyzing in order to understand why the expected economic growth and job creation in the country has never taken place. In this article the role the local political leadership, globalization and the tendency towards misplaced policy formulation play in driving the state of under development in Zambia will be analysed. The inherent weaknesses in the New Partnership for Africa’s Development which may further deny poor African countries such as Zambia, the benefits of a well timed and supported programme to provide home grown solutions for the continent’s numerous developmental problems will also be looked at. The paper will contribute towards resolving Zambia’s problems by suggesting the need to formulate policies which create a positive interface between local policies adopted to support and attract investment, and the motives driving the global players to invest in particular countries. In particular this paper focuses on the absence of good investment policy formulation, and consequently, the absence of the full economic benefit which should be derived by the economy for hosting multinational business enterprises such as the Shoprite Checkers Group. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die ambisieuse privatiserings program wat sedert 1991 in Zambië gevolg word, het hoofsaaklik as gevolg van die sluiting van geprivatiseerde semistaatsmaatskappye tot werkloosheid bygedra. Die sake-optrede van beleggers ná privatisering moet egter ontleed word ten einde te verstaan waarom die verwagte ekonomiese groei en werkskepping nooit in hierdie land plaasgevind het nie. In hierdie artikel sal die rol wat die plaaslike politieke leierskap, globalisering en die neiging na misplaaste beleidsformulering in onderontwikkeling in Zambië speel, ondersoek word. Die inherente tekortkominge in die Nuwe Vennootskap vir Afrika-ontwikkeling wat arm Afrikalande soos Zambië moontlik die voordele van ’n geleë en ondersteunde program om eie oplossings vir die kontinent se veelvuldige ontwikkelingsprobleme te bied, ontsê, sal ook onder die loep geneem word. Hierdie artikel sal ter oplossing van Zambië se probleme voorstel dat beleid geformuleer word wat ’n positiewe raakvlak bied tussen plaaslike beleid wat aangeneem is om belegging te lok en te ondersteun, en die beweegredes agter wêreldrolspelers se besluite om in spesifieke lande te belê. Hierdie artikel fokus veral op die afwesigheid van die formulering van goeie beleggingsbeleid en die gevolglike afwesigheid van die volle voordeel wat die ekonomie daaruit kan put om as gasheer vir multinasionale sake-ondernemigs soos die Shoprite Checkers Groep op te tree.

Thesis (MDF (Development Finance))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Price volatility and high dependency on imported petroleum fuel has prompted the Zambian government to look into renewable fuels as part of an energy diversification program. With growing global interest in biofuels as a transportation fuel, the Zambian government intends to introduce bioethanol and biodiesel as renewable fuels in the transportation sector. While it seems feasible to produce both the feedstocks and biofuels to meet local demand, a regulatory framework and industry support mechanisms have not yet been formulated. The policy and regulatory frameworks encompass a multitude of actors, networks and institutions all playing distinct and important roles. Incorporating the differing interests of all these stakeholders is an involving process that requires detailed analysis of agriculture, environmental, energy, socioeconomic and taxation policies. This study attempts to contribute to the biofuels policy formulation process in Zambia. It analyses biofuel policies in leading biofuels producing countries and identifies aspects that the Zambian government should consider incorporating in its own policies to ensure a viable biofuels industry. Biofuel policies in Brazil, Germany and the United States of America were analysed using a detailed case study and extensive literature review. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the Zambian agriculture sector and the demand for petroleum fuel puts into context the potential demand and challenges likely to be faced. By understanding the history and development of biofuels in the case study countries, best practices, problems faced, policy innovations and industry support mechanisms were identified to inform policy formulation in Zambia. This does not only provide valuable insights and lessons but also ensures that time and resources are not wasted by reinventing the wheel. The comparative analysis of policies and support mechanisms in the three case study countries showed that articulating a clear policy objective, government support in the form of subsidies, wide stakeholder involvement and industry regulation have all played a critical role in the development of the industry. However, the extent to which all these factors have helped to shape the industry in Brazil, Germany and the USA is neither equal nor static. Countries are continuously adapting their policies and support mechanisms to environmental, energy and economic conditions. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die onbestendigheid van pryse en die groot mate van afhanklikheid van ingevoerde petroleumbrandstof het die Zambiese regering aangespoor om ondersoek in te stel na hernubare brandstof as deel van 'n energiediversifiseringsprogram. In die lig van die groeiende globale belangstelling in biobrandstof as vervoerbrandstof, beplan die Zambiese regering om bioetanol en biodiesel as hernubare brandstof in die vervoersektor te begin gebruik. Al lyk dit prakties uitvoerbaar om sowel die voerstof as die biobrandstof te vervaardig om in die plaaslike aanvraag te voorsien, is 'n reguleringsraamwerk en ondersteuningsmeganismes vir die industrie nog nie geskep nie. 'n Menigte rolspelers, netwerke en instellings, wat almal verskillende en belangrike rolle speel, sal betrokke wees by die beleidsformulering en reguleringsraamwerk. Om die uiteenlopende belange van al die betrokke partye in ag te neem is 'n ingewikkelde proses wat sal vereis dat 'n uitvoerige analise gemaak word van landbou-, omgewings-, energie-, sosio-ekonomiese en belastingbeleidsrigtings. Die doelwit van hierdie studie is om 'n bydrae te lewer tot die formuleringsproses van die biobrandstofbeleid in Zambie. Dit analiseer die biobrandstofbeleid van die vooraanstaande lande wat biobrandstof vervaardig, en identifiseer aspekte wat die Zambiese regering in sy beleid behoort in te sluit om 'n lewensvatbare biobrandstofindustrie te verseker. Die biobrandstofbeleid van Brasilie, Duitsland en die Verenigde State van Amerika (VSA) is geanaliseer met behulp van uitvoerige gevallestudies en 'n grondige literatuurstudie. Verder plaas 'n noukeurige analise van die Zambiese landbousektor en die aanvraag na petroleumbrandstof die potensiele aanvraag en uitdagings wat waarskynlik hanteer sal meet word in konteks. Deur insig te verkry in die geskiedenis en ontwikkeling van biobrandstof in die lande waar die gevallestudies gedoen is, kon die beste gebruike, moontlike probleme, nuwe beleidsrigtings en ondersteuningsmeganismes in die bedryf geidentifiseer word om die beleid in Zambie te help formuleer. Dit bied nie slegs waardevolle insig en leergeleenthede nie, maar verseker ook dat tyd en hulpbronne nie vermors word deur die wiel van voor af uit te vind nie. Die vergelykende analise van die beleidsrigtings en ondersteuningsmeganismes in die drie lande waar die gevallestudies gedoen is, het getoon dat 'n duidelik geformuleerde beleidsdoelwit, ondersteuning van die regering in die vorm van subsidies, die algemene betrokkenheid van belanghebbendes en die regulering van die industrie alles 'n uiters belangrike rol gespeel het in die ontwikkeling van hierdie industrie. Die mate waarin al hierdie faktore die industrie in Brasilie, Duitsland en die VSA help vorm het, het egter gewissel en was nooit staties nie. Lande pas voortdurend hulle beleid en ondersteuningsmeganismes aan by omgewings-, energie- en ekonomiese toestande.

The Kafue Flats floodplain wetland system in southern Zambia is under increasing climate and human pressures. Firstly, drought episodes appear more prevalent in recent years in the region and secondly, two dams were built on the lower and upper ends of the wetland in 1972 and 1978, respectively, across the Kafue River which flows through the wetland. The study uses multi-temporal remote sensing to assess change in extent and vigour of green vegetation, and extent of water bodies and dry land cover on the Kafue Flats. The change detection's management value is assessed. Four normalised, co-registered digital Landsat images from 24 September 1984, 3 September 1988, 12 September 1991 and 20 September 1994 were used. The main change detection method used was comparison of classifications, supplemented by Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) change detection. Ancillary land use and environmental data were used in interpreting the change in the context of cause and effect. The results indicate inconsistent trends in the changes of most land cover classes, as a result of manipulation of the wetland by man through annual variations in the timing and magnitude of regulated flows into the wetland, as well as burning. However, the results also show spatial reduction in the wetland's dry season dense green reed-grass vegetation in upstream sections which are not affected by the water backing-up above of the lower dam. Sparse green vegetation is replacing the dense green vegetation in these upstream areas. It is inferred that this dry season degradation of the wetland threatens bird species which may use the reeds for dry season nesting. It is proposed that ground surveying and monitoring work at the micro-habitat level is necessary to ascertain the implications of the losses. It is concluded that, in spite of difficulties, multi-temporal remote sensing has a potential role in wetland change assessment on the Kafue Flats at the community level, but that it needs to be supplemented by targeted, micro-habitat level ground surveys.

"A Case Study Regarding Ghana and Zambia’s Democratization". This study investigates why two African states have developed differently, regarding democratization. Ghana and Zambia are two countries, that in many ways had similar starting points. They both have a history as English colonies. They became independent reasonably at the same time and they began the process of democratization in the early 90s. Despite many similarities, Ghana has succeeded better than Zambia. This essay aims to examine whether the Institutional theory can explain why the two nations have developed in different directions regarding democracy. By examining the various criteria that researchers in institutional theory considers important for democratic conditions, the author hopes to find an answer to the question why some nations succeed, while others fail. This essay aims to put an institutional perspective on democratization. By describing and presenting a case study of the two chosen countries, the results show that institutions have a considerable role in a country’s development. Zambia’s problems can be explained by its lack of freedom of the press and violent demonstrations. Ghana’s success can be traced back to independence, where Ghana already had created a stable institutional base and centralized state. Ghana seems to have accepted pluralism and inclusive elements; more than Zambia have done. Overall, the results show that institutions can explain the differences regarding the two nations democratization-process. However, the importance of multiple elections, cannot be confirmed.

Master of Science / Department of Agricultural Economics / Vincent R. Amanor-Boadu / Maize is a staple food to many Zambians. It is for this reason that it has received a lot of support from government as a way of maintaining food security in the nation. No other crop in Zambia currently receives such level of support from government. Factors influencing its availability can thus seriously affect food security. In recent years, Zambia has not been spared by adverse climatic changes that have continued to affect the entire globe. In the early 1980s the southern “maize-belt” part of the country that was devastated by continuous drought that caused villagers to go hungry and lose a lot of livestock that was their main livelihood. The trend of decreasing rainfall in consecutive seasons has continued in many parts of the country. Because most smallholder farmers, who are the major contributors to the nation’s food supply, depend on rain for crop production, there has been a deliberate policy by government through the Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives to encourage the farmers to diversify their on- and off-farm activities to improve food security at household and national level. To this end, the government has continued to encourage the growing of cassava. Several studies have suggested that cassava is a nutritious food crop (Chitundu, Droppelman and Haggblade, 2006). Cassava has a number of industrial uses too. Good attributes of cassava lie not only in the nutrition content of the tuber and leaves but also in the fact that as a field crop it does not require expensive inputs like fertilizer and is better able to withstand drought compared to the maize crop. This study attempts to understand the economic factors that influence consumption of cassava to shed light on its potential to avert potential crisis associated with prolonged droughts. Based on the survey conducted in 2007 in Lusaka, the study found that price and quality of cassava meal are the principal determinants of cassava meal demand in Lusaka. Direct price elasticity of demand for cassava is -1.32, suggesting that cassava meal is price elastic. The study also found that the cross price elasticity between maize meal price and cassava meal demand is 0.04 suggesting that cassava meal is a substitute to maize meal, but inelastic. The income price elasticity of demand for cassava meal is -0.12. However, income was found to be statistically insignificant in determining the demand for cassava meal. As such these economic factors are keys to the consumption of cassava. Therefore, the study suggests that the demand for cassava meal in Zambia may be improved through deliberate promotion.

This dissertation principally analyses: (i) the privatisation of Zambia’s copper mines; (ii) the impact of state and private ownership and control of the mines on development; and (iii) the roles of mining TNCs in the Zambian economy. The research covers the period from independence in 1964 to 2006/7, but mainly focuses on the 1991 to 2006/7 period. The validity of several neo-classical theoretical views and counter-arguments pertaining to the social and economic benefits of privatisation and the private ownership and the activities of mining TNCs is tested in the mining sector study. The methodology is based on a case study comprising fieldwork and literature research, utilising a qualitative approach and an inductive method. The conclusions of the study could enhance knowledge from which other developing countries intent on privatising their SOEs could draw, as privatisation studies of sub-Saharan countries have mostly overlooked analyses of the social impact of the private ownership of enterprises. Key findings of the study are that the privatisation and private ownership of the mines by TNCs have failed to produce net positive socio-economic outcomes for Zambia. Furthermore, under private ownership of the mines, the political-economic benefits have shifted, mainly concentrating the surpluses from mining in favour of mining TNCs. The primary recommendations from the study are that certain measures, in particular a strong state capacity, are fundamental in enabling greater and more equitable redistribution of benefits for the country from privatisation, private ownership and the economic activities of mining TNCs.

No description available.

Throughout Africa today Christian missionaries from the United States and Europe are providing more medical assistance than ever before and yet they remain, in much recent scholarship, more often associated with the colonial past than the humanitarian present. In many rural areas of Africa these missionaries provide much of the day-to-day healthcare that is available, treating commonplace afflictions, such as malaria, broken limbs or complications associated with childbirth. This dissertation considers Christian medical humanitarianism and its historical legacies by examining the lives and relationships of the many people who visited and worked at a small mission hospital in rural southern Zambia. Based on archival research and fieldwork (conducted between August 2014 and November 2015, and a month during August 2016), I consider how rural Zambian patients related to the expatriate missionary doctors and Zambian staff as they sought treatment at the hospital. I look at the motivations of the long- and short-term American missionaries, their relations with patients and staff members, and consider how they imagined the beneficial effects of their work. And I examine the place of the Zambian clinical staff members at the hospital – the nurses, clinical officers, laboratory technicians, and others – as they attempted to balance their multiple obligations to family members, neighbours, and friends with the needs of their patients and the high expectations of their missionary colleagues. Engaging with central themes in recent anthropological work on humanitarianism, Christianity, morality and ethics, I argue that Christian missionaries, staff members and patients at the hospital enduringly perceived different aspects of their relationships as morally significant: from the missionaries’ capacity to see the endurance and suffering of Zambian patients as evidence of God’s action in the world, to patients’ praise of the American missionaries as ‘angels’ (bangelo) who arrived from elsewhere and treated them ‘non-selectively’. At the mission hospital, patients, missionaries and staff members brought to their encounters the capacity to perceive moral meaning in their relations in ways that often exceeded one another’s expectations. In response to this, I outline a way of understanding the capacity, among these diverse actors, to perceive moral meaning in their ambivalent and unequal relations. This approach, I suggest, has implications for how we think about suffering, morality and politics, both in contemporary humanitarianism and in forms of anthropological writing.

Since the 1990s, the Government of Zambia has pursued the decentralisation of basic education with strong emphasis on active community participation in local education governance, the aim being to increase the accountability of local education institutions to the community. The accompanying liberalisation of the basic education sector is expected to enhance the role of parents as customers with a freedom of choice in the education market; thus, leading to the greater accountability of schools through the market mechanism. This thesis investigates the extent to which these commitments are being practically realised in rural Zambia, which is a largely under-researched area. Specifically, it explores parental and community participation both in government basic schools and community schools, as well as at the district education authority level through the establishment of the District Education Board (DEB). The thesis undertakes a sociological investigation in order to understand the processes involved in parental and community participation from the viewpoints and experiences of the various local actors. Accordingly, it has employed an interpretive paradigm, utilising interviews, observations and document analysis as sources for the study. The findings of the thesis reveal a considerable gap between policy expectations and the realities at school and district levels, demonstrating that some of the underlying policy assumptions have not been met in practice. The thesis found that parents and communities in the rural setting frequently lack ability, agency and the spirit of voluntarism, factors that conspire to form a barrier to effective participation in local education affairs. These obstacles resulted in part from low cultural and economic capital, and the perception that local education matters constituted the domain of trained professionals. Furthermore, the low quality of education on offer and lack of transparency in the management of school resources also meant that parents judged the cost of participation to exceed the benefits. Thus, the policy assumption of the homogeneous, equal, willing and capable community playing a new participatory role cannot necessarily be taken for granted. Moreover, embedded micro-power relations between education professionals and laypeople, as well as amongst the latter, often influence the way different actors deliberate and negotiate in newly created participatory spaces. As a result, the voices and protests of the socially and economically disadvantaged are often poorly articulated, go unheard and lack influence. Laypeople are expected to play a larger managerial role in community schools, which should increase parental power to hold teachers accountable. In reality however, their ability to realise this was seriously constrained. In a context of chronic poverty, the community was unable to remunerate teachers sufficiently, and subsequently powerless to discipline or dismiss those frequently absent from school, given that it was virtually impossible to find other teachers willing to work for little or no remuneration. In terms of choice, parents were also compromised as customer stakeholders in both government and community schools. Many did not have the socio-economic or geographical wherewithal to exercise freedom of choice, which in any case was not adequately accompanied by either incentives or the threat of sanctions that might encourage teachers to perform better. The thesis further shows that teachers and district officials not only lack the willingness to embrace laypeople in their new governance roles but also lack the capacity and autonomy to respond to the demands of parents and communities even when they would like to; the centre still holds controls over many areas while resources allocated to the local level are grossly inadequate. Therefore, the thesis shows that the extent to which the policy of community participation in local education governance and school choice increases the accountability of local education institutions is open to question. Rather, it suggests that both micro and macro contexts play a vital role in shaping the way in which parents and communities participate in local education governance, in what form, and the consequent influence this has on accountability to the community. Thus, with the use of such a sociological framework, the thesis demonstrates the significance of context, power relations, and the differing social, cultural and economic capital that shape the way different actors participate or do not participate; a consideration that tends to be overlooked in the dominant discourse of decentralisation and community participation on the international education development agenda.

This thesis reports on an investigation into the sport experiences and views of a sample of young women in two High Schools in Lusaka, Zambia. The purpose of the study was to gain an understanding of the sports played by young women, their reasons for playing the sports, the benefits they gained, and how they navigated and negotiated the barriers they faced. The study was framed by looking at the intersections and interactions of four key ideas – sport, education, gender, and development. Significantly the study was set in the context of the United Nations' declarations of sport as a human right and the global policy position of using sport as a tool for development, gender equality and empowerment of young women. Thirty-six young females from Grades 10 and 11, identified through snowball sampling, participated in the interpretive phenomenological research. Data was collected mainly through six focus groups, thirty-six semi-structured interviews and field observations. The findings show that young women played team sports in schools' extracurricular programmes historically and culturally dominated by men and characterized by gender issues around participation. Interestingly the same young women also took part in after school activities organized by Non-Governmental Organizations that disseminated HIV/AIDS information and addressed gender equality issue through sports. Using young women's voices, the thesis details their personal and social reasons for playing traditionally male sports. It also details the personal, social, health-related and economic benefits they experienced, and, as active agents, how they navigated and negotiated gendered barriers associated with the notion of sport, access to playing space and resources, and regulation of their behaviour in doing sport. There was, however, no evidence from the young women to suggest that playing male sports or sport for development interventions contributed to gender equality and women's empowerment. The thesis underlines the importance of listening to young women about what sports they want to play, the social support they need from peers, friends and family and especially males, and that sport for development interventions may have potential in facilitating young women's participation or in reducing the gender-based barriers women face. The thesis highlights limitations of the study and suggests important directions for future research.