The aim of this thesis is to study public space and how tourism has influenced the provision ofpublic space in Stone Town, Zanzibar. In order to achieve the aim, theory of public space andgovernmentality has been used. The thesis is a qualitative case study and the empiricalmaterial has been gathered through interviews and observations. The result of this studyshows that tourists are somewhat prioritised in the planning of public space. Furthermore bydeveloping the parks in a particular way the planners try to create a certain conduct in theparks. This coupled with pressure from the large tourism industry on Zanzibar has led to thepublicness of the parks being somewhat diminished.

In the Stone Town of Zanzibar, a World Heritage Site, the amalgamation of various cultures has created a complex architectural as well as cultural heritage. Public space is regarded as male space due to the strong Islamic legacy, and currently women have very limited access to public or recreational spaces, despite prominent spaces having been available for their exclusive use historically. However, cultural practices are slowly changing as women are gaining better access to education, the workplace and decision-making roles, and are thus moving into the public realm. The project investigates the potential of architecture to react to and accommodate this shift. Gender roles are acknowledged as valuable social constructs and the project aims to facilitate the creation of a living, changing heritage. This proposal for a women’s centre in Stone Town draws from both the tangible and intangible heritage to develop a contemporary interpretation of traditional values and aesthetics while aiming to empower women in their quest to reclaim public space. The project is located on a street that had formed part of a previous planning scheme to incorporate vehicles into the dense town, and had subsequently developed as a scar in the urban fabric. A public square that has fallen into disuse due to illegal construction and an enclosed garden next to it offers the opportunity to revitalise the area. The proposed project will consist of areas that afford the following activities, each suitably designed to respond to and maximise the gender-related needs and restrictions of the activities: demonstration workshops, shops, restaurant and demonstration kitchen, offi ce space, study area and library, turkish bath, swimming pool, and various garden spaces. The architecture will explore the application of traditional technologies in the construction of contemporary buildings in order to develop an architectural language that fi ts harmoniously within its surroundings but contributes to the legacy of outstanding architecture in Stone Town. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2014. / Architecture / MArch(Prof) / Unrestricted

Landscape had significance to society once. The significance of these landscapes was associated with agronomic practices, a spiritual connection to nature, and a platform for social interaction within the community. To date, the sense of significance landscapes once had to human culture, has been lost. In the spirit of time, man has actively exiled himself from nature and its productive processes. This dissertation focuses on the adaptive reuse of an urban drosscape. The decommissioned Cotex Ltd. textile mill is located in a densely formed urban environment, where the process of de-industrialisation and rapid urbanisation has transformed the rural environment into an ever expanding informal settlement. The concept of a landscape machine represents the possibility to return a productive programme to a formerly functional and industrious land use, while at the same time reassuring that economic, social and ecological components establish in the urban setting. The concept of public industry becomes evident. The aim of the project is to design a productive landscape that functions between man, the remaining post-industrial relics of the textile mill and the urban landscape of Chumbuni. The design integrates the existing industrial heritage to feed new social and educational programmes through means of a productive landscape, which in turn will address urban issues and propose rehabilitation strategies for the area. The landscape intervention will act as a hybrid landscape, encouraging the exiled man to return to ‘nature’ and to research, as well as test, sustainable landscape machines which are appropriate and functional to the urban environment. The landscape design investigates the potential to integrate the agricultural and recreational experiences, in order to generate a new landscape typology for urban wastelands. The proposed programme celebrates the productive heritage of Zanzibar and incorporates this into the processes and experiences of crop cultivation, regional culture, social interaction and ecological development, as proposed products. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2014. / Architecture / MArch(Prof) / Unrestricted

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This study presents the results of radiometric investigation of soil and beach sand in Zanzibar. The activity concentration of natural radionuclides (40K, and 232Th and 238U decay products) in beach sand and soil samples was measured in-situ using the NaI(Tl) and the MEDUSA gamma ray detectors and ex-situ using the low background HPGe detector system. The activity concentrations of 232Th, 238U and 40 K in beach sand are much lower than in soil samples, with one major exception at Kukuu. Two beach sand samples from Kukuu beach were found to have enhanced radioactivity levels due to the presence of heavy minerals. The spatial distributions maps for 40K, 238U and 232Th show large variation in soil samples for two relatively small islands. These strong variations are unexpected, that could have implications for agriculture, is one of the major outcomes of this study. The outdoor gamma dose rates obtained in beach sand and soil samples ranged from 3 to 2156 nGy h-1 and 50 to 294 nGy h-1, respectively. The highest absorbed dose rates in soil samples and beach sand are respectively 5 and 38 times higher than the average world level of 57 nGyh-1 for terrestrial doses (UNSCEAR, 2008). Apart from the Kukuu black sand samples that contain the high 238U and 232Th levels, the beach sands and soil in this study do not pose any radiological threat to the public using beaches for various activities. Based on elemental concentrations, the beach samples in the study area have been classified into four groups; silicate sand (rich in SiO2), carbonate sand (dominated with CaO), mixed sand (with high amount of CaO and SiO2) and heavy mineral sand (with high contents of Fe2O3 and TiO2. A strong correlation between SiO2, Fe2O3, TiO2, Zr, V, Ce, Nb, Hf, Y, La, and Nd show these elements are linked with high activity concentration of 232Th in the studied samples. Moreover, the high concentrations of Y, V, P2O5 and Fe2O3 in the beach sand samples may relate to high 238U activity concentration. This study set out to investigate how radiometric studies can quickly and easily provide an idea of the variation of soil type found over a large area as well as provide detailed information on a small scale such as the beach where heavy minerals were found. The in-situ laboratory measurements were supplemented by XRF and ICP-MS measurements of samples to investigate the distribution of heavy mineral sands.

This study examines some lexical and morphosyntactic variation found among the Swahili varieties in Zanzibar, Tanzania. It has been reported that there are three varieties in the island, and the new data collected in the villages inside the island suggest that there is a need for closer investigation and finer categorization of the Zanzibar varieties. Furthermore, there has been little discussion about the relationship between the Standard variety and other varieties or variation in the use of these varieties. In this paper, we report on the use of these Zanzibar varieties, namely, the town variety, Kiunguja-Mjini, the Northern varieties Kichaani, Kikibeni, Kitumbatu-Gomani, Kinungwi and Kimatemwe, and the Southern varieties Kijambiani, Kipaje and Kimakunduchi at the level of the lexicon. In addition, we examine the varieties of the Northern province – Kichaani, Kikibeni, Kitumbatu-Gomani, Kinungwi, and those of the Southern province – Kijambiani, Kipaje at the level of the grammar. In this paper, we concentrate on tense/aspect, the copula sentence, relative clause, and imperative. Among the data on these languages, we investigate, in particular, the variation among these varieties on the one hand, and the variation between these varieties and Standard Swahili on the other.

Detta examensarbete utfördes i byn Matemwe som ligger i den nordöstra delen av ön Unguja, Zanzibar, i september och oktober 2012. Det var finansierat av Sidas stipendium Minor Field Study. Studien inriktar sig på flickor som har hoppat av Form 1 och 2 i motsvarande högstadiet mellan åren 2007 och 2012. Kvalitativa metoder med prioriteringsrankning av kort användes för att underlätta kommunikation. Vidare är studiens syfte att identifiera anledningar till varför åtta flickor hoppar av skolan i byn och förstå deras tankar kring hur beslutet påverkar deras framtid. Innehållet på varje kort är baserad på tidigare forskning som behandlar olika anledningar till att hoppa av skolan. Varje respondent valde två till sex anledningar och de mest vanliga var språkliga barriärer, hälsoproblem och finansiella omständigheter. Trots att dessa mönster har identifierats är ett avhopp en komplex fråga som inkluderar en lång historia. Flickorna visade sig ha god förmåga att hantera svårigheter som eventuellt orsakar skolavhopp, delvis på grund av deras tankar om utbildning och dess framtida fördelar. Sammanfattningsvis var beslutet att hoppa av skolan rationellt och baserat på flera anledningar i samtliga fall. Slutligen kan sambandet mellan skolavhopp och fattigdom inte uteslutas. / This undergraduate thesis was conducted in the village of Matemwe, Northeast coast of Unguja Island, Zanzibar. It was financed by Sida’s Minor Field Study scholarship in September and October 2012. The study focuses on females who dropped out of Form 1 and 2 in lower secondary school between the years 2007 and 2012. Using qualitative interview technique with priority ranking flashcards functioning as a medium of communication, this study intends to identify reasons why eight females in this village dropped out of school and to understand their thoughts on how the decision affects their future. The content of each flashcard was based on previous research covering reasons for dropping out of school. Each respondent chose two to six reasons, with the most common causes being linguistic barriers, health issues and financial circumstances. Despite these patterns being identified, a dropout is a complex matter including a long story. The young females were found to have great ability to cope with difficulties that may cause school dropout partly because they had positive thoughts about education and its future benefits. To conclude, the decision to drop out was in all cases rational and based on several reasons. Finally, the relationship between dropouts and poverty cannot be ignored.

The aim of this project is to investigate the current situation of plastics waste management on the island Zanzibar in Tanzania. To investigate this, a field study was carried out during two months on site on Zanzibar. The field studies consisted of practical experiences, interviews and gathered impressions to get an overview. These methods were complemented by researched parameters, estimations, and calculations, which summarised yielded the results. The results were presented regarding the overall waste management system, flows of plastics, and challenges. The results led to a discussion where possible improvements were presented. The study concluded that the current situation for waste management is unsustainable, but the possibilities for improvements and a sustainable future are many. / Med målsättning att behandla några av målen för Agenda 2030 och hållbar utveckling, utfördes fältstudier finansierade genom Sidas stipendium för Minor Field Studies. Kritisk plasthantering är ett faktum i många delar av världen. Tanzania uppskattas ha en misskötsel av plastavfallshantering på 84 procent av total hanterad volym. Fältstudien undersökte därför situationen kopplad till avfallshantering på ön Zanzibar i Tanzania under två sammanhängande månader. Syftet med studien var att undersöka systemen för den allmänna avfallshanteringen, kartlägga flöden av plast på ön och identifiera utmaningar. Fältstudierna genomfördes genom praktiserande av avfallsuppsamling och sortering av plast, informella intervjuer samt egeninsamlade intryck och upplevelser. Dessa data kompletterades med en mindre litteraturstudie för att hitta relevanta parametrar nödvändiga för beräkningar och uppskattningar. Metoderna genererade resultat som kunde presenteras i termer av systemen för avfallshantering, flöden av plast på Zanzibar med uppskattade och beräknade mängder samt de utmaningar man upplever och står inför. Utifrån dessa resultat kunde möjliga förbättringsförslag presenteras med avseende på retursystem, återvinning och energiaspekter. Från studien drogs slutsatsen att Zanzibars situation för avfallshantering är ohållbar, men att möjligheterna till förbättring och en hållbar framtid är många.

Summaries in German and English / German text / In dieser Forschungsarbeit wird qualitativ das missionarische Engagement der sansibarischen Christen den einheimischen muslimischen Sansibaris gegenüber auf förderliche und hinderliche Faktoren untersucht. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, diese Faktoren aufzuzeigen und dadurch ein Bewusstsein für die Problematik der fehlenden Ganzheitlichkeit zu schaffen, damit hier gegengesteuert werden kann. Dazu wird zunächst der ethnologische und religionsgeschichtliche Hintergrund über Sansibar vorgestellt. Danach wird die geschichtliche Entwicklung und das heutige Bild der sansibarischen Gemeinden und Kirchen skizziert, um anschließend anhand des empirischtheologischen Praxiszyklus die Planung, die Durchführung und die Ergebnisse qualitativer Interviews mit jeweils drei Pastoren und leitenden Mitarbeiterinnen sansibarischer Gemeinden und Kirchen darzustellen. Mit Hilfe der Grounded Theory lassen sich zwei Tendenzen von kaum bis bedingt gelebter ganzheitlicher Missionspraxis der Gemeinden und Kirchen und ihr jenseitsorientiertes Evangeliumsverständnis als Ursache dessen identifizieren. Abschließend wird der Ist-Zustand der Missionspraxis der Gemeinden und Kirchen beschrieben, indem basierend auf den Forschungsergebnissen Thesen formuliert werden. / This research work qualitatively examines the beneficial and hindering factors of the missionary commitment of the Zanzibari Christians to the native population. The aim is to describe these factors and to create an awareness for the lack of holistic mission so that countermeasures can be taken. Firstly, background information about Zanzibar is presented. Next, the historical development and current church landscape are described. Based on the empirical-theological practice cycle, the planning and execution as well as the results of qualitative interviews carried out with six church workers are then presented. Furthermore, based on the Grounded Theory, two tendencies of their mission practice ranging from negligible to minimal are identified, caused by a kingdom-come orientation concerning the understanding of the Gospel. Last but not least, based on the research results, the actual state of the mission practice of the Zanzibari churches is presented in three theses. / Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology / M. Th. (Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology)

Summaries in German and English / German text / In dieser Forschungsarbeit wird qualitativ das missionarische Engagement der sansibarischen Christen den einheimischen muslimischen Sansibaris gegenüber auf förderliche und hinderliche Faktoren untersucht. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, diese Faktoren aufzuzeigen und dadurch ein Bewusstsein für die Problematik der fehlenden Ganzheitlichkeit zu schaffen, damit hier gegengesteuert werden kann. Dazu wird zunächst der ethnologische und religionsgeschichtliche Hintergrund über Sansibar vorgestellt. Danach wird die geschichtliche Entwicklung und das heutige Bild der sansibarischen Gemeinden und Kirchen skizziert, um anschließend anhand des empirischtheologischen Praxiszyklus die Planung, die Durchführung und die Ergebnisse qualitativer Interviews mit jeweils drei Pastoren und leitenden Mitarbeiterinnen sansibarischer Gemeinden und Kirchen darzustellen. Mit Hilfe der Grounded Theory lassen sich zwei Tendenzen von kaum bis bedingt gelebter ganzheitlicher Missionspraxis der Gemeinden und Kirchen und ihr jenseitsorientiertes Evangeliumsverständnis als Ursache dessen identifizieren. Abschließend wird der Ist-Zustand der Missionspraxis der Gemeinden und Kirchen beschrieben, indem basierend auf den Forschungsergebnissen Thesen formuliert werden. / This research work qualitatively examines the beneficial and hindering factors of the missionary commitment of the Zanzibari Christians to the native population. The aim is to describe these factors and to create an awareness for the lack of holistic mission so that countermeasures can be taken. Firstly, background information about Zanzibar is presented. Next, the historical development and current church landscape are described. Based on the empirical-theological practice cycle, the planning and execution as well as the results of qualitative interviews carried out with six church workers are then presented. Furthermore, based on the Grounded Theory, two tendencies of their mission practice ranging from negligible to minimal are identified, caused by a kingdom-come orientation concerning the understanding of the Gospel. Last but not least, based on the research results, the actual state of the mission practice of the Zanzibari churches is presented in three theses. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology)

Cette thèse fait suite à un travail de terrain mené de 2007 à 2010 dans un village d'agriculteurs-pêcheurs du sud-est de l'île de Zanzibar intégré à l'arc swahili. L'histoire du peuplement du village est placée dans la création et la dynamique de la société swahili depuis ses origines dans une perspective afro-centrée, afin d'analyser les raisons et les modes de la conversion des habitants à l'islam. Les populations ont construit dans le temps leur croyance religieuse de manière sélective, ce qui a maintenu le système de représentation et de pensée traditionnel. La recomposition contemporaine dans la communauté est explorée par le biais de l'organisation du village, de sa vie sociale et des traditions bantoues aux côtés de l'islam qui rythme le quotidien. La société, non figée, possède son libre arbitre en préservant une pluralité culturelle (place et rôle des ancêtres, cultes de possession etc.) et en ayant accepté une reconstitution avec des emprunts islamiques qui l'ont enrichie en termes de cohésion sociale et de valeurs morales notamment. Les pratiques magiques et sorcellaires largement détaillées, qui se trouvent au cœur de la démonstration, font apparaître que l'imaginaire collectif est assis sur un socle magique qui continue à expliquer les phénomènes de la maladie, de l'infortune etc. au delà des convictions religieuses musulmanes sincères des habitants. La magie et la sorcellerie, banales dans le quotidien, sont constituées d'une juxtaposition ou d'un assemblage de rituels opéré par une magie opportuniste qui utilise l'islam (manipulations diverses du Coran) pour renforcer les pratiques bantoues quand cela est nécessaire et légitimer des actes peu compatibles avec les principes de la religion. La dynamique de la sorcellerie africaine et islamique se trouve renforcée par de nouvelles données sociologiques (convoitise et jalousie exacerbées, montée des individualismes et perte d'influence des anciens). La thèse suggère, dans une orientation relativiste, que les représentations quotidiennes ancrées dans la matrice africaine bantoue demeurent le mode d'accès à la vérité du monde. Les compromis complexes et multiformes opérés avec l'islam à travers un système de «fertilisation croisée», permettent de maintenir un équilibre social et spirituel et d'affirmer une compatibilité des schémas entre eux dans une communauté qui a refusé de choisir entre deux systèmes de sens. / This thesis follows my field work carried out from 2007 to 2010 in a village located in the south eastern part of Zanzibar Island, part of the Swahili area and peopled by farmers and fishermen. The way the village became populated is related to the creation and the dynamics of the Swahili society in an afro-centred perspective so as to analyse the reasons for and the modes of the population's conversion to Islam. Over the years the peoples have secured their faith in Islam in a selective way, which has kept the traditional system of representation and thinking alive. The contemporary reconstitution within the community is scrutinized through the organisation of the village, its social life and Bantu traditions as well as the Islamic religion pulsing the population's daily life. This society, in constant evolution, keeps its own free will by safeguarding a cultural multiplicity (place and role of the ancestors, cults of possession…) and by accepting Islamic elements to be part and parcel of their community, which has made it both richer and stronger in terms of social cohesion and moral values. The fully-detailed magic and witchcraft practices at the core of the demonstration reveal that the collective imagination is deeply rooted in a magic base which keeps accounting for the phenomena of diseases, ill-fortune and so on, despite the sincere Muslim religious beliefs of the inhabitants. Magic and witchcraft, commonplace in their everyday life, are made up of a juxtaposition or an assembly of rituals initiated by some opportunistic magic which resorts to Islam (diverse manipulations of the Koran) in order to strengthen Bantu practices when necessary and to legitimize acts far from being compliant with religious tenets. The dynamics of African and Islamic witchcraft is being enhanced by new sociological data (a heightened sense of covetousness and jealousy, a steady rise in individualism and the ancestors gradually losing their clout). The present thesis, suggests in a relativist perspective that the daily representations remain firmly anchored in the African Bantu matrix as an access to the truth of the world and that the complex and multifaceted compromises with Islam through some « cross-fertilization » system contribute to maintaining a social and spiritual equilibrium and to advocating some compatibility between the different thinking patterns in a community which has refused to choose between the two of them.