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Zimbwabwe's Foreign Policy in Southern Africa 1980-2013Mangani, Dylan Yanano 05 1900 (has links)
MAAS / Department of Development Studies / See the attached abstract below
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Liberation movements in Southern Africa : the ANC (South Africa) and ZANU (Zimbabwe) comparedSkagen, Kristin 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis MA (Political Science. International Studies))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / Liberation movements came into being across the entire African continent as a
political response to colonisation. However, Africa has in this field, as in so many
others, been largely understudied, in comparison to revolutionary movements in
South America and South East Asia. While many case studies on specific liberation
movements exist, very few are comparative in nature. This study will do precisely
that using the framework of Thomas H. Greene.
The resistance movements in South Africa and Zimbabwe, then Rhodesia, consisted
of several organisations, but the ones that emerged as the most powerful and
significant in the two countries were the ANC and ZANU respectively. Although
their situations were similar in many ways, there were other factors that necessarily
led to two very different liberation struggles. This study looks closer at these factors,
why they were so, and what this meant for the two movements. It focuses on the
different characteristics of the movements, dividing these into leadership, support
base, ideology, organisation, strategies and external support. All revolutionary
movements rely on these factors to varying degrees, depending on the conditions they
are operating under. The ANC and ZANU both had to fight under very difficult and
different circumstances, with oppressive minority regimes severely restricting their
actions. This meant that the non-violent protests that initially were a great influence
for the leadership of both movements – especially with the successes of Mahatma
Gandhi in South Africa and India, inevitably had to give way to the more effective
strategies of sabotage and armed struggle. Like other African resistance movements,
nationalism was used as the main mobilising tool within the populations. In South
Africa the struggle against apartheid was more complex and multidimensional than in
Zimbabwe. Ultimately successful in their efforts, the ANC and ZANU both became
the political parties that assumed power after liberation. This study does not extend to
post-liberation problems.
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Origins of the centralised unitary state with special reference to Botswana, Zimbabwe and NamibiaNapier, Clive J. 07 1900 (has links)
The purpose of this thesis is to describe and explain the origins of
centra 1 i sed unitary con st itut i ona l forms adopted at independence, with speci a 1
reference to the pre-independence period of colonial rule and the states of
Botswana, Zimbabwe and Namibia. Since the states of the world are either
unitary or federal, an attempt is made to distinguish the unitary
constitutional form from federation by contrasting both concepts. The three
states under study are identified as centralised and unitary by referring to
political, historical, legal, administrative and fiscal criteria. The
theoretical and practical origins and explanations for the adoption of unitary
constitutional forms in the European and African context are explained. First,
the theoretical origins of monism, pluralism, dualism, absolutism and
sovereignty and the thoughts of a number of classical theorists are discussed.
Next the practical origins, the statements and perceptions by members of
African nationalist elites supportive of unitary states in Africa in the
colonial and early post-colonial period are referred to, in partial
exp 1 anat ion for the adoption of this con st itut i ona 1 form. British
constitutional practices and precedents are also discussed.
Further, to explain the origins of the centralised unitary state in Africa,
the three case studies of Botswana, Zimbabwe and Namibia come under
discussion. A four stage conceptual scheme devised by Etzioni and modified for
the purpose of this thesis is utilised to analyse and explain the origins of
the centralised unitary state in the three case studies of Botswana, Zimbabwe
(xii)
and Namibia. A variety of factors both historical and contemporary, internal
and external to these countries are identified and analysed. These factors
include amongst others, early settlement patterns and confiicts, British
colonial practices and precedents, the perceptions and ambitions of
nationalist movements and elites, relationships with neighbouring states, the
climate of opinion, and the requirements of nation-building and political
stability.
The thesis is concluded by comparing the experiences of the three countries
and, setting out several inductive propositions determining under which
conditions these states adopted centralised unitary constitutional forms in
preference to decentralised ones, federation or partition.
Finally, the thesis is concluded by referring in a Postscript to the postindependence
constitutional reassessment in the three countries concerned, the
constitutional reassessment process in Africa in general, literature
references to this process, and the prospects for constitutional reform on the
continent. / Political Science / D. Lit. et Phil. (Politics)
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Deviance and moralisiation as portrayed in selected post-independence Shona novels and short storiesWasosa, Wellington 11 1900 (has links)
This thesis is an exegesis of the portrayal of deviance in selected post-independence Shona fictional works. The analysis is done within the context of moralisation in Shona literature. The forms of deviant behaviour discussed include prostitution, homosexuality, crime and violence and negligence of duty within families. The fictional works are Mapenzi (1999), Totanga Patsva (2003), Ndozviudza Aniko? (2006), Ndafa Here? (2008), and Makaitei? (2008). All the fictional works are set during the period of the Zimbabwe Crisis and this becomes the context of the criticism of the manner in which deviance is handled by the writers. Particular attention is paid on the causes and solutions to deviance, images of deviants and the implications of such images in attempting to understand the realities of deviant behaviour. The research adopts an eclectic approach through a combination of literary and sociological theories to unpack issues concerning the litigious subject of deviance. The research fully acknowledges that deviance is a fluid and controversial concept as it varies with cultural frameworks and historical periods of certain societies. Thus the research has endeavoured to locate deviance with the ambit of Shona existential philosophy and the period of the Zimbabwe crisis. The research advances the argument that no human being is inherently deviant but there are certain circumstances and eventualities that are responsible for the development of such a personality. Therefore deviance herein is viewed as a response to the situation and in the case of this research it is the crisis which then is responsible for nurturing the people into deviance. In most of the situations, deviance is shown to be essentially a survival strategy by those who engage in it. Prostitution, homosexuality and crime have been shown to be largely economic necessities as the collapsing economy during the period of the crisis came with amorphous challenges and people resorted to anti-social behaviour in an attempt to live contenting lives. With regards to prostitution, homosexuality and crime, the writers have to a larger extent been able to contextualise deviance in terms of the crisis although Mabasa has been shown to display some ambivalence in his treatment of prostitutes in Mapenzi and Ndafa Here? There are instances he castigates prostitutes as social renegades which somehow weakens his vision. Apart from this, it has also been argued that deviant behaviour can be a result of the frustrations people face as they battle the vagaries of life. Violence and negligence of duty within families is argued to be a consequence of the frustrations from the poverty brought by the crisis and the movement into the diaspora as this has its own challenges that disempower people to carry out their duties as sanctioned by culture. Also, the research advances the argument that oral literature continues to impact on written literature and one such area is that of moralisation which continues to be a major priority of the writers. Except for the authors of the short stories in Totanga Patsva, moralisation on issues to do with deviance has been done in an enlightening way as the writers unearth the underlying causes of deviant behaviour and these are found in society and not individuals. The writers of the short stories have shown to be largely influenced by feminism and erroneously blame male deviants for the problems faced by women instead of explaining men`s behaviour in the context colonialism and neo-colonialism which brought various challenges related to gender relations in Africa not experienced hitherto. The direction in terms of qualitative development which Shona literature is taking in post-independence era is positive as the writers are shown to be tackling sensitive political, social and economic issues and their impact on the human condition. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil.
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South Africa's foreign policy of quiet diplomacy towards Zimbabwe : constructivism as a framework to highlight the contradictory norms of human rights and African solidarityCoetzee, Cari 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The downward spiral of Zimbabwe under President Robert Gabriel Mugabe and the
slide into lawlessness has excited international opinion. Perhaps even more
controversial, has been South African President Thabo Mbeki's obvious reticence to
condemn Mugabe's increasing authoritarianism and breach of human rights and
democratic standards. South Africa's foreign policy of 'quiet diplomacy' towards
Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe has received strong criticism. Whilst both
domestic and international audiences expected South Africa to take a stronger stance
towards Mugabe because of his increasing violation of human rights and democratic
standards, President Mbeki has been notably reticent to publicly criticise Mugabe.
Consequently, the South African government has been criticised for condoning
Mugabe's behaviour, which in turn has raised questions as to South Africa's
commitment to the advocacy of human rights and its attempts to establish a leadership
position in Africa.
Although both internal and external pressures have given rise to South Africa's strong
commitment to the international norm of human rights in 1994, this commitment seemed
to weaken as the years passed. The commitment to human rights, that was especially
prominent during the Nelson Mandela presidency, has given rise to foreign policy
tensions and contradictions within the South African government. South Africa's turn to
multilateral mechanisms as the main vehicle for South Africa's principled commitment to
human rights has been accompanied by a decline in the priority placed on this principle.
This loss of ardour in the commitment to the human rights advocacy, moreover, has
seemed to increase during the Mbeki presidency. President Mbeki's desire to playa
leadership role in Africa and his vision for African renewal and rebirth have been
accompanied by a stronger emphasis on African solidarity as a foreign policy principle.
South Africa's commitment to the norm of human rights, however, has thwarted South
Africa's attempts to strengthen African solidarity since it required a rejection of the
norms of 'state sovereignty' and 'not to speak out against each other'. Since high priority is attached to these norms in Africa, contradictions arose between the norms of human
rights advocacy and African solidarity.
This study argues that South Africa's policy of 'quiet diplomacy' towards Zimbabwe can
only be understood by focusing on the role of norms and identity on South Africa's
policy. It aims to illustrate how South Africa's aspiration for continental leadership has
constrained its commitment to human rights advocacy, as accentuated by the
Zimbabwean crisis. This study explores the role of norms and identity in South Africa's
foreign policy decisions towards Zimbabwe by drawing on constructivism as a
theoretical framework. The international relations theory of constructivism provides a
framework for analysing the potential influence of norms in international relations.
Constructivism illustrates that South Africa's freedom of action has been determined by
the interplay between policy actors and social forces with very different ideological
convictions about the country in the world, the pressures incumbent upon it and the
extent to which it can influence world affairs. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Zimbabwe se toenemende ekonomiese en politieke agteruitgang onder die
presidentskap van Robert Gabriel Mugabe, asook die geleidelike oorgang na
wetteloosheid, het internasionale veroordeling voortgebring. President Thabo Mbeki van
Suid-Afrika se ooglopende teensinnigheid om Mugabe se toenemende outoriteit en
skending van menseregte en demokratiese standaarde te veroordeel, was selfs meer
omstrede. Suid-Afrika se buitelandse beleid van 'stille diplomasie' teenoor President
Mugabe van Zimbabwe het dus sterk kritiek uitgelok. Terwyl beide binnelandse en
internasionale sfere van Suid-Afrika verwag het om 'n sterker standpunt teenoor
Mugabe in te neem in die lig van Mugabe se toenemende skending van menseregte en
demokratiese standaarde, was President Mbeki merkbaar teensinnig om Mugabe
openlik te kritiseer. Die Suid-Afrikaanse regering is gevolglik daarvan beskuldig dat dit
Mugabe se gedrag verskoon, wat weer aanleiding gegee het tot die bevraagtekening
van Suid-Afrika se verbintenis tot die bevordering van menseregte en pogings om 'n
leierskapsposisie in Afrika te vestig.
Alhoewel beide interne en eksterne druk tot Suid-Afrika se sterk verbintenis tot die
internasionale norm van menseregte in 1994 bygedra het, het hierdie verbintenis
mettertyd geleidelik vervaag. Hierdie verbintenis tot menseregte was veral prominent
gedurende die Mandela presidentskap en het spoedig aanleiding tot spanning en
teenstrydighede in Suid-Afrika se buitelandse beleid gegee. Suid-Afrika se wending tot
multilaterale meganismes as voertuig vir die bevordering van menseregte, het dus
gepaard gegaan met 'n afname in die prioriteit wat aan hierdie beginsel geheg word.
Hierdie afname in Suid-Afrika se dryfkrag in hul verbintenis tot die bevordering van
menseregte, het gedurende die Mbeki presidentskap vergroot. President Mbeki se
begeerte om 'n leiersposisie in Afrika in te neem, asook sy visie vir Afrika hernuwing en
herlewing, het dus gepaard gegaan met 'n sterker klem op die belang van Afrika
solidariteit as 'n buitelandse beleidsbeginsel. Suid-Afrika se verbintenis tot menseregte
het egter Suid-Afrika se pogings om Afrika solidariteit te bevorder, verhinder, aangesien 'n verbintenis tot menseregte die verwerping van die norme van 'staatsoewereiniteit' en
'nie teenoor mekaar uit te praat nie' vereis het. Aangesien hierdie twee laasgenoemde
norme steeds voorrang geniet in die Afrika konteks, het daar teenstrydighede tussen die
norme van menseregte en Afrika solidariteit ontstaan.
Hierdie studie argumenteer dat Suid-Afrika se beleid van 'stille diplomasie' teenoor
Zimbabwe slegs begryp kan word deur op die rol van norme en identiteit op Suid-Afrika
se beleid te fokus. Daar word gepoog om te illustreer hoe Suid-Afrika se aspirasie om 'n
leiersposisie in Afrika in te neem, beperk is deur die verbintenis tot die bevordering van
menseregte, soos beklemtoon deur die krisis in Zimbabwe. Hierdie studie ondersoek
dus die rol van norme en identiteit op Suid-Afrika se buitelandse beleidsbesluite teenoor
Zimbabwe met behulp van konstruktivisme as 'n teoretiese raamwerk. Die
internasionale betrekkinge teorie van konstruktivisme bied 'n raamwerk vir die analise
van die potensiële invloed van norme in internasionale betrekkinge. Konstruktivisme
illustreer dat Suid-Afrika se vryheid van aksie bepaal word deur die wisselwerking
tussen beleidsakteurs en sosiale kragte met verskillende ideologiese oortuigings oor die
staat in die wêreld, die druk wat daarop inwerk en die mate waartoe dit wêreld gebeure
kan beïnvloed.
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Deviance and moralisiation as portrayed in selected post-independence Shona novels and short storiesWasosa, Wellington 11 1900 (has links)
This thesis is an exegesis of the portrayal of deviance in selected post-independence Shona fictional works. The analysis is done within the context of moralisation in Shona literature. The forms of deviant behaviour discussed include prostitution, homosexuality, crime and violence and negligence of duty within families. The fictional works are Mapenzi (1999), Totanga Patsva (2003), Ndozviudza Aniko? (2006), Ndafa Here? (2008), and Makaitei? (2008). All the fictional works are set during the period of the Zimbabwe Crisis and this becomes the context of the criticism of the manner in which deviance is handled by the writers. Particular attention is paid on the causes and solutions to deviance, images of deviants and the implications of such images in attempting to understand the realities of deviant behaviour. The research adopts an eclectic approach through a combination of literary and sociological theories to unpack issues concerning the litigious subject of deviance. The research fully acknowledges that deviance is a fluid and controversial concept as it varies with cultural frameworks and historical periods of certain societies. Thus the research has endeavoured to locate deviance with the ambit of Shona existential philosophy and the period of the Zimbabwe crisis. The research advances the argument that no human being is inherently deviant but there are certain circumstances and eventualities that are responsible for the development of such a personality. Therefore deviance herein is viewed as a response to the situation and in the case of this research it is the crisis which then is responsible for nurturing the people into deviance. In most of the situations, deviance is shown to be essentially a survival strategy by those who engage in it. Prostitution, homosexuality and crime have been shown to be largely economic necessities as the collapsing economy during the period of the crisis came with amorphous challenges and people resorted to anti-social behaviour in an attempt to live contenting lives. With regards to prostitution, homosexuality and crime, the writers have to a larger extent been able to contextualise deviance in terms of the crisis although Mabasa has been shown to display some ambivalence in his treatment of prostitutes in Mapenzi and Ndafa Here? There are instances he castigates prostitutes as social renegades which somehow weakens his vision. Apart from this, it has also been argued that deviant behaviour can be a result of the frustrations people face as they battle the vagaries of life. Violence and negligence of duty within families is argued to be a consequence of the frustrations from the poverty brought by the crisis and the movement into the diaspora as this has its own challenges that disempower people to carry out their duties as sanctioned by culture. Also, the research advances the argument that oral literature continues to impact on written literature and one such area is that of moralisation which continues to be a major priority of the writers. Except for the authors of the short stories in Totanga Patsva, moralisation on issues to do with deviance has been done in an enlightening way as the writers unearth the underlying causes of deviant behaviour and these are found in society and not individuals. The writers of the short stories have shown to be largely influenced by feminism and erroneously blame male deviants for the problems faced by women instead of explaining men`s behaviour in the context colonialism and neo-colonialism which brought various challenges related to gender relations in Africa not experienced hitherto. The direction in terms of qualitative development which Shona literature is taking in post-independence era is positive as the writers are shown to be tackling sensitive political, social and economic issues and their impact on the human condition. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil.
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Re-branding Zimbabwe : a transformative and challenging processMugobo, Virimai January 2013 (has links)
Thesis (DTech (Marketing))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013. / During the past few decades, nation branding has emerged as one of the key strategies for national
economic development. Many nations across the world, both developed and developing, have
embraced the concept as they compete against each other for export markets, foreign direct
investment, tourists, scarce human resources and international leverage and influence. Nation
branding has now become one of the critical drivers for country differentiation and the creation of
sustainable competitive advantages for nations.
This thesis explores the concept of nation branding and investigates its applicability to Zimbabwe, a
country which has been riddled with various socio-economic and political challenges during the past
two decades. The main purpose of the thesis was to develop a model that can be used to re-brand
Zimbabwe. This research study adopted a mixed-methods approach through the amalgamation of
both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies. A survey questionnaire was administered to
respondents who included Zimbabweans as well as people who are not Zimbabwean citizens. The
qualitative phase of the research study consisted of depth interviews with various branding
practitioners, managers in both the private and public sectors and academics inside and outside of
Zimbabwe. Four summarised case studies were also carried out in order to draw lessons from cases of
successful and unsuccessful nation branding programmes in different parts of the world. According to the research findings, Zimbabwe has a negative image on the global map. The country
needs to be re-branded and the majority of Zimbabweans are willing to be part of this process.
However, for the re-branding initiative to be successful there should be a comprehensive
transformation of the country's socio-political, economic and legal systems in order to create an
enabling environment that is conducive for the effective application of nation branding strategies. The
findings further reinforce the notion that re-branding should be part of a broader national economic
development strategy for the country. The thesis concludes with the propagation of two models viz,
the transformative process model for the re-branding of Zimbabwe and the re-branding as a
transformative learning process model.
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Representing conflict: an analysis of The Chronicle's coverage of the Gukurahundi conflict in Zimbabwe between 1983 and 1986Santos, Phillip January 2011 (has links)
This research is premised on the understanding that media texts are discourses and that all discourses are functional, that is, they refer to things, issues and events, in meaningful and goal oriented ways. Nine articles are analysed to explicate the sorts of discourses that were promoted by The Chronicle during the Gukurahundi conflict in Zimbabwe between 1982 and 1986. It is argued that discourses in the news media are shaped by the role(s), the type(s) of journalism assumed by such media, and by the political environment in which the news media operate. The interplay between the roles, types of journalism practised, and the effect the political environment has on news discourses is assessed within the context of conflictual situations. This is done using insights from the theoretical position of peace journalism and its critique of professional or mainstream journalism as promoting war/violence journalism. Using the case of The Chronicle's reportage of the Gukurahundi conflict in Zimbabwe, it is concluded that, in performing the collaborative role, state owned/controlled media assume characteristics of war/violence journalism. On the other hand, it is concluded that The Chronicle developed practices consistent with peace journalism when it both espoused the facilitative role and journalistic objectivity. These findings undermine the conventional view among proponents of peace journalism that in times of conflict, the news media should be interventionist in favour of peace and that they should abandon the journalistic norm of objectivity which they argue, promotes war/violence journalism.
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Origins of the centralised unitary state with special reference to Botswana, Zimbabwe and NamibiaNapier, Clive J. 07 1900 (has links)
The purpose of this thesis is to describe and explain the origins of
centra 1 i sed unitary con st itut i ona l forms adopted at independence, with speci a 1
reference to the pre-independence period of colonial rule and the states of
Botswana, Zimbabwe and Namibia. Since the states of the world are either
unitary or federal, an attempt is made to distinguish the unitary
constitutional form from federation by contrasting both concepts. The three
states under study are identified as centralised and unitary by referring to
political, historical, legal, administrative and fiscal criteria. The
theoretical and practical origins and explanations for the adoption of unitary
constitutional forms in the European and African context are explained. First,
the theoretical origins of monism, pluralism, dualism, absolutism and
sovereignty and the thoughts of a number of classical theorists are discussed.
Next the practical origins, the statements and perceptions by members of
African nationalist elites supportive of unitary states in Africa in the
colonial and early post-colonial period are referred to, in partial
exp 1 anat ion for the adoption of this con st itut i ona 1 form. British
constitutional practices and precedents are also discussed.
Further, to explain the origins of the centralised unitary state in Africa,
the three case studies of Botswana, Zimbabwe and Namibia come under
discussion. A four stage conceptual scheme devised by Etzioni and modified for
the purpose of this thesis is utilised to analyse and explain the origins of
the centralised unitary state in the three case studies of Botswana, Zimbabwe
(xii)
and Namibia. A variety of factors both historical and contemporary, internal
and external to these countries are identified and analysed. These factors
include amongst others, early settlement patterns and confiicts, British
colonial practices and precedents, the perceptions and ambitions of
nationalist movements and elites, relationships with neighbouring states, the
climate of opinion, and the requirements of nation-building and political
stability.
The thesis is concluded by comparing the experiences of the three countries
and, setting out several inductive propositions determining under which
conditions these states adopted centralised unitary constitutional forms in
preference to decentralised ones, federation or partition.
Finally, the thesis is concluded by referring in a Postscript to the postindependence
constitutional reassessment in the three countries concerned, the
constitutional reassessment process in Africa in general, literature
references to this process, and the prospects for constitutional reform on the
continent. / Political Science / D. Lit. et Phil. (Politics)
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The search for peace, reconciliation and unity in Zimbabwe : from the 1978 internal settlement to the 2008 global political agreementMunemo, Douglas 04 1900 (has links)
This study is a critical examination of the complex search for peace, reconciliation and unity in Zimbabwe between the years 1978 and 2008, with a view to identify factors that have been blocking sustainable peace, national unity, reconciliation and development. It is a qualitative study which draws data from document analysis and oral interviews. The specific focus of the study is an analysis of the four peace agreements signed in this period namely; the 1978 Internal Settlement, the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement, the 1987 Unity Accord and the 2008 Global Political Agreement. Its central thesis is that coloniality in its multifaceted invisible forms is largely responsible for conflicts that have engulfed Zimbabwe and for compromising the chances of success of the four peace agreements. Coloniality has produced a ‘postcolonial’ leadership that has continued to practice politics in a violent, repressive, corrupt and unaccountable manner because of interpellation by the very immanent logic of colonialism that reproduces such inimical practices as racism, tribalism, regionalism and patriarchy. Theoretically, the study deploys de-colonial epistemic perspective in its endeavour to unmask and explain challenges to peace, unity, reconciliation and development in Zimbabwe. Finally, the thesis makes a strong case for pursuit of decoloniality as the panacea to conflicts and as an approach to conflict resolution and peace building that privileges decolonization and deimperialization so that Zimbabwe’s development goals could be achieved. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)
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