O estudo fundamentou-se na utilização de probióticos como promotores de crescimento alternativos na alimentação de suínos dada a proibição, por parte da União Européia, do uso de alguns antibióticos, que podem causar resistência aos antimicrobianos e riscos à saúde humana pelo consumo da carne. O experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Pesquisa em Suínos (LPS), com 160 leitões desmamados aos 23 dias de idade até os 138 dias de idade. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso em função do peso e sexo, sendo a unidade experimental considerada a baia com 4 animais, constituindo, portanto, 5 repetições por tratamento. Aos 51 dias de idade os animais foram inoculados com uma cepa de Salmonella Typhimurium via oral. Os tratamentos foram: PA 44: Probiótico A: 4 Kg/tonelada de ração, dos 23 aos 44 dias de idade; PB 44: Probiótico B: 2 Kg/ tonelada de ração, dos 23 aos 44 dias de idade; PA 65: Probiótico A: 4 Kg/tonelada de ração, dos 23 aos 44 e 2 kg/tonelada de ração dos 45 aos 65 dias de idade; PB 65: Probiótico B: 2 Kg/tonelada de ração, dos 23 aos 44 e 1 kg/tonelada de ração dos 45 aos 65 dias de idade; PA 138: Probiótico A: 4 Kg/tonelada de ração, dos 23 aos 44 e 2 kg/ tonelada de ração dos 45 aos 138 dias de idade; PB 138: Probiótico B: 2 Kg/tonelada de ração, dos 23 aos 44 e 1 kg/tonelada de ração dos 45 aos 138 dias de idade; controle positivo: ração com antimicrobiano e sem probióticos e controle negativo: ração sem antimicrobiano e sem probióticos. Foram analisados os parâmetros peso, ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar. Aspectos clínicos e sanitários também foram avaliados, incluindo freqüência de diarréia, temperatura retal, swabs retais para verificação da freqüência da salmonela nas fezes e parâmetros sanguíneos. As variáveis foram analisadas por medidas repetidas no tempo com contrastes. Foi utilizado o SAS 9.0. Em relação ao peso médio, observou-se, no período de creche, que o controle positivo se sobressaiu frente aos probióticos, mas no período de crescimento, por volta dos 106 dias de idade, os grupos se igualaram, não havendo diferenças significativas. No período total de creche e crescimento/terminação, o ganho de peso dos animais do controle positivo foi numericamente superior comparativamente aos probióticos (p=0,0876 para o probiótico A e p=0,0635 para o probiótico B). O consumo de ração foi menor para o controle negativo em relação aos probióticos. A conversão alimentar foi melhor para o controle positvo em relação aos probióticos, na fase de creche. Na freqüência de diarréia o efeito do desafio programado foi evidenciado, mostrando no controle negativo maior freqüência, ressaltada principalmente pela classificação em fezes líquidas, em comparação aos probióticos e controle positivo. A temperatura retal e a presença do agente nas fezes não se mostraram diferentes nos tratamentos, o mesmo ocorrendo com relação aos parâmetros sanguíneos. Portanto, as evidências encontradas quanto aos parâmetros clínicos e sanitários demonstraram de uma maneira geral, que os probióticos e os antimicrobianos podem agir de forma diferenciada, mas apresentando as mesmas respostas que repercutem em desempenhos semelhantes até o final da fase de terminação. Concluiu-se na avaliação de desempenho associada aos aspectos econômicos, que o probiótico A, dentre os tratamentos, foi mais viável, com a administração até 44 e 65 dias de idade dos leitões. A continuidade dos estudos com probióticos é necessária, dada a variabilidade de fatores que interferem no seu melhor aproveitamento como promotor de crescimento. / The study was based on the use of probiotics as growth promoter in the swine feeding due to the prohibition, by the European Union, on the use of some antibiotics by its possibility of causing antimicrobial resistance and risks for human health by meat consumption. The experiment was conducted in LPS, with 160 piglets weaned at 23 days of age until 138 days of age. The experimental design was a randomized block according to weight and sex, the experimental unit considered was the pen holding 4 animals each, thus with 5 repetitions per treatment. At 51 days of age the animals were inoculated with a strain of Salmonella Typhimurium orally. The treatments were: PA44= Probiotic A: 4 kg/ton of ration, from 23 to 44 days of age; PB44= Probiotic B: 2 Kg/ton of ration, from 23 to 44 days of age; PA65= Probiotic A: 4 kg/ton of ration from 23 to 44 days of age and 2 kg/ton of ration from 45 to 65 days of age, PB65= Probiotic B: 2 kg/ton of ration, from 23 to 44 days of age and 1 kg/ton of ration from 45 to 65 days of age; PA138= Probiotic A: 4 kg/ton of ration from 23 to 44 days of age and 1 kg/ton of ration from 45 to 138 days of age; PB138= Probiotic B: 2 kg/ton of ration from 23 to 44 days of age and 1 kg/ton of ration from 45 to 138 days of age; Positive Control= ration with antimicrobial and no probiotics and Negative Control= ration with no antimicrobials nor probiotics. The parameters analyzed were weight, weight gain, ration intake and feed conversion. Clinical and sanitary aspects were also evaluated, diarrhea frequency, rectal temperature, rectal swabs for salmonella verification and blood parameters. The variables were analyzed by repetitive measures on time with the established contrasts. SAS 9.0 was used. Regarding average weight, it was observed, during the nursery period, that the positive control stood out compared to the probiotics, but during growing, around 106 days of age, the groups equaled, with no significant differences. During the total period of nursery and growing/finishing, the weight gain from the animals of the positive control was numerically superior compared to the probiotics (p=0,0876 for probiotic A and p=0,0635 for probiotic B). Feed intake was lower for negative control when compared to probiotics. In the nursery period feed conversiom was better than the positive control in relation to probiotics. In the diarrhea frequency the effect from the programmed challenge was evidenced; showing a higher frequency in the negative control, emphasized mainly for the liquid feces classification in comparison to the probiotics and positive control. The rectal temperature and the presence of the agent in the feces did not differ between treatments, as well as the blood parameters. Therefore, the evidence found regarding clinical parameters and health in general demonstrated that probiotics ant antiotics may act differently, but with the same answer that echo in similar performaces until the end of the finishing period. In conclusion, the evaluation of performance associated with economic aspects, among the treatments, with the probiotics A, both 44 and 65, was better than the positive control. The continuation of studies with probiotics is necessary, given the variability of factors that interfere with its best use as growth promoter.

En partant de l’hypothèse selon laquelle les objectifs et intérêts des acteurs d’un domaine spécifique influencent un dispositif structuré, cette étude recherche comment les macro et micro acteurs jouent sur le rôle et succès des Nations Unies qui constitue une organisation fortement organisé ; ces acteurs vont des personnels onusiens sur le terrain jusqu’aux Etats ou groupes d’Etats. La recherche se concentre sur les fonctions politiques de restructuration du secteur de la sécurité dans les milieux de post-conflit.L’étude descriptive et théorique des concepts communs aux acteurs des Opérations de Paix des Nations Unies cherche à vérifier le postulat qu’il est vécu une métamorphose en ce qui concerne les nouvelles interventions dans le domaine. Par une tentative d’interprétation globale, le travail évalue comment la composante de Police Civile, devenue une partie intégrante des Missions de Paix des Nations Unies, reflète cette prétendue évolution du système onusien. Pour cela, il a fallut se pencher sur la genèse, le rôle, l’organisation et le fonctionnement de la Police Civile de l’ONU. Le travail examine également si cet apparent changement du système onusien est à l'origine de réorientations des politiques policières au sein de l’Organisation. Le volet empirique de cette étude démontre historiquement et comparativement que les relations de pouvoirs entre acteurs de tous niveaux orientent et affectent la mise en application des réformes des polices locales. / On the basis of the hypothesis according to which the objectives and interests of the actors of a specific field influence a structured system, this study seeks how the macro and micro actors affect the role and success of the United Nations which constitutes a strongly organized organization; these actors go from the United Nations personnel on the ground until the States or groups of States. The research concentrates on the political function of reorganization of the security sector in the post-conflict areas. The descriptive and theoretical study of the concepts which are common to the actors of the Peace Operations of the United Nations seeks to check the postulate that it is lived a metamorphosis regarding the new interventions in this field. By an attempt of total interpretation, the work evaluates how the how the Civilian Police component -which has become an integral part of Peace Operations-, reflects this alleged evolution of the overall system. For that, it was necessary to consider the genesis, role, organization and operation of the Civilian Police force of UN. Work also examines if this apparent change of the UN system is due to the reorientations of the police policies within the Organization. The empirical aspect of this study shows historically and comparatively that the power relations between actors at any levels direct and affect the implementation of the local police reforms.

Depuis les dernières décennies, le monde du travail a subi des transformations importantes. Elles doivent, aujourd’hui plus que jamais, optimiser leur efficacité et leur efficience, dans un contexte en constante évolution. En conséquence, l’innovation peut devenir un levier fort avantageux sur lequel les organisations peuvent créer, produire et offrir de nouveaux produits ou services. En d’autres mots, les organisations ont tout intérêt à faire de l’innovation une priorité stratégique. Cependant, l’innovation soulève également quelques enjeux non négligeables. Nonobstant les attentes envers les retombées positives, qui sont suscitées par les investissements parfois majeurs, il devient familier de constater une augmentation des stresseurs en entreprise. Afin de minimiser les effets pervers de ces stresseurs, accroitre notre compréhension de leurs effets sur le processus d’innovation est devenu une des clés essentielles. Les études empiriques étant plus nombreuses sur le sujet, il semble toutefois persister quelques contradictions qui méritent l’étude intégrée et pratique des connaissances sur le sujet de l’innovation. C’est dans cette perspective d’intégration que s’inscrit la présente thèse. Celle-ci est constituée de deux articles. Le premier article vise spécifiquement à faire une recension des écrits sur le lien entre les stresseurs et l’innovation au travail. S’adressant au monde scientifique et articulé autour de trois défis principaux, celui-ci présente d’abord le concept de l’innovation, souvent confondu avec le concept de créativité. Ensuite, la définition des stresseurs, les principaux constats et les limites qui sous-tendent la relation entre les stresseurs et l’innovation sont discutés. Le deuxième article, de nature empirique, s’adresse encore une fois à la communauté scientifique. Il a pour objectif de valider un modèle identifiant différentes variables afin de soutenir l’émergence de conduites innovantes en présence de stresseurs de type challenge et menace. Pour tester le modèle, des analyses de régressions multiples ont été réalisées, lors d’une étude longitudinale, auprès de 198 travailleurs québécois d’entreprises privées. L’interprétation générale des résultats tend à montrer que le comportement innovant est impacté de manière différenciée selon la nature des stresseurs en cause. Il semble donc opportun de les considérer et de proposer des stratégies d’intervention adaptées afin de minimiser l’impact des stresseurs. Par ailleurs, le facteur motivationnel, mesuré par l’implication au travail, semble influencer positivement l’innovation, sans oublier la justice interactionnelle, qui semble être une ressource intéressante à considérer. Ces résultats apportent donc des appuis empiriques aux théories existantes sur le sujet. Ils encouragent également une meilleure gestion des stresseurs au travail, aident à mieux impliquer les gens, et favorisent des relations interpersonnelles justes et équitables en milieu de travail. En somme, l’intégration de ces deux articles permet d’enrichir la documentation scientifique actuelle, tant sur les plans des connaissances théoriques que de la pratique professionnelle en psychologie organisationnelle. Ainsi, cette présente thèse constitue une source importante d’informations permettant de suggérer des pistes d’intervention, basées sur des fondements théoriques, afin de protéger le potentiel innovant des travailleurs.

Frequently monitoring the identity of a person connected to a secure system is an important component in a cyber-security system. Identity Assurance (IA) mechanisms which continuously confirm and verify users’ identity after the initial authentication process ensure integrity and security. Such systems prevent unauthorized access and eliminate the need of an authorized user to present credentials repeatedly for verification. Very few cyber-security systems deploy such IA modules. These IA modules are typically based on computer vision and machine learning algorithms. These algorithms work effectively when trained with representative datasets. This thesis describes our effort at collecting a small dataset of multi-view videos of typical work session of several subjects to serve as a resource for other researchers of IA algorithms to evaluate and compare the performance of their algorithms with those of others. We also present a Proof of Concept (POC) face matching algorithm and experimental results with this POC implementation for a subset of collected dataset.

Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) / The expansion of the South African aquaculture industry coupled with the lack of effective parasite management strategies may potentially have negative effects on both the freshwater biodiversity and economics of the aquaculture sector. Koi and goldfish are notorious for the propagation of parasites worldwide, some of which have already infected indigenous fish in South Africa. Koi and goldfish have been released into rivers in South Africa since the 1800’s for food and sport fish and have since spread extensively. These fish are present in most of the river systems in South Africa and pose an additional threat the indigenous cyprinids in the Western Cape. Monogenean parasites of the genus Gyrodactylus are of particular concern, as their unique biology renders them a possible threat. Gyrodactylus kherulensis and G. kobayashii were identified from koi and goldfish respectively imported from Asia, Europe and locally bred fish. Morphometrics and the use of statistical classifiers, which includes univariate (ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis), bivariate (Pearson’s correlation) and multivariate (Principal Component Analysis) placed the two species within their respective groups. There was some intraspecific variation among the different populations collected from the various locations, especially in the hamulus and ventral bar features, but the marginal hooklets, however, remained static for both helminth species. This illustrates again the importance of the minor variations in the marginal hook features in gyrodactylid taxonomy. Infection trials conducted by co-habitation of infected koi and goldfish with two indigenous redfin minnow species, Pseudobarbus burchelli and P. phlegethon showed that both G. kherulensis and G. kobayashii could successfully transfer and establish themselves on P. phlegethon, where the infection increased rapidly initially, but remained relatively constant thereafter. P. burchelli appeared to be inherently resistant as the parasite population growth rate initially remained steady, until the infection died off. The wild-caught indigenous fish were however not infected with any exotic Gyrodactylus species, but a new species, G. burchelli n. sp. described from the body surfaces of P. burchelli. / South Africa

Mountain caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) are endangered in British Columbia and motorized backcountry recreation has been identified as a potential threat to their persistence. My objective was to test if fecal glucocorticoids (GCs), indicative of physiological effects of ecological stress in wildlife, could be used as a non-invasive tool to quantify stress response in free-ranging caribou exposed to motorized recreation. I validated an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure concentration of fecal GCs for R. tarandus using an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenge experiment on captive reindeer exposed to extreme variation in winter weather. Female reindeer expressed elevated fecal GCs 9-11 hrs after ACTH injection. Males showed no detectable increase, perhaps due to underdosing. Fecal GCs varied markedly in both sexes in response to natural variation in weather. Overall, my results indicated fecal assays can be used to track biologically meaningful changes in adrenal activity in R.tarandus. I investigated the effects of motorized recreation on stress hormone production by measuring GCs in feces of mountain caribou exposed to snowmobile and heli-ski activity. Concentrations of fecal GCs in snowmobile and heli-ski areas were higher than those measured from caribou in areas where motorized recreation was not allowed. Caribou sampled up to 4km. 8km and I0 km distant from snowmobile activity showed elevated fecal GCs when compared to those sampled further from snowmobile activity areas. Other variables with a significant effect on fecal GCs included reproductive state, snow, aspect. minimum ambient temperature, and daily temperature range. My study indicates that measurement of fecal GCs provides a useful, noninvasive approach in the evaluation of physiological effects of environment, reproductive state, and human-induced stressors on free-ranging mountain caribou. Although research on many species indicates that chronically elevated GCs carry a variety of physiological costs, more study is needed to know whether GCs can be used as an index of human impact on population health or trend. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

Parmi les maladies neurologiques, celles qui atteignent la conscience constituent la pire des épreuves infligée à la puissance de notre esprit, socle de notre autonomie. C'est bien à un défi éthique que se mesurent les soignants et les accompagnants, confrontés à la complexité de la rencontre avec cette personne blessée dans ses possibilités mêmes d'être présente au monde, d'affirmer son identité et sa liberté : comment proposer une attitude juste et aidante de la relation de soins répondant à cette tragédie humaine ? Comment préserver l'autonomie de ce sujet sans méconnaître son extrême vulnérabilité ? Comment affirmer la permanence de la personne alors que sa conscience s'en va ? Comment, dans les situations extrêmes, savoir éviter une obstination que la loi qualifie de déraisonnable ? Nous proposons dans ce travail les réponses nuancées qu'impose la déclinaison de la conscience en degrés, dans son état ou ses contenus, s'opposant ainsi aux réponses obligatoirement binaires de la loi ou d'une éthique exagérément principliste. Mais manier la complexité n'empêche pas l'audace des paris ni la sagesse des limites. Parier sur les capacités plus que sur les déficits ne guérit pas le malade, mais modifie totalement la relation soignante dans le sens de la préservation de l'autonomie, dût-elle être accompagnée. En même temps, ces situations qui touchent parfois à l'extrême vulnérabilité, aux limites de l'humain comme de la médecine, interpellent notre responsabilité ainsi que notre souci de bienfaisance, nous invitant à éviter la pente de l'abandon, la tentation de la violence comme la déraison de l'obstination. L'éthique n'est-elle pas par essence la recherche d'une sagesse pratique visant à atténuer le tragique des situations ? / Neurological diseases affecting consciousness are the worst ordeal inflicted to the power of our mind (1), to our autonomy and independence. Even if medicine faces this drama with more and more precise diagnoses, therapy often remains helpless. Medical staff then confronts an ethical challenge when meeting this hurted human being, who experiences difficulties to be part of the world, as well as to claim his/her own identity and free will (2). How can we provide a fair and helpful medical care in these tragic situations? How can we preserve patient's autonomy without denying his/her extreme vulnerability? How should we consider the person when their consciousness is gone? (3) Finally, when close to the endpoint, how can we avoid "unreasonable" obstinacy as it is described by the law?In this work, we suggest balanced responses to these questions, considering the graduated levels of consciousness, in both its states and its contents. These responses contrast with those of the law or of oversimplified principles, that are inevitably binary. Yet, handling complexity does not preclude audacious challenges or wise limits. Betting on abilities rather than disabilities does not help the patient to recover; however, it represents a total shift in the caring relationship, by aiming to preserve autonomy, even if supported.These issues concern extreme vulnerability, as well as limits of human beings and medicine. They question both our responsibility and generosity, and invite us to avoid abandonment, violence as well as obstinacy. That is what ethics by essence: the search of a practical wisdom attenuating the tragic aspects of situations.

Buildings are responsible for a wide range of environmental impacts. In response to this, several green building standards have been developed. Each standard uses different strategies and has different approaches to defining what features should make up a green building. This thesis uses the LEED, BREEAM, EEWH, and Living Building Challenge standards as a lens through which this question of what makes a green building is explored, with an emphasis on the distinction between greenness and sustainability in the built environment.

The purpose of the study has been to investigate how employees at the employment agencies experience collaboration with other national agencies during their work with new arrivals. This puts focus on interaction between different national agencies. The questions of the study are: - How do the employment agencies describe their role within the framework of the collaboration process between the municipality and the Employment Service? - How do the employment agencies describe power, responsibility and control in the collaboration process between the municipality and the Employment Service - How do the employment agencies describe the division of responsibility in the collaboration process between the municipality and the Employment Service? The study has a qualitative approach that tries to capture the perceptions of the employees’ concept of "responsibility" in the process of collaborating in public activities. In order to answer the questions of the study, 10 interviews were conducted with employees that are collaborating with the municipality and other organizations on the establishment of new arrivals to Sweden. During the interviews the most commonly encountered concepts were scope of responsibility, power, rules, knowledge, autonomy and overview of the collaboration. The concepts are reported in the results section with a descriptive analysis and interpretation. The study concluded that there is no one who takes responsibility for the process of cooperation.

The Covid-19 pandemic has caused problem in a particular sensitive area: pregnancy, a moment with a significant impact on women's life. Prior research in this area has examined how women experience and manage pregnancy. However, it is still unclear how the experience of pregnant women is affected by key challenges arising from COVID-19. This research acts as a prerequisite study which can serve as a base for future design research in HCI (Human Computer Interaction). This study used semi-structured interviews in order to collect data. Participants in this study were recruited from two countries, India and Sweden, using initial purposive sampling followed by snowball sampling method. A qualitative analysis was carried out on the data, which showed that the key challenges faced by pregnant women during COVID-19 were as follows: social life, emotion and online/remote support. The study revealed that participants felt isolated and were deprived of social contact during their pregnancy, and that the feeling of women's partners being separated from the mother and baby during doctor visits and their other pregnancy related activities impacted both partners negatively. Moreover, while pregnancy application were used to compansate for these needs, such applications were typically lacking in accuracy of information on the participants specific needs, and were thus not well-suited for used during the pandemic. Thus, HCI experts need to look at design solutions considering pregnant women needs during pandemic situations.