This thesis deals with breeding at primary school. In the Framework Education Programme for Elementary Education is included in the educational field Man and the world of work. Pupils are brought into contact with animals in the household and hygiene conditions and farming. This work determines the extent of knowledge that students have in this area and how they relate generally to the animals. On the basis of educational tests and questionnaires which were filled in by eigth grade´s pupils a research was carried out. The results are summarized in this diploma thesis.

A substituição total de restaurações dentais que apresentam pequenos defeitos são encontradas com muita frequência na prática da Odontologia. Entretanto, a possibilidade de reparos dessas porções defeituosas podem ser considerados alternativas viáveis à substituição. No entanto, pouco se conhece sobre a aplicação da técnica reparadora. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a formação acadêmica e as técnicas de reparos empregados em restaurações dentárias pré-existentes realizadas pelos Cirurgiões-Dentistas na Rede de Atenção em Saúde Bucal, em uma Capital da região Sul do Brasil. Identificando se os cirurgiões-dentistas realizam reparos em restaurações defeituosas, quando e como realizam, além de avaliar se receberam alguma forma de orientação no período acadêmico e se julgam obter sucesso em seus tratamentos reparadores. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo, foi escolhida a cidade de Curitiba. Dos 10 Distritos Sanitários que possui, foram selecionados 5 Distritos, totalizando 58 Unidades Básicas de Saúde. Um total de 134 Cirurgiões-Dentistas na ativa participaram da pesquisa e foram entrevistados aplicando-se um questionário realizado por um único pesquisador. Os questionários incluíam: dados pessoais, realização de reparos em restaurações; formação acadêmica para a execução desta conduta e a técnica empregada. Os resultados foram submetidos ao Teste Qui quadrado ou o Teste de Fisher e o software usado nas análises foi o Statistica 7.0 com nível de significância empregado de 5%. 99% dos Participantes relataram realizar reparos em restaurações e 69% deles não receberam orientação sobre a técnica de reparo durante o período acadêmico (graduação). Dos Participantes da pesquisa, 90% realizam o reparo independente do Profissional que realizou a primeira restauração (p=0,0001). As restaurações diretas são as mais comumente reparadas (65%) e a resina composta foi o material eleito (34%) para a realização do reparo (p=0,003). 77% dos Participantes pretendem utilizar o reparo em todas as situações possíveis (p=0,0001); 25% dos Participantes da pesquisa disseram que realizam o reparo da restauração independente da extensão da cárie (p=0,132); todas as idades são passíveis de receberem o reparo de restaurações defeituosas. A maioria dos Participantes realizam somente retenções adicionais no material restaurador remanescente e na estrutura dental (54%), 49% realizam retenções adicionais e bisel. Para o preparo do material restaurador remanescente e da estrutura dental, utilizam o ácido fosfórico e a aplicação do adesivo (98%) e somente 2% dos Participantes aplicam o silano previamente à aplicação do adesivo. As restaurações de reparo são muito bem aceitas pelos pacientes (98%) e o sucesso dos procedimentos de reparo, de acordo com os Participantes, é de 98%. Praticamente todos os Participantes da pesquisa (97%) acreditam que as técnicas de reparo devem fazer parte do currículo de graduação dos futuros Cirurgiões-Dentistas. Conclui-se que apesar da maioria dos Participantes afirmarem não ter recebido nenhuma orientação durante o período acadêmico (graduação) sobre a técnica de reparos, praticamente todos realizam reparos em restaurações defeituosas e julgam obter sucesso com esse tipo de tratamento. / The total replacement of dental restorations that present small defects are found very frequently in the practice of Dentistry. However, the possibility of repairing these defective portions can be considered viable alternatives to substitution. However, almost nothing is known about the application of the repair technique. The objective of this study was to analyze the academic training and repair techniques used in preexisting dental restorations performed by Dental Surgeons in the Dental Health Care Network in a Capital of Southern Brazil. Identifying whether dentists perform repairs on defective restorations, when and how they perform, and evaluate whether they have received some form of counseling in the academic period and are judged to succeed in their remedial treatments. For the development of the study, the city of Curitiba was chosen. Of the 10 Sanitary Districts it has, 5 Districts were selected, totaling 58 Basic Health Units. A total of 134 Active Dental Surgeons participated in the research and were interviewed applying a questionnaire carried out by a single researcher. The questionnaires included: personal data, repair of restorations; academic background for the execution of this conduct and the technique employed. The results were submitted to the Chi-square test or Fisher\'s test and the software used in the analyzes was Statistica 7.0 with a significance level of 5%. 99% of the Participants reported repairs on restorations and 69% of them did not receive orientation on the repair technique during the academic (graduation) period. The participants of the research, 90% performed the independent repair of the Professional who performed the first restoration (p = 0.0001). The direct restorations were the most commonly repaired (65%) and the composite resin was the material chosen (34%) to perform the repair (p = 0.003). 77% of Participants intend to use the repair in all possible situations (p = 0.0001); 25% of the participants of the study said that they performed repair of the restoration regardless of the extent of caries (p = 0.132); all ages are likely to receive repair of defective restorations. Most Participants only perform additional retentions on the remaining restorative material and dental structure (54%), 49% perform additional retentions and bevel. In order to prepare the remaining restorative material and dental structure, they use phosphoric acid and the adhesive application (98%) and only 2% of the participants apply the silane prior to the application of the adhesive. Repair restorations are very well accepted by patients (98%) and the success of repair procedures, according to the Participants, is 98%. Virtually all Research Participants (97%) believe that repair techniques should be part of the undergraduate curriculum of future Dental Surgeons. It is concluded that although most of the Participants affirm that they did not receive any orientation during the academic period (undergraduate) on the technique of repairs, practically all repairs in defective restorations and believe to be successful with this type of treatment.

Objetivo. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um questionário de freqüência alimentar- QF AA para calcular o consumo de energia, carboidrato, proteína, lipídio total, lipídio insaturado, fibra, colesterol, retinol, vitamina C, cálcio e ferro de adolescentes freqüentadores de uma escola pública localizada na região oeste da cidade de São Paulo. A validade relativa do QF AA foi testada por meio da comparação entre os valores estimados pelo método de referência (média de 3 dias de R24h) e os calculados pelo QFAA. Metodologia. Depois de identificados os principais alimentos fontes dos nutrientes analisados, o QF AA foi testado em prova piloto. A versão final foi constituída por 76 itens alimentares, agrupados segundo o perfil de cada alimento. O estudo de validade foi realizado durante um período de 6 meses (junho a novembro de 1999) junto a 79 alunos voluntários de ambos os sexos, os quais responderam 4 R24h com intervalo de 45 dias e 1 QFAA ao final do estudo. Os dados foram calculados pelo Virtual Nutri e analisados utilizando-se coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, ajustados pela caloria e corrigidos pela variância intrapessoal. Resultados. Observou-se uma alta variabilidade no consumo da dieta dos adolescentes, mostrando razões de variância extremamente altas para o colesterol, retinol e vitamina C. Os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson, depois do ajuste e da correção pela variância, variaram entre - O,1O a 0,72 para os indivíduos de sexo feminino e de O,16 a 0,91 para os de sexo masculino. A média do coeficiente de correlação para todo o grupo foi de 0,52. Conclusões. Nossos resultados indicam que o QFAA mostrou aceitável desempenho para classificar os indivíduos segundo seu consumo habitual para a maioria dos nutrientes, com exceção do retinol e do ferro. / Purpose. The main purpose of this study was to develop a Food-Frequency Questionnaire - FFQ to calculate the consumption of energy, carbohydrate, protein, total lipid, unsaturated lipid, flber, cholesterol, retinol, vitamin C, calcium and iron by adolescents attending a public school located in the western region of the city of São Paulo. The relative validity of the FFQ was tested in a comparison between values estimated by the reference method (average, three days of R24h) and those calculated by the FFQ. Methodology. After identifying the major food sources of the nutrients analyzed, the FFQ was tested in a pilot test. The final version was comprised by seventy-six food items, grouped according to each of their proflles. The validity study was performed over a six-month period (]une through November, 1999) on seventy-nine volunteer students of both sexes, which responded four R24h with a 45-day interval and one FFQ at the end of the study. Data was computed by the Virtual Nutri and analyzed by using Pearson\'s correlation coefflcient, energy - adjustment and corrected for within-subject variance. Results. High variability was observed in adolescent diet consumption, showing extremely high variance ratios for cholesterol, retinol and vitamin C. Pearson\'s correlation coefficients, after adjustment and correction for variance, range between - O.1O to O.72 for females and from O.16 to O.91 for males. The average correlation coefficient for the entire group was 0.52. Conclusions. Our results indicate that the FFQ has shown an acceptable performance to classify individuais according to their habitual consumption for the majority of nutrients, with the exception of retinol and iron.

M.A. (Clinical, Psychology) / The aim of this study was to develop a selection model for students who are to be trained as Clinical Psychologists at the Masters degree level. Since selection criteria are both subjective and objective and the procedure itself time consuming, the model would have to incorporate these aspects and also save time. For these reasons the possibility of utilizing a single assessment instrument, the 16PF, was investigated. The experimental design compared two methods of selection. These were (i) the traditional method involving interpersonal contact between selectors and candidates and (ii) a statistical method involving the 16PF. were tested. Three hypotheses i That the 16PF would discriminate significantly between selected and selected students. ii That a pattern of objective criteria would emerge. iii That some subjective criteria would be identified. All three hypotheses were subsequently confirmed. Recommendations for the future utilization of the model are made.

Usability is one of the important quality attributes. Open source software products are well known for their efficiency and effectiveness. Lack of usability in OSS (Open Source Software) products will result in poor usage of the product. In OSS development there is no usability team, and one could therefore expect that the usability would be low for these products. In order to find out if this was really the case we made a usability evaluation using a questionnaire for four OSS products. The questionnaire was based on a review of existing literature. This questionnaire was presented to 17 people who are working with open source products. This evaluation showed that the overall usability was above average for all the four products. It seems, however, that the lack of a usability team has made the OSS products less easy to use for inexperienced users. Based on the responses to questionnaire and a literature review, a set of guidelines and hints for increasing the usability of OSS products was defined.

The classification of adult criminal populations for training, treatment, and security purposes has been time-consuming and expensive. The main purpose of this study was to develop a classification system which considered a wide variety of behavioral, biographical, and psychometric variables and yet was efficient in terms of time and money.

Magister Psychologiae - MPsych / This study investigated the factor analytic structure of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire(CTQ) in school-going adolescents in the greater Cape Town area. This questionnaire is a retrospective method, assessing childhood exposure to trauma in the form of emotional abuse,physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect and physical neglect (Bernstein & Fink,1998). The data used originated from a survey where several questionnaires including the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire were used to examine perceived stress and resilience in adolescence. The primary study found that there is extensive published research on trauma exposure in adolescents. However, the investigators found that there is a lack of research on actual perceived stress in the context of certain traumatic experiences. This study examined one of the questionnaires used in the primary study, the CTQ. The question of how the factors cluster in a sample of 631participants between the ages of 11 and 18 was answered by using exploratory factor analysis. Three factor analyses, using principal component analysis and Varimax rotation with Kaiser Normalisation were run. The three factor analyses are (i) the entire sample (adolescents, both trauma exposed and non trauma–exposed) (ii) the sample with moderate/severe childhood trauma and (iii) the sample with mild/no childhood trauma.The results of the current study revealed that for group one, five rotated factors were yielded that accounted for 59.22% of the variance among items, for group two, eight rotated factors was extracted that accounts for 62.47% of the variance among items and for group three, nine rotated factors which accounted for 65.38% of variance among the items was yielded.After conceptual analysis, it was found that only group two held to the five-factor stucture described in the CTQ's manual. This indicates that the severity of trauma exposure does affect the factor structure of the CTQ in this sample of school-going adolescents.

Introduction: Activity pacing is often advised as a coping strategy for managing chronic conditions (such as chronic low back pain, chronic widespread pain and chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis). Despite anecdotal support for activity pacing, there is limited and conflicting research evidence regarding the efficacy of this strategy. Pacing has not been clearly operationalised, and existing descriptions are diverse and include strategies that encourage both increasing and decreasing activities. Moreover, there are few validated scales to measure activity pacing. Aim: To develop an activity pacing questionnaire (APQ) for adult patients with chronic pain and/or fatigue, and to determine its psychometric properties and acceptability. Methods: The study had a three stage mixed method design. Stage I, the Delphi technique involved a three-round consensus method to develop the initial items of the APQ using an expert panel of patients and clinicians. Stage II, the psychometric study, implemented a cross-sectional questionnaire design study, involving a large sample of patients with chronic conditions. This stage assessed the underlying pacing themes of the APQ using factor analysis, internal and test-retest reliability using Cronbach’s alpha and intraclass correlations (ICCs); and validity using correlations with validated measures of pain, fatigue, anxiety, depression, avoidance, and mental and physical function. Stage III, the acceptability study, explored patients’ opinions of the APQ, together with the concept of activity pacing via telephone interviews. The qualitative interview data were analysed using framework analysis. Results: Forty-two participants completed Stage I, the Delphi technique (4 patients, 3 nurses, 26 physiotherapists and 9 occupational therapists). The resulting APQ contained 38 questions involving a number of different facets, including breaking down tasks, gradually increasing activities and setting goals. Stage II, the psychometric study, was completed by 311 patients, of whom 69 were involved in a test-retest analysis. Following factor analysis, eight items were removed from the APQ. Five themes of pacing were identified in the 30-item APQ: Activity limitation, Activity planning, Activity progression, Activity consistency and Activity acceptance. These demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity against validated measures. Activity limitation, Activity planning, Activity progression and Activity acceptance correlated with worse symptoms, and Activity consistency correlated with improved symptoms. Sixteen patients participated in Stage III, the acceptability interviews. The APQ was found to be generally acceptable. Four activity behaviour typologies emerged through the interviews: Task avoidance, Task persistence, Task fluctuation (boom-bust) and Task modification (activity pacing).Conclusion: This is the first known study that has engaged both patients and clinicians in the development of an activity pacing questionnaire. Developed to be widely used across a heterogeneous group of patients with chronic pain and/or fatigue, the APQ is multifaceted, comprehensive and contains more themes of pacing than existing pacing subscales.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility that the handwriting analysis of a particular group of individuals with homogeneous interests and abilities (mathematics majors, music majors, psychology majors, and education majors) could likewise identify and isolate a particular personality variable common to these individuals.

Introduction: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common peripheral nerve entrapment seen within the outpatient orthopaedic clinic; therefore assessment and management of this common condition is of significant importance. Traditionally diagnosis has been made through detailed questioning; clinical examination and nerve conduction studies (NCS). There is however no true consensus as to the gold standard assessment of CTS and the use of NCS can confer additional costs and delay treatment. Previous studies have explored methods of predicting the presence of CTS including the clinician-administered Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (CTQ) (Kamath and Stothard, 2003). The aim of the present studies is therefore to explore the versatility of the CTQ to see how a novel Patient-completed Version of the CTQ compares to the original Clinican-completed version. Psychometric properties of the questionnaire will be explored together the economic impact of integrating both versions within an orthopaedic care pathway. A further aim is to answer whether the CTQ more effective and cost-effective than NCS for patients referred to an orthopaedic clinic with suspected CTS. Method: 100 patients referred for further investigation of suspected CTS were assessed using parallel patient and clinician-completed versions of the CTQ and results were subsequently compared with those obtained from NCS. Item analysis explored each of the nine constructs of the questionnaire and the original scoring algorithm was validated using binary logistic regression and compared with alternative algorithms. Sensitivity and specificity of the questionnaire when compared to results of NCS was explored using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses. Inter-rater reliability was explored through Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Economic analysis and modelling was carried out to explore potential cost savings of use of the questionnaire rather than NCS for those with suspected CTS. Results demonstrated sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 54.67% (positive predictive value 95.35%) for the patient-completed questionnaire and 96% sensitivity with 70.67% specificity (98.15 positive predictive value) for the clinician-completed questionnaire when used to predict the outcome of NCS. Binary logistic regression confirmed the original scoring algorithm and a revised algorithm did not significantly improve sensitivity. Adoption of the clinician-completed CTQ would have screen out 54% of referrals for NCS, which in the case of the study site would have conferred cost savings of £73,305 per annum (base upon a referral rate of 750 per annum). The patient-completed CTQ in the current sample resulted in 43% of referrals with suspected CTS not requiring NCS to assist in diagnosis with a potential saving of £58,372.5 per annum. There are further considerations of the reduction in waiting times, which are explored further within the analysis. Conclusion: Economic evaluation is complex due to the variety of pathways adopted by different orthopaedic departments. While the results of the Patient-complete version of the CTQ may not be as convincing as the clinician completed the study does provide validation for its use and expands the versatility of this useful adjunct to the assessment of CTS. Both versions could potentially confer significant cost savings and reduce demands on investigative services, reducing waiting times and improving the patient journey in suspected CTS.