After the Second World War, the service sector in many countries, including the highly developed and the developing countries, started growing and making up the bulk of the economies of those countries. Some of the factors for that radical change are: the changing patterns of government ownership and regulation, privatization, technological innovations, servitization, internationalization, globalization, etc. The purpose of this article is to investigate and to suggest a classification of the existing literature in the field of service economy. The results of the systematic review of the area of the service economy are presented in a thematic order. Moreover, the findings are connected with the economical schools of thought - welfare state and neoliberalism. The key findings reveal that the social, economic, and technological changes brought by the Third Industrial Revolution were essential for the dissemination and development of the service sector.

This thesis explores the emergence and proliferation of public consultative bodies (PCBs) in contemporary Russia. Created by the government and regulated by law, PCBs are formal groups of NGO leaders, academics, journalists, entrepreneurs and public figures selected by the state, that perform advisory, monitory and support functions to government departments and individuals at federal, regional and municipal levels. The concept of obshchestvennyi kontrol’ (public scrutiny) is employed by Kremlin to refer to the dual activities of oversight and assistance, which PCBs are intended to enact. First appearing ten years ago with the foundation of the Federal Public Chamber in 2004, there are now tens of thousands of PCBs in operation across the country. This thesis constitutes the first systematic analysis of PCBs in English. It uses a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) approach in order to explore the extent to which the portrayal of PCBs in government discourse corresponds to the practices enacted through these institutions in three regional case studies of Moscow, St Petersburg and Samara. It finds that although PCBs are presented by federal and regional leaders as means for citizens merely to assist the authorities in the performance of tasks decided by the state, in practice PCBs can enable citizens modestly to influence policy outcomes and occasionally to shape public agendas. They therefore cannot be dismissed as mere ‘window dressing’ for the authorities. The thesis shows that PCBs were created as part of the market reform of the Soviet-era public sector, in which processes of privatisation, outsourcing and decentralisation reduced the state’s ability to make public policy without input from domestic non-state actors. It argues that the limited participation in governance afforded to citizens through PCBs exemplifies practices of ‘authoritarian neoliberal governance’, a concept that captures the attempts by the state to control policy outcomes produced through new public participatory mechanisms arising from the marketization of state bureaucracy. Although the thesis focuses on the case of Russia, the concept of ‘authoritarian neoliberal governance’ raises the question of the existence of commensurable mechanisms in other non-democratic polities.

1 Abstract The principle of the social state in political theory and the case-law of the Constitutional Court The topic of this work is the phenomenon of the welfare state, social rights and their judicial review performed by the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic. The aim of this paper is to introduce the welfare state in terms of the theoretical, historical and practical implementation of its goals, whether it is a political reality or the decision making practice of the Constitutional Court, which in turn influences political environment. This work is based on theoretical works of political philosophy, findings of constitutional law and the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court. The thesis points out the different understanding of the social question in basic political theories such as liberalism, socialism or feminism. The historical part of this work comprises of the description of the development of social issues in countries such as the United Kingdom and the USA. It is evident that this was a long-term process beginning in the early seventeenth century and continuing to the period of its greatest expansion after World War II. This work also mentions some aspects of poverty. Another important part is the introduction to the theory of typologies of different "regimes" and types of welfare...

This thesis aims to describe the history of welfare state and forms of social security, which preceded the welfare state. Chapter one opens up the topic of the state's role in the social security. It further defines the concept of welfare state, social rights and the link between these phenomenons. Distinctions between social rights and other types of fundamental rights and freedoms are also explored. Chapter two of this thesis aims to describe different approaches to division of welfare state into individual categories. Typology of welfare states is essential to understanding the most important characteristics of individual types of welfare states, the function of welfare state and the ideological, cultural, historical and other roots of the concept of welfare state. Chapter three, the most extensive part of this thesis, describes the welfare state's history itself. The third chapter also summarizes the historical overview of forms of social security, which preceded the welfare state, since the welfare state must be perceived as one of the stages of social security's evolution. Contemporary welfare state carries within itself the heritage of precedeing forms of social security and that is why it is necessary to mention these forms characteristic for ancient times, the middle ages and early modern...

Social policy in individual EU countries are different, but at it's core based on the sharing of basic, social and human values. Based on the level of state involvement in social practice to differentate free respectively four ideal types of social policy defined by Esping-Andersen. There are specific indicators such as economic growth, unemployment rate or the level of social expenditure, which can identify different types and distinguish between the level of state particition. The aim of my work is to analyze the European social model and social behavior of states distinguished by thedifferent models they use (Sweden, Germany, Great Britain and Spain). Defined by the European social model, at a certain abstraction of identifying the essential characteristics of social policy in seleted European countries in order to determine which intellectual concept in the typology of social policy is the closest.

O objeto desta dissertação é a perspectiva teórica e política elaborada pelo Partido Socialista Brasileiro entre 1945 e 1950, em particular sua relação com as teses do socialismo democrático e com o advento do Estado de Bem-Estar Social na Europa. São analisados os problemas enfrentados pela organização partidária, os dilemas políticos e as contribuições teóricas dos socialistas no imediato pós-guerra. A partir da pesquisa dos documentos do partido, da imprensa socialista e dos jornais da época, busca-se configurar de que modo os socialistas brasileiros procuraram construir um projeto próprio de democracia associada à ampliação de direitos sociais. Ao mesmo tempo, são discutidas as formas com as quais se flertava com a possibilidade da formação de um terceiro campo socialista internacional, em contraposição aos monopólios capitalistas e ao comunismo de tipo soviético. / The purpose of this dissertation is the theoretical and political perspective developed by the Brazilian Socialist Party between 1945 and 1950, in particular regarding the thesis of democratic socialism and the advent of the Welfare State in Europe. The problems faced by the party organization, political dilemmas and theoretical contributions of the Socialists in the immediate postwar era are analyzed. From the research party documents, the socialist press and the newspapers of the time, it seeks to establish which way the Brazilian socialists have sought to build their own democracy project associated with the expansion of social rights. At the same time, are discussed the forms to the possibility of forming a third international field, in contrast to capitalist monopolies and Soviet-style communism.

Background – This paper examined the literature on the concept of the glass ceiling in the management field, with an emphasis on Finnish and Swedish female leaders' perceptions of the barriers and facilitating factors of their career. Purpose – The purpose of this thesis was to explore the factors that affect the career development of women in the context of Nordic countries, namely in Finland and Sweden. Furthermore, this thesis tried to understand the welfare state paradox better and how the women in Finland and Sweden perceive it. Lastly, the purpose of this study was to find out if there are any differences between the perceptions of these countries due to the societal and cultural differences. Method – Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 female leaders from different companies in Finland and in Sweden. The grounded analysis was used in the qualitative analysis of the coding. Conclusion – The research resulted that there are several barriers and facilitating factors that have affected the career of female leaders. Finnish and Swedish women highlighted their own individual factors such as motivation, self-esteem and courage as the major facilitating factor, and thereof lack of them a barrier. Based on this research, women’s perception of Nordic welfare policies is that they are beneficial to career development, providing an opportunity to focus on work more. Contrary to the expectations, there were relatively few differences in perceptions between Finnish and Swedish female leaders identified in this study. However, it seems that in Sweden the responsibilities about family are shared more equally and the overall social atmosphere is more encouraging for women's career success.

Cette thèse présente l'articulation entre les politiques de développement économique et les politiques sociale de la Russie depuis le début de la transformation postsocialiste. Considérant que la protection sociale peut constituer un tremplin pour conquérir le bien-être collectif, elle examine la capacité de l'État-providence russe à se mettre au service de la croissance économique du pays. Elle s'appuie sur les théories économiques traitant de l'évolution institutionnelle et de la variété des capitalismes pour analyser les conditions initiales et les principales évolutions de l'État-providence et rendre compte de la trajectoire de transformation suivie depuis 1990. Dans un premier temps, les réformes ont engendré une détérioration sensible des conditions d vie de la population qui s'est traduite par une augmentation des inégalités sociales et de la pauvreté. Après 2000, le retour de la croissance a permis de renforcer le système de protection sociale. L'étude des données de dispersion des revenus à partir d'indicateurs de polarisation montre que la polarisation ne décroît pas avant 2005, ce qui permet d'éclaircir les débats fréquents sur la notion de classe moyenne en Russie. L'analyse du nouvel État-providence depuis le début des années 2000 met en évidence la continuité structurelle de l'État social russe. La montée des dépenses d'intervention sociale de l'État témoigne d'un rapprochement avec les pays occidentaux, mais cet essor n'a été possible que grâce aux recettes d'exportation des hydrocarbures. En outre, la politique sociale actuelle reste trop tournée vers la famille et les retraités, au détriment de la population active ou en âge scolaire. / The thesis presents the articulation between economic development policies and social policies of Russia since the beginning of the post-socialist transformation. Whereas welfare system can be a springboard to win collective well-being, the study examines the capacity of the Russian welfare state to serve the country's economic growth. lt relies on economic theories dealing with institutional evolution and the varieties of capitalism to analyze the initial conditions and major changes in the welfare state and explain the path of transformation sin ce 1990. At first the reforms generated a sensitive deterioration of the living conditions of thE population, which led to a sharp increase in incarne inequality and in poverty. After 2000, the return to growth has helped strengthen the social protection system. The study of incarne dispersion data from polarization indicators shows that the polarization does not decrease before 2005, allowing clarify the frequent debate on the concept of middle class in Russia. The analysis of the new welfare state since the beginning of 2000 highlights the structural continuity of the Russian social state. The rise of state social intervention expenditure reflects a closer link with Western countries, but this expansion was possible only thanks to export earnings o hydrocarbons. Furthermore, the current social policy remains tao oriented towards family and pensioners to the detriment of the workforce or the school-aqe population.

This thesis focuses on processes of Aboriginal community-making in Redfern, an inner city suburb of Sydney, Australia. It addresses the ways in which the Australian state governs Aboriginal people by developing 'projects of legibility' (and illegibility) concerning Aboriginal community sociality. To address Redfern Aboriginal community-making requires focusing on the ambiguities arising from the contemporary policy of 'Aboriginal self-determination' and adopting an ethnohistorical approach to Aboriginal community-making that has arisen under this policy rubric. By ethnohistorical I refer to the engagement of Aboriginal people in Redfern in Aboriginal community-making policy practices and not a historiography of these policies. Attention will be paid to past and present negotiations concerning the (re)development of the Redfern Aboriginal community and their intersections in the state-led redevelopment process Aboriginal community- makers were engaged in during the course of my research in 2005-2007. These negotiations centre on attempts made to reproduce certain forms of sociality that both reveal and obscure Aboriginal social relations when inscribed in the category 'Aboriginal community'. This analysis is meant to contribute to the limited anthropological research that exists on urban Aboriginal experiences generally and research conducted on Aboriginal experiences in southeastern Australia. It addresses the complex social field of Aboriginal community-making practices that exist in Australia where Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians are located within the bureaucratic structures of the state, institutional networks, as well as non-government community organisations. This research contributes to understanding 'the institutional construction of indigeneity' (Weiner 2006: 19) and how this informs the (re)development of urban Aboriginal communities.

There has been a renewed research focus on developments within the family as a result of the broad social, economic and cultural developments that have occurred across Europe since the middle of the twentieth century. Arguably the rise in female, and particularly maternal employment, has produced the greatest impact on family life and gender roles. Given that this division of labour is changing there is debate about whether men and women's expectations and acceptance of some aspects of gender roles - their gender role attitudes - have also changed. Gender role attitudes feed into an array of sociological debates such as those concerning gender inequalities, women's position in the labour market, declining fertility rates and family breakdown, and naturally feeds into the discourse surrounding welfare state and policy decision making. Whilst discussions that concern the family and personal life have also been littered with debates about the existence and influence of individualisation over every aspect of modern life. Three waves of the European Values Study (EVS) are used to explore gender role attitude change, focusing on the division of labour, over time from 1990 to 2008 and across 19 countries in Europe. Two data classification techniques are used to derive a three pronged and interconnected measure of gender role attitudes (Maternal employment, Job fulfilment and Economic independence). Two types of cluster analyses are then used to explore similarities in attitude change across countries and over time. Five welfare state typologies are then tested based on their efficacy to predict attitudes to gender roles. Finally cohort and sex-based variations in attitudes are also examined. The main findings are:• Gender role attitudes have shifted at the cross-European level towards more progressive perspectives over time from 1990-2008, with men found to be lagging behind women's more liberal attitudes.• There is evidence that welfares state typologies capture only a small amount of variance within gender role attitudes and therefore little evidence is found to support the idea that similarities in family-policy and socio-economic contexts are mirrored by similar attitudes.• The findings uncover evidence to indicate that both cohort and period effects are associated with gender role attitude change over time.• The results also identify some congruence with specific elements from theories of individualisation. The study supports findings of previous research that suggests people in these countries seem to be becoming more accepting of women's evolving biographies but that gender inequalities remain and men's attitudes continue to lag behind those of women. There is evidence to both support and reject the idea that we are living in more individualised societies.