Les bactéries des microbiotes vivent avec l'homme une interaction mutualiste et tout facteur perturbant l'une ou l'autre des parties peut rompre l'équilibre établi engendrant diverses modifications des interactions. Les staphylocoques sont des bactéries opportunistes prévalentes et diverses au sein du microbiote des enfants. Deux modèles complémentaires et d'intérêt clinique majeur ont été utilisés dans le but de 1) décrire la dynamique d'implantation du microbiote digestif chez le très grand prématuré et la transmission de bactéries pathogènes dont les staphylocoques à coagulase négative par voie digestive via le lait maternel, 2) rechercher et caractériser des bactéries opportunistes présentant une résistance aux antibiotiques émergente dans une niche écologique complexe en prenant l'exemple de Staphylococcus aureus de sensibilité diminuée aux glycopeptides (GISA/hGISA) dans les voies respiratoires au cours de la mucoviscidose.Staphylococcus epidermidis est l'espèce prédominante dans les selles des nouveau-nés prématurés. Le lait maternel même pasteurisé est porteur de staphylocoques à coagulase négative. Au niveau des populations, un répertoire d'espèces similaire est retrouvé dans le lait cru, le lait pasteurisé, les selles et le sang. L'étude des cas montre une clonalité entre des souches du lait avant pasteurisation, des selles et du sang. La transmission du streptocoque du groupe B par le biais du lait maternel lors des infections tardives est un exemple de l'hypothèse physiopathologique proposée.Cinq cas de souches S. aureus GISA/hGISA dans le microbiote respiratoire des sujets atteints de mucoviscidose sont décrits. Ces résistances retrouvées chez 4,7% des patients atteints de mucoviscidose et colonisés/infectés par S. aureus ont des caractéristiques atypiques, 3 souches sur 8 étant méticillinosensibles. De plus, les facteurs de risque d'acquisition et de sélection classiquement décrits pour S. aureus GISA/hGISA ne sont pas systématiquement présents, suggérant un rôle particulier de la niche pathologique constituée par les voies respiratoires des patients atteints de mucoviscidose dans l'émergence de ces souches.La dynamique de transmission et d'émergence de pathogènes opportunistes au sein des microbiotes est un élément de connaissance considérable pour améliorer la prévention des infections et anticiper de la prise en charge chez de patients de plus en plus fragiles. / Staphylococci are prevalent opportunistic bacteria in children' microbiota. Two models were used in order to 1) describe the dynamic of colonization of the digestive microbiota in premature neonate and the transmission of pathogenic bacteria as coagulase negative staphylococci from the gastrointestinal tract via breast milk, 2) search and characterize opportunistic bacteria with emerging antibiotic resistance in a complex microbiota with the example of Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides in respiratory tract in cystic fibrosis.

Resumo: Por meio de exames clínicos e análises laboratoriais, o presente trabalho avaliou a prevalência de cárie dentária e a relação entre os fatores presença de cárie dental, biofilme bacteriano visível e contagem de Streptococcus grupo mutans em crianças com idade entre 12 e 48 meses, sendo 26 portadoras (grupo teste) e 142 não portadoras da síndrome de Down (grupo controle). A prevalência de cárie dentária no grupo teste foi de 15,38% e no grupo controle de 31,69%. No grupo controle houve aumento estatisticamente significativo do índice ceo-d e dos níveis de Streptococcus grupo mutans a partir dos 36 meses de idade. Nos dois grupos, com o aumento da idade, aumentou o número de crianças colonizadas por Streptococcus grupo mutans. Foi observada dependência estatisticamente significativa entre a presença de lesão cárie dentária e altos níveis de Streptococcus do grupo mutans tanto no grupo teste quanto no grupo controle. Houve também correlação positiva estatisticamente significativa entre a presença de lesão de cárie dentária e a presença de biofilme bacteriano visível, e entre a presença de biofilme bacteriano visível e altos níveis de Streptococcus do grupo mutans apenas no grupo controle. / Abstract: This study evaluated the dental caries prevalence and the relationship among dental caries, visible bacterial biofilm and mutans streptococci counts in children with Down syndrome (test-group=26) and in health children (control-group=142), aged from 12 to 48 months. The caries prevalence was 15.38% in the test group and 31.69% in the control-group. The dmf-t index and the mutans streptococci levels had a significant statistic increase after 36 months of age in the control group. The number of children who harbored mutans streptococci had a significant increased with age in all children (test and control groups). In both groups dental caries and high levels of mutans streptococci presented a strong positive correlation. High positive correlation was also observed between visible bacterial biofilm and dental caries lesions and between visible bacterial biofilm and high levels of mutans streptococci in the control-group, but not in the test-group. Keywords: Down syndrome, dental caries, mutans streptococci, biofilm. / Orientador: Ângela Cristina Cilense Zuanon / Coorientador: Denise Madalena Palomari Spolidorio / Banca: Fábio César Braga de Abreu e Lima / Banca: Cássia Cilene Dezan Garbelini / Mestre

Fresh produces, fruit juices and herbal teas used in our regular diet may have importance in the protective treatment of some infectious diseases. In this study, dietary produces were investigated for their antioxidant activities and antimicrobial activities against group A &szlig / -haemolytic streptoccoci. Streptococcus pyogenes, a member of the group A &szlig / -haemolytic streptococci, is a very dangerous pathogen, which may cause diseases such as tonsillopharyngitis, meningitis, rheumatic arthritis. Fruits and vegetables / onion, radish, carrot, plum, fruit juices / orange, peach, pomegranate, grape and teas / sage, anise, rosehip, chamomile were chosen as samples of regular daily diets. Dry extracts were obtained either by lyophilizing or fractionating in ethyl acetate. Antioxidant activities of extracts were examined by total phenolic content determination, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging (DPPH) methods. Antimicrobial activities of extracts were studied by disk diffusion test, minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration methods. Sage, plum, onion and radish displayed high radical scavenging activity with EC50 values of 0.043, 0.049, 0.148 and 0.414 mg/mL, respectively. Plum, sage, onion and radish were found high in total phenolic contents with &amp / #956 / g gallic acid equivalent of 50.506, 48.299, 44.427 and 13.135 in mg extract, respectively. High antimicrobial activities were obtained by onion, radish, anise, carrot and peach extracts as tested by disk diffusion method with respective 20, 16, 16, 14 and 14 millimeters clear growth inhibition zones. Carrot, onion and radish extracts were found as effective bacteriostatic and bactericidal agents with minimum inhibitory and bactericidal respective concentrations of 0.008, 0.125, 0.250 mg/mL and 0.06, 0.5, 1 mg/mL.

The bacteria of genus Streptococci are among the most significant producers of hyaluronic acid in industrial scale. One of the typical representatives of that group is Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. The production of hyaluronic acid in Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus is heavily influenced by cultivation conditions and by genetic alterations. The present work describes the deletion of genes covR and covS responsible for transcriptional regulation of stress response. According to Galeas a kol. [35] the deletion of these genes in S. pyogenes led to the hyaluronic acid capsule increase. As the S. pyogenes and S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus share approx. 80 % of genome, it was assumed, that the deletion of genes covR and covS in Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus genome would lead to the higher hyaluronic acid production. The new strain SEZ covRS was obtained by allelic replacement mutagenesis. The cultivations performed in laboratory-scale fermenters in rich Wheat E1 medium showed approx. 9% higher production over parental strain. Therefore, the covRS regulation system plays the same role in Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus and indirectly regulates the biosynthesis of hyaluronic acid.

Heterotrimeric Gi proteins play a role in signalling activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and group B streptococci (GBS), leading to production of inflammatory mediators. We hypothesized that genetic deletion of Gi proteins would alter cytokine and chemokine production induced by LPS, SA and GBS stimulation. LPS-induced, heat-killed SA-induced and heat-killed GBS-induced cytokine and chemokine production in peritoneal macrophages from wild-type (WT), Gαi2-/- or Gαi1/3-/- mice were investigated. LPS induced production of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10 and interferon-γ-inducible protein-10 (IP-10); SA induced TNF-α, and IL-1β production; and GBS induced TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) and keratinocyte chemoattract (KC) production were all decreased (P < 0.05) in Gαi2-/- or Gαi1/3-/- mice compared with WT mice. In contrast to the role of Gi proteins as a positive regulator of mediators, LPS-induced production of MIP-1α and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were increased in macrophages from Gαi1/3-/- mice, and SA-induced MIP-1α production was increased in both groups of Gαi protein-depleted mice. LPS-induced production of KC and IL-1β, SA-induced production of GM-CSF, KC and IP-10, and GBS-induced production of IL-10, GM-CSF and IP-10 were unchanged in macrophages from Gαi2-/- or Gαi1/3-/- mice compared with WT mice. These data suggest that Gi2 and Gi1/3 proteins are both involved and differentially regulate murine inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production in response to both LPS and Gram-positive microbial stimuli.

La découverte d'un contexte génétique chez les streptocoques – codant un petit peptide hydrophobe (SHP) et un régulateur transcriptionnel appartenant à la famille Rgg –, suivi de l'étude d'un de ces loci chez S. thermophilus LMD-9, a conduit à l'hypothèse que les protéines régulatrices Rgg en association avec une phéromone putative SHP pourraient intervenir dans un mécanisme de type quorum-sensing (QS) chez les bactéries à Gram positif. La première partie de ma thèse a consisté à confirmer cette hypothèse sur le locus shp/rgg1358 de S. thermophilus LMD-9, espèce contenant le plus grand nombre de systèmes SHP/Rgg dans son génome. Pour ceci, les étapes impliquées dans un mécanisme de QS ont été étudiées : la sécrétion, la maturation et la détection à une concentration seuil de la phéromone, sa réimportation à l'intérieur de la cellule, son interaction avec un régulateur transcriptionnel et enfin l'interaction de la protéine régulatrice à l'ADN. Par l'utilisation d'approches génétiques et biochimiques, nous avons démontré l'existence d'un nouveau mécanisme de QS impliquant pour la première fois un régulateur transcriptionnel Rgg et une phéromone SHP, importée à l'intérieur de la cellule par le transporteur d'oligopeptides AmiCDEF. Le rôle de la protéase membranaire, Eep, a également été démontré dans la maturation de la phéromone, dont la forme mature a été déterminée par spectrométrie de masse et validée in vivo. Dans un second temps, nous avons exploré la fonctionnalité de ce nouveau mécanisme sur d'autres loci shp/rgg, dans le but d’étudier l'existence d’éventuels phénomènes de cross-talk entre les bactéries. L'étude de nouveaux loci, en système hétérologue chez S. thermophilus LMD-9, a permis d'étendre la fonctionnalité du mécanisme à deux systèmes SHP/Rgg de streptocoques pathogènes, à savoir S. agalactiae et S. mutans. En parallèle à ce travail de caractérisation, l'identification des régulons des systèmes SHP/Rgg a été entreprise. La construction d'un arbre phylogénétique des protéines Rgg-like a permis d'identifier 68 systèmes SHP/Rgg, que nous avons classés en trois groupes. L'analyse des régions promotrices des gènes shp a conduit à l'identification d'un site putatif de liaison des protéines Rgg à l'ADN spécifiques de chaque groupe SHP/Rgg. Une approche in silico a ensuite été menée afin de rechercher, dans les génomes séquencés de streptocoques, les gènes cibles putatifs. Alors que des cibles proximales ont été détectées pour les groupes II et III, des cibles distales ont été identifiées dans les groupes I et II. Actuellement, la validation de certaines cibles est en cours au laboratoire. A l'avenir, ce travail pourrait permettre le développement de petits peptides permettant d'optimiser l'utilisation de S. thermophilus en industries laitières et de réduire la virulence des streptocoques pathogènes. / The discovery of a genetic context – encoding a small hydrophobic peptide (SHP) and a transcriptional regulator belonging to the Rgg family (in nearly all streptococcal genomes) –, following by the study of one of this loci in S. thermophilus LMD-9, led to the hypothesis that the regulatory proteins Rgg in association with a putative pheromone SHP could define a novel quorum-sensing (QS) regulatory mechanism in Gram-positive bacteria. The first part of my PhD consisted to validate this hypothesis. For this purpose, we analyzed the SHP/Rgg system in all the steps that are commonly involved in QS mechanisms: (i) secretion of the putative pheromone, (ii) maturation of the pheromone, (iii) capture of the pheromone from the external environment at a threshold concentration, (iv) importation of the pheromone inside the cell and (v) interaction of the transcriptional regulator to the promoter regions of targeted genes. Experimentally, we focused on the so-called shp/rgg1358 locus of S. thermophilus LMD-9, which is the streptococcal species containing the largest number of shp/rgg pairs in its genome. By using genetic and biochemistry approaches, we uncovered a new QS mechanism that involves the pheromone SHP, the oligopeptide transporter AmiCDEF for the uptake of the pheromone and the transcriptional regulator Rgg for the control of target gene expression. Furthermore, we showed that the membrane protease Eep participates in the production of the mature pheromone, which has been identified by mass spectrometry. Once characterized, the second part of my PhD was to explore the functionality of this new QS system in other streptococcal strain or species, in order to determine if cross-reactivity phenomenon between streptococci can occur. By using heterologous expression in S. thermophilus LMD-9, we extended the functionality of the SHP/Rgg system to two pathogenic streptococcal species, i.e. S. agalactiae and S. mutans. The last part of my PhD consisted in identifying the regulon of all SHP/Rgg systems. Following the construction of a phylogenetic tree of the Rgg-like proteins in low GC Gram-positive bacteria, we identified 68 SHP/Rgg systems that we classified in three groups. Analyzing the promoter regions of all shp genes led to the identification of a putative Rgg DNA binding site specific to each SHP/Rgg group. An in silico approach was used to scan all sequenced streptococcal genomes for the three identified patterns. Whereas proximal target genes were detected for groups II and III, distal target genes were found in groups I and II. In addition, we uncovered that putative Rgg DNA binding sites can be localized in coding or non-coding region. Currently, validations are in progress. To sum-up, my PhD studies provided evidences that the Rgg proteins in association with small peptide pheromones define a new QS mechanism that seems to regulate the expression of distal and proximal genes in a species-dependent manner. Important insights should be obtained concerning a putative crosstalk among streptococci that involves the SHP/Rgg QS system. My studies may constitute a basis for the development of small peptides to optimize the use of S. thermophilus in dairy factories and reduce the virulence of pathogenic streptococci.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a desmineralização do esmalte após períodos de 4, 7 e 10 dias de acúmulo de placa bacteriana in situ, além da influência de fatores salivares e microbiológicos no processo. Após a avaliação do fluxo salivar estimulado, capacidade tampão da saliva e níveis salivares de estreptococos do grupo mutans, 13 voluntários utilizaram dispositivos intrabucais palatinos contendo 4 blocos de esmalte bovino (4 X 4 X 2 mm) polidos, cobertos por uma tela plástica, durante 3 períodos cruzados de 4, 7 e 10 dias. Os voluntários utilizaram um dentifrício não fluoretado e gotejaram 10 vezes ao dia uma solução de sacarose a 20% sobre os blocos de esmalte. A microdureza superficial dos blocos foi determinada antes e após a desmineralização in situ, utilizando um penetrador Knoop e carga de 50 g por 5 s. Ao final de cada fase experimental, a placa bacteriana formada sobre os blocos foi coletada e a porcentagem de estreptococos mutans em relação ao número de bactérias totais foi determinada. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante, segundo o teste “t" pareado, entre a microdureza inicial e final nos três períodos estudados (p<0,05). A porcentagem de perda de dureza superficial (%PDS) foi em média de 13,8%, 19,3% e 48,3%, nos períodos de 4, 7 e 10 dias. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre a %PDS com 4 e 7 dias, de acordo com a análise de variância e teste de Tukey (p<0,05). A correlação entre a %PDS e os fatores salivares e microbiológicos avaliados foi determinada por meio dos coeficientes de correlação de Pearson e Spearman, com p<0,05. Não foi encontrada correlação estatisticamente significante entre a %PDS e os fatores salivares avaliados inicialmente. Em aproximadamente metade das análises de placa bacteriana não foram detectados estreptococos mutans, embora tenha ocorrido desmineralização do esmalte. A porcentagem de estreptococos mutans na placa bacteriana não apresentou correlação com os níveis salivares dessas bactérias. Não foi encontrada correlação entre a %PDS e a porcentagem de estreptococos mutans na placa bacteriana formada sobre os blocos de esmalte. A %PDS nos blocos cobertos por placa bacteriana em que foram detectados estreptococos mutans foi estatisticamente maior do que nos blocos em que eles não foram detectados, apenas no período de 4 dias, de acordo com o teste de Mann-Whitney (p<0,05). Os resultados mostraram desmineralização do esmalte in situ após curtos períodos de acúmulo de placa bacteriana, não tendo sido encontrada relação com os fatores salivares avaliados ou com as contagens de estreptococos mutans na saliva e na placa. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the in situ enamel demineralization during 4, 7 and 10 days and some of the factors influencing the process. Before the beginning of the in situ phase, a stimulated whole saliva sample was collected from 13 volunteers for 5 min and the salivary secretion rate, buffering capacity and numbers of mutans streptococci were estimated. A palatal appliance containing 4 polished bovine enamel blocks (4 X 4 X 2 mm) covered by a plastic mesh was worn on 3 separate periods of 4, 7 and 10 days, throughout which time a non-fluoridated dentifrice was used. A 20% sucrose solution was dripped extra-orally onto the enamel blocks 10 times a day. All enamel blocks were evaluated by the analysis of enamel surface microhardness before and after in situ demineralization, using a 50 g, Knoop load for 5 s. At the end of each period, plaque covering the enamel blocks was collected and analyzed for the % of mutans streptococci of the total viable counts. Paired-t test showed that initial and final microhardness were statistically different at the three periods evaluated (p<0.05). Change in surface microhardness (%CSMH) was 13.8%, 19.3% and 48.3% during the 4, 7 and 10-day periods, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference on the %CSMH between 4 and 7 days, according to analysis of variance and Tukey’s test (p<0.05). Correlation between %CSMH and the salivary and bacteriological factors evaluated was determined using Pearson’s and Spearman’s coefficient of correlation (p<0.05). The %CSMH was not significantly correlated to the salivary factors determined initially. In about half of the plaque samples analyzed mutans streptococci were not detected, although the enamel showed some demineralization. The % of mutans streptococci in plaque samples was not correlated to its numbers in saliva. There was no statistically significant correlation between the %CSMH and the % of mutans streptococci in plaque over the enamel blocks. The presence of these bacteria in plaque significantly increased enamel demineralization when compared to the blocks where they were not detected only at 4 days, according to Mann-Whitney test (p<0.05). The results showed in situ enamel demineralization after short periods of plaque accumulation, which was not related to the salivary factors evaluated nor to the numbers of mutans streptococci in saliva or plaque.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Estreptococos do grupo B (EGB), principalmente sorotipo III são a principal causa de pneumonia neonatal, sepse e meningite. O potencial de virulência das amostras de EGB pode determinar a colonização ou a infecção do hospedeiro. Como o pulmão constitui uns dos primeiros órgãos durante o processo de invasão sistêmica por EGB, nós decidimos investigar os mecanismos de adesão e invasão de amostras do sorotipo III (90356-líquor e 80340-vagina) com linhagem de células epiteliais do pulmão humano (A549). Desta forma, o principal objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade de aderência e invasão de duas amostras de EGB sorotipo III com células de epiteliais pulmonares A549, a persistência bacteriana intracelular, a fusão com compartimentos acídicos, potencial citotóxico e indução de apoptose. As amostras mostraram capacidade de aderir e invadir o epitélio pulmonar A549, onde a amostra 90356-líquor isolada de paciente a que apresentou maior propriedade adesiva e invasiva que a amostra 80340-vagina (p<0,05). Ambas as cepas mostraram persistência intracelular sem replicação no interior do epitélio respiratório até 24h de incubação. Além disso, verificamos que os EGB são capazes de promover vacuolização celular permanecendo viáveis dentro de vacúolos acídicos, sugerindo a ocorrência de fusão lisossomo-fagossomo. A amostra 90356-líquor também mostrou maior citotoxidade quando comparada com a amostra 80340-vagina. A análise por citometria de fluxo demonstrou, pela primeira vez, que o EGB induz apoptose em epitélio respiratório, podendo representar um mecanismo importante para o desenvolvimento da lesão celular aguda e a patogênese bacteriana. / Group B streptococci (GBS), mainly serotype III, is a major cause of neonatal pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis. Virulence potential of GBS strains may determine the outcome of host colonization or infection. Because the lung constitutes a first step in GBS systemic invasion processes, we have investigates the adherence and invasion mechanisms of GBS-III isolates to human lung epithelial cell line (A549). Thus, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of adhesion and invasion of GBS strains serotype III (90356-liquor and 80340-vagina) with A549 lung epithelial cells, intracellular bacterial persistence, fusion with acidic compartments, cytotoxic potential, and induction of apoptosis. The strains showed ability to adhere and invade the epithelial A549 cells; GBS 90356-liquor isolated from a patient showed a more efficient adherence and invasion properties than GBS-III 80340 isolated from vagina (P<0,05). Both strains showed persistent intracellular viability without replication into A549 cells up to 24h incubation. In addition, we found that GBS are able to promote cellular vacuolization and persisted viable inside acidic vacuoles, suggesting lysosome-phagosome fusion. The GBS 90356-líquor also showed higher cytotoxicity when compared with 80340-vagina strain. The present work describe for first time by flow cytometry that GBS induces apoptosis in respiratory epithelium and be an important mechanism for the development of acute cellular injury and bacterial pathogenesis.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Estreptococos do grupo B (EGB), principalmente sorotipo III são a principal causa de pneumonia neonatal, sepse e meningite. O potencial de virulência das amostras de EGB pode determinar a colonização ou a infecção do hospedeiro. Como o pulmão constitui uns dos primeiros órgãos durante o processo de invasão sistêmica por EGB, nós decidimos investigar os mecanismos de adesão e invasão de amostras do sorotipo III (90356-líquor e 80340-vagina) com linhagem de células epiteliais do pulmão humano (A549). Desta forma, o principal objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade de aderência e invasão de duas amostras de EGB sorotipo III com células de epiteliais pulmonares A549, a persistência bacteriana intracelular, a fusão com compartimentos acídicos, potencial citotóxico e indução de apoptose. As amostras mostraram capacidade de aderir e invadir o epitélio pulmonar A549, onde a amostra 90356-líquor isolada de paciente a que apresentou maior propriedade adesiva e invasiva que a amostra 80340-vagina (p<0,05). Ambas as cepas mostraram persistência intracelular sem replicação no interior do epitélio respiratório até 24h de incubação. Além disso, verificamos que os EGB são capazes de promover vacuolização celular permanecendo viáveis dentro de vacúolos acídicos, sugerindo a ocorrência de fusão lisossomo-fagossomo. A amostra 90356-líquor também mostrou maior citotoxidade quando comparada com a amostra 80340-vagina. A análise por citometria de fluxo demonstrou, pela primeira vez, que o EGB induz apoptose em epitélio respiratório, podendo representar um mecanismo importante para o desenvolvimento da lesão celular aguda e a patogênese bacteriana. / Group B streptococci (GBS), mainly serotype III, is a major cause of neonatal pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis. Virulence potential of GBS strains may determine the outcome of host colonization or infection. Because the lung constitutes a first step in GBS systemic invasion processes, we have investigates the adherence and invasion mechanisms of GBS-III isolates to human lung epithelial cell line (A549). Thus, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of adhesion and invasion of GBS strains serotype III (90356-liquor and 80340-vagina) with A549 lung epithelial cells, intracellular bacterial persistence, fusion with acidic compartments, cytotoxic potential, and induction of apoptosis. The strains showed ability to adhere and invade the epithelial A549 cells; GBS 90356-liquor isolated from a patient showed a more efficient adherence and invasion properties than GBS-III 80340 isolated from vagina (P<0,05). Both strains showed persistent intracellular viability without replication into A549 cells up to 24h incubation. In addition, we found that GBS are able to promote cellular vacuolization and persisted viable inside acidic vacuoles, suggesting lysosome-phagosome fusion. The GBS 90356-líquor also showed higher cytotoxicity when compared with 80340-vagina strain. The present work describe for first time by flow cytometry that GBS induces apoptosis in respiratory epithelium and be an important mechanism for the development of acute cellular injury and bacterial pathogenesis.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a desmineralização do esmalte após períodos de 4, 7 e 10 dias de acúmulo de placa bacteriana in situ, além da influência de fatores salivares e microbiológicos no processo. Após a avaliação do fluxo salivar estimulado, capacidade tampão da saliva e níveis salivares de estreptococos do grupo mutans, 13 voluntários utilizaram dispositivos intrabucais palatinos contendo 4 blocos de esmalte bovino (4 X 4 X 2 mm) polidos, cobertos por uma tela plástica, durante 3 períodos cruzados de 4, 7 e 10 dias. Os voluntários utilizaram um dentifrício não fluoretado e gotejaram 10 vezes ao dia uma solução de sacarose a 20% sobre os blocos de esmalte. A microdureza superficial dos blocos foi determinada antes e após a desmineralização in situ, utilizando um penetrador Knoop e carga de 50 g por 5 s. Ao final de cada fase experimental, a placa bacteriana formada sobre os blocos foi coletada e a porcentagem de estreptococos mutans em relação ao número de bactérias totais foi determinada. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante, segundo o teste “t” pareado, entre a microdureza inicial e final nos três períodos estudados (p<0,05). A porcentagem de perda de dureza superficial (%PDS) foi em média de 13,8%, 19,3% e 48,3%, nos períodos de 4, 7 e 10 dias. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre a %PDS com 4 e 7 dias, de acordo com a análise de variância e teste de Tukey (p<0,05). A correlação entre a %PDS e os fatores salivares e microbiológicos avaliados foi determinada por meio dos coeficientes de correlação de Pearson e Spearman, com p<0,05. Não foi encontrada correlação estatisticamente significante entre a %PDS e os fatores salivares avaliados inicialmente. Em aproximadamente metade das análises de placa bacteriana não foram detectados estreptococos mutans, embora tenha ocorrido desmineralização do esmalte. A porcentagem de estreptococos mutans na placa bacteriana não apresentou correlação com os níveis salivares dessas bactérias. Não foi encontrada correlação entre a %PDS e a porcentagem de estreptococos mutans na placa bacteriana formada sobre os blocos de esmalte. A %PDS nos blocos cobertos por placa bacteriana em que foram detectados estreptococos mutans foi estatisticamente maior do que nos blocos em que eles não foram detectados, apenas no período de 4 dias, de acordo com o teste de Mann-Whitney (p<0,05). Os resultados mostraram desmineralização do esmalte in situ após curtos períodos de acúmulo de placa bacteriana, não tendo sido encontrada relação com os fatores salivares avaliados ou com as contagens de estreptococos mutans na saliva e na placa. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the in situ enamel demineralization during 4, 7 and 10 days and some of the factors influencing the process. Before the beginning of the in situ phase, a stimulated whole saliva sample was collected from 13 volunteers for 5 min and the salivary secretion rate, buffering capacity and numbers of mutans streptococci were estimated. A palatal appliance containing 4 polished bovine enamel blocks (4 X 4 X 2 mm) covered by a plastic mesh was worn on 3 separate periods of 4, 7 and 10 days, throughout which time a non-fluoridated dentifrice was used. A 20% sucrose solution was dripped extra-orally onto the enamel blocks 10 times a day. All enamel blocks were evaluated by the analysis of enamel surface microhardness before and after in situ demineralization, using a 50 g, Knoop load for 5 s. At the end of each period, plaque covering the enamel blocks was collected and analyzed for the % of mutans streptococci of the total viable counts. Paired-t test showed that initial and final microhardness were statistically different at the three periods evaluated (p<0.05). Change in surface microhardness (%CSMH) was 13.8%, 19.3% and 48.3% during the 4, 7 and 10-day periods, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference on the %CSMH between 4 and 7 days, according to analysis of variance and Tukey’s test (p<0.05). Correlation between %CSMH and the salivary and bacteriological factors evaluated was determined using Pearson’s and Spearman’s coefficient of correlation (p<0.05). The %CSMH was not significantly correlated to the salivary factors determined initially. In about half of the plaque samples analyzed mutans streptococci were not detected, although the enamel showed some demineralization. The % of mutans streptococci in plaque samples was not correlated to its numbers in saliva. There was no statistically significant correlation between the %CSMH and the % of mutans streptococci in plaque over the enamel blocks. The presence of these bacteria in plaque significantly increased enamel demineralization when compared to the blocks where they were not detected only at 4 days, according to Mann-Whitney test (p<0.05). The results showed in situ enamel demineralization after short periods of plaque accumulation, which was not related to the salivary factors evaluated nor to the numbers of mutans streptococci in saliva or plaque.