Bakgrund: Varje år genomgår 35000–38000 kvinnor abort i Sverige. Upplevelser av autonomi, skuld och skam finns beskrivet. En stor del av den svenska befolkningen läser dagstidningar varje dag och massmedia anses ha en viktig roll angående opinionsbildningen. Barnmorskans förhållningssätt ska präglas av kvinnans autonomi och kvinnan ska ses som en kompetent individ som självständigt kan fatta beslut. I barnmorskans arbete ingår att stå upp för kvinnans rättigheter och god kunskap i att framföra dessa rättigheter på basis av evidens och forskning. Kunskap om abortframställandet i dagstidningar är viktigt för barnmorskan då det kan påverka kvinnans beslut och hennes tankar kring aborten. Syfte: Att undersöka hur svenska dagstidningar framställer bilden av abort och abortvård i Sverige Metod: En kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats har tillämpats. Analys har genomförts av 126 artiklar från de fem svenska dagstidningar som har störst räckvidd. Resultat: Aborträtten och kvinnans rätt till autonomi framställs som om den står på spel, fostrets rätt till liv och abortförsvarande krafter engagerar. Fyra kategorier och nio subkategorier framkom ur analysen. Konklusion: Ovanliga och dramatiska aborter och aborthändelser framställs i massmedia framför den okomplicerade majoritetsaborten. Skildringen av abort och abortvård i svenska tidningar kan ses som problematisk då synen på abort i samhället riskerar att stigmatiseras och därmed i slutändan drabba kvinnans autonomi, reproduktiva och sexuella rättigheter. / Background: 35,000-38,000 women undergo abortion in Sweden every year. Experiences of autonomy, guilt and shame are described. A large part of the Swedish population reads newspapers and the mass media is considered to have an important role in public opinion formation. The midwife's approach must be characterized by the woman's autonomy and be seen as a competent individual who can make decisions independently. The midwife's work includes standing up for women's rights and good knowledge in asserting these rights on the basis of evidence and research. Knowledge abort presentation on abortion in newspapers is important for the midwife then it can affect the woman’s decision about abortion. Purpose: To investigate how Swedish newspapers present the image of abortion and abortion care in Sweden. Method: A qualitative analysis with inductive approach has been applied. An analysis of 128 articles from five Swedish daily newspapers with the greatest reach has been carried out. Outcome: The right to abortion and women's right to autonomy are presented as being at stake, the fetus's right to life and women’s right to abortion is engaging. Four categories and nine subcategories are presented. Conclusion: Unusual and dramatic abortions and abortion events are presented in mass media in front of the uncomplicated majority abortion. The portrayal of abortion and abortion care in Swedish media can be seen as problematic as the view of abortion in society risks being stigmatized, and thereby ultimately affecting women's autonomy and reproductive, sexual rights.

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In both Mexico and the U.S., abortion rights protests have been taking place in recent years, but while Mexico is moving forward with the legalization of abortion, the U.S. is going in the opposite direction with the overturning of Roe v. Wade. Through framing, journalists select salient information, shaping audiences' understandings of social movements. The protest paradigm suggests that due to journalistic norms and routines, journalists tend to focus on disruptive acts, which can stigmatize the protest. Additionally, scholars have stated that men and women photojournalists have different approaches to covering certain topics. This cross-national research combined a content analysis of photographs in U.S. and Mexican media with in-depth interviews with photojournalists to determine if photojournalists in each country are reproducing the protest paradigm and if there are gendered differences in how they photograph abortion rights protests. The results revealed that women and men photograph differently, with women capturing more intimate photos; however, photojournalists' gendered experiences are also influenced by how protesters perceive them. Furthermore, the study suggests that photojournalists from both countries are questioning objectivity and are attempting to move away from the protest paradigm. This research provides valuable insights into visual framing theory, protest news coverage, and gendered norms in photojournalism.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / After the fight by the Indiana chapter of the National Organization for Women (Indiana NOW) to include the Equal Rights Amendment into the Constitution of the United States failed at the national level, it was thrust into a battle to protect abortion rights. During the 1980s culture wars, a period of identity politics and antifeminist movements, abortion rights became the largest issue Indiana NOW had to face. Indiana NOW utilized a strategy based on both empathy (to form an emotional motivation) and a political (or legal) strategy to combat the political Right’s attempts to eliminate women’s right to obtain a legal abortion. This thesis looks at Indiana NOW’s strategies to fight for women’s right to keep abortions safe and legal during the 1980s. Understanding Indiana NOW’s efforts throughout the 1980s and into the early 1990s to combat the removal of abortion rights offers a glimpse into how we can understand feminism before, during, and after the culture wars. This understanding allows us to see the utility of and problems with the idea of “waves” of feminism.

Since the Supreme Court's decision of overturning Roe v. Wade’s protection of abortion in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization in 2022, multiple states in the U.S. has put abortion bans into effect. “Problems” are not a fixed concept but rather changeable and dependent on who is looking at it. By using Carol Bacchi’s “What’s the problem represented to be?” approach to policy analysis, the problem representations in the U.S. abortion bans and in human rights are identified and contrasted. The problem representation in the abortion bans is identified as “violations of the rights of unborn children” and the problem representation in human rights is identified as “violations of women’s equal rights.” While the problem representations are found to be opposites, they can both still be critiqued by feminist theory and arguably create inequality for women in different ways. How the problem of abortion is represented to be, and the way rights are used and argued for in the abortion bans as well as in human rights shows how they are not giving women equal rights to rights.

This thesis is set out to examine how women in Abkhazia understand their own (in)security and to explore how the participating women understand the prohibition of abortions that is implemented in the breakaway region. Furthermore, the study seeks to, based on the empirical findings, theorize abortion rights as a security issue. The thesis is guided by Feminist Security Theory and previous feminist literature. The data is generated through ten semi-structured interviews with women. Through a thematic analysis the findings from the interviews are categorized into two main themes that are responding to the two first research questions; How do women in Abkhazia understand their (in)security?; How do women understand the prohibition of abortions? The thematic analysis finds that women in Abkhazia understand their (in)security as dependent on four aspects; conflict context; economic insecurity; political representation and participation; structural inequality and gender-based violence. Moreover, it finds that women’s understanding of the abortion prohibition also includes four aspects; economic insecurity; women’s rights; political representation and participation; the nation’s interests. The findings are understood as mirroring and thus this thesis argues that abortion prohibition exacerbates women’s insecurity. Lastly, it suggests that abortion rights should theoretically be understood as a security issue. The study at hand empirically contributes to the existing literature on women’s (in)security narratives and furthermore adds a theoretical contribution on abortion rights as a security issue.

ABSTRACTEnglish translation of the title: The woman’s right to life – A multimodal critical discourse analysis of abortions rights in RFSU: s external communication.  A topic that has sparked more controversy in recent times, is the abortion rights of women. Lately ideas surrounding the abolishment of abortion rights have been more normalized in society. Restrictive abortion laws have been implemented in countries such as the USA and Poland. The aim of this study was to investigate how the organization RFSU is communicating reproductive rights, specifically the abortion rights and abortion resilience discourse, as well as their organizational identity. The study also aimed to investigate how an organization can encourage people to engage and participate in a digital environment. To answer these aims, two main categories of theories were used. The first category focused on social movements theory and framing, which helps to understand how social movements are presented on social media. The second category focused on external communication and visual identity and provided a perspective on how an organization can use external communication to portray the abortion rights discourse and increase participation among recipients in digital social movements. A qualitative method was used, combining a multimodal critical discourse analysis process with Fairclough’s three-dimensional model. The results of the study showed that maternal mortality, abortion, and sexual information were common themes communicated on RFSU’s Instagram. The results also showed that the abortion rights discourse was usually mentioned in relation to the abortion resilience discourse. However, abortion rights were portrayed as necessary for women’s reproductive rights and threatened by the increasing prevalence of abortion resilience ideas in society. The abortion resilience discourse was represented as a problem due to the danger that restrictive abortion laws pose to women’s lives. Participation was encouraged using hashtags that encouraged people to forward the information on social media or took place in real life and afterwards posting on social media. The organizational identity was portrayed using the same red colour and realistic photos, creating recognition for the organization. In conclusion, abortion rights were portrayed as necessary due to the increasing prevalence of abortion resilience ideas in the world.  Keywords: Abortion, Abortion rights, Multimodal critical discourse analysis, external organization communication, Participation

La recherche visant à développer des prototypes d’utérus artificiels (UA) est motivée par le besoin d’améliorer la prise en charge de grands prématurés humains. Plusieurs sont d’avis que les UA finiront par soutenir le développement de fœtus – que nous appelons « entités en UA » – à un stade de plus en plus tôt dans la gestation, soulevant ainsi plusieurs questions éthiques. À l’aide d’une revue narrative systématisée, ce mémoire analyse les impacts possibles de l’ectogestation sur les aspects moraux ayant une incidence sur le statut légal de l’entité en UA au Canada. Il amorce également une réflexion à savoir quel peut être son statut moral et/ou légal et par extension, quelles sont les implications éthiques et juridiques liées à son traitement. Pour ce faire, différentes écoles de pensée concernant la nature de l’embryon/fœtus et de la personne sont présentées. Ensuite, certains aspects pertinents au statut légal de l’entité en UA sont analysés dont ceux de la naissance et de la viabilité. Finalement, les aspects potentiellement problématiques de ces deux concepts en contexte d’ectogestation sont expliqués, notamment par rapport au droit à l’avortement que nous reformulons comme étant l’« arrêt de l’existence de l’entité en UA » lorsqu’il est question d’ectogestation. Considérant que la valeur morale accordée au produit humain de la conception diffère largement selon les écoles de pensée, et que le droit comporte certaines lacunes pour appréhender les questions relatives au statut légal de l’entité en UA, une analyse bioéthique est nécessaire pour bien encadrer et mener cette réflexion. / The research surrounding the development of artificial womb (AW) prototypes is motivated by the need to improve the treatment for extremely premature infants. Many believe that AW will play a role in supporting the development of the fetus, which we refer to as an “entity in an artificial womb” throughout this thesis, at increasingly earlier stages of gestation, which raises many ethical and legal issues. Using a systematised narrative review, the present master’s thesis analyzes the possible impacts of ectogestation on the moral aspects affecting the legal status of entity in AW in Canada. It also addresses its possible moral and/or legal status and, by extension, the ethical and legal implications related to the treatment of such entities. To do so, it presents different schools of thought concerning the nature of embryos/fetuses and persons, and analyzes relevant aspects concerning the legal status of the entities in AW, especially those relating to birth and viability. It explains how these two concepts might be problematic in the context of ectogestation, especially with respect to abortion rights – in the context ectogestation, we refer to abortion as “termination of the entity in an artificial womb”. Considering that the moral value attached to the result of conception differs substantially from one school of thought to another, and that shortcomings in the law may hinder the understanding of issues related to the legal status of the entity in an AW, a bioethical analysis is necessary to guide and carry out this reflection.

This thesis examines “autonomy” as a political goal of the West German women’s movement from its beginning in 1968 to 1978. As the central concept of the movement, autonomy was interpreted and applied in women’s groups and projects through a variety of organizational principles. The thesis takes case studies of different feminist projects. Successive chapters examine the Berlin Women’s Centre; Verena Stefan’s novel Shedding, the women’s press Frauenoffensive, and the women’s bookstore Labrys; and the periodicals Frauenzeitung, Courage, and Emma. These studies show that autonomously organized projects were characterized by the expression of an anti-hierarchical ethos. The Berlin Women’s Centre organized itself around collective decision making and self sustainability. Women’s writing and publishing projects established an alternative literary space. National feminist periodicals created journalistic spaces capable of coordinating the movement while subverting a dominant viewpoint. These examples illustrate how networks of autonomous projects established an autonomous cultural counter-sphere both separate and different from the established public sphere.

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