The subject of this dissertation is an analysis of the use of verbal tenses in Czech subordinate clauses. This analysis is based on the notions of relative and absolute tenses and on the distinction between content and adjunct clauses. We test the hypothesis about the connection of relative and absolute tense with the type of a subordinated clause (content and adjunct) and propose a revised version of the views presented in Czech grammars, monographs and articles based on a detailed analysis of the data from the Czech National Corpus. The syntactic and semantic criteria for the classification of dependent clauses into content and adjunct classes are studied together with the conditions for the application of relative or absolute tense. The great amount of data exploited from the Czech National Corpus support the idea that beside the expected forms of tense (relative in content clauses, absolute in adjunct clauses) there exists some shifting of the presupposed forms of verbal tenses. The explanation of these shifts is presented in this dissertation as a new contribution to the study of the interplay between Czech morphology and syntax. Key Words: subordinate content clause, relative tense, absolute tense, factual predicate, indirect speech

The main objective of this paper is to construct a site chronology of the Campanayuq Rumi site which is a large ceremonial center of the Formative Period located in the Peruvian south-central highlands. For this purpose, 12 radiocarbon dates obtained from our excavations will be considered in combination with the data of both architectural and ceramic sequences of the site. Through the comprehensive interpretation of these data, we will present a new site chronology of the Campanayuq Rumi site. / El objetivo principal de este artículo es la construcción de la cronología del sitio arqueológico de Campanayuq Rumi, un gran centro ceremonial del Periodo Formativo ubicado en la sierra centro-sur del Perú. Para ello se tomó como base 12 fechados radiocarbónicos obtenidos de las excavaciones de los autores en combinación con los datos de las secuencias arquitectónica y cerámica. Mediante una interpretación integral, se pretende presentar una nueva cronología para este complejo.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo confrontar a teoria da renda da terra de David Ricardo com a análise de Adam Smith sobre este mesmo assunto. Isto significa que este trabalho irá encontrar na obra “A Riqueza das Nações” uma suposta teoria da renda da terra e mostrar que Adam Smith possui uma teoria tão rica quanto à análise de David Ricardo sobre a renda da terra. Será abordada a análise da renda da terra sob o enfoque do desenvolvimento econômico, ou seja, será verificada qual das teorias têm melhores condições de explicar a temática do desenvolvimento econômico sob a ótica da fertilidade da terra e seus rendimentos. Os objetivos específicos serão comprovar a importância do progresso técnico e dos rendimentos crescentes da terra como enfoque de confrontação da teoria da renda da terra de David Ricardo e também verificar a importância da produtividade da terra, inserida na análise de ambos os autores, para o progresso contínuo do desenvolvimento econômico. Para tanto, foram buscadas referências nas próprias obras de Adam Smith e David Ricardo, textos que abordassem o pensamento destes autores e trabalhos que relacionassem o tema progresso técnico e fertilidade da terra. / The aim of this dissertation is to confront the theory of land rent of David Ricardo with the theory of Adam Smith. It means that this dissertation will try to find in the “Wealth of Nation” a theory of land rent and show that Adam Smith have a theory as better as the analyze of land rent by David Ricardo. The dissertation will analyze the land rent by the conception of economic development. It means verify what theory has more condition to explain the economic development by optic of the land fertility. The specific aim will be prove that technical progress and increase fertility, inside analyze of Smith, can confront Ricardo’ theory and verify that land productive, inside analyze of both authors, is important to keep economic development and progress of nations. To build this work, it will be find references own by Adam Smith and David Ricardo, papers by others authors that study the theory of this two authors and books that make connection between technical progress and land fertility.

The scope of this paper is to assess how far the Brazilian constitution goes in protecting the fundamental rights of children and teenagers. Such is accomplished through an axiologic, dogmatic, and sociological perspective. This latter aspect mainly concerns the services provided by the public sector in the city of Maceió. By examining the Brazilian juridical framework, the first perspective is aimed at showing the paradigmatic change when approaching the rights of children and teens. A juridical analysis of the topic may effectively be made through the prism of the paradigmatic crisis. After the promulgation of the new Federal Constitution, the so-called old paradigm, representing the entire legislative output pertaining to the doctrine of irregular situation, was superseded by a new system based on popular participation and social mobilization. Emphasis is also given to the constitutional regime and its repercussion upon ordinary legislation concerning the rights of children and teens. It begins with the broad concept of fundamental rights and of resolving the dichotomy between rights of the individual, of defense, and social rights. The paper also analyzes the modern state system in an attempt to ensure the effectiveness of that which is constitutionally accepted, with special attention given to the situation encountered in the city of Maceió, primarily on how to deal with the public and those mechanisms that afford special protection. Its inefficacy is thus made clear in view of incipient jurisprudence to secure absolute priority, in addition to difficulties in the organizational structure of childhood protection as well as the lack of funds and qualified personnel. Statistics about violence against children and teens perpetrated by adults (criminally imputable) in the state capital of Alagoas have also attested to the need for public intervention. / A presente dissertação tem como escopo a análise da proteção constitucional brasileira aos direitos fundamentais de crianças e adolescentes, valendo-se de uma perspectiva axiológica, dogmática e sociológica. Nesse último aspecto, o estudo refere-se, principalmente, ao tratamento estatal ofertado no município de Maceió. O desiderato da primeira perspectiva é a demonstração da mudança paradigmática ínsita na abordagem do direito da criança e do adolescente, num exame do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Efetivamente, a análise jurídica do tema pode ser estudada sob o prisma da crise paradigmática, pois de um lado tem-se o que se convencionou chamar de velho paradigma, representando toda a produção legislativa pertinente à doutrina da situação irregular, e, a partir da Constituição Federal, surge um novo sistema calcado na participação popular e na mobilização social. É dada ênfase, também, ao regime constitucional e sua repercussão na legislação ordinária dos direitos de crianças e adolescentes, a partir do conceito materialmente aberto dos direitos fundamentais e da superação nessa área da dicotomia entre os direitos individuais, ou de defesa, e os direitos sociais, reputados como prestacionais. Ademais, apresenta uma análise do sistema estatal hodierno, com vistas a assegurar a efetividade do consagrado constitucionalmente, sendo dada especial atenção à realidade existente no município de Maceió, mormente nos mecanismos de proteção especial e nas políticas de atendimento. Nessa seara, evidencia sua ineficácia, diante da incipiente jurisprudência garantidora da prioridade absoluta, além das dificuldades encontradas na estrutura organizacional de proteção à infância, com investimento financeiro insuficiente e necessidade de capacitação funcional. Os dados estatísticos acerca da violência contra crianças e adolescentes praticada por adultos (penalmente imputáveis) na capital alagoana também comprovam a necessidade de intervenção estatal.

Is there a world in G. W. F. Hegel's The Phenomenology of Spirit? This is the central question my doctoral thesis aims to address. Both scholars and philosophers alike tend to consider Hegel a thinker who, having formulated the philosophy of absolute spirit, has surrendered the world. Despite this suspicion, the consciousness finds itself at nearly every level of Hegel's oeuvre in a place called "the world". At every stage, the world changes its shape - along with the consciousness - but its function seems to remain the same. The world is a conception of totality; thus, the world is an object of the consciousness that, by definition, surpasses the consciousness and thus reveals its limits. This moment of a "worldly" estrangement is especially pronounced as the consciousness sets itself into action. One of the most recurring motives in Hegel's The Phenomenology of Spirit is the inability of the consciousness to realize its intentions as planned. The consciousness fails to recognize itself in the deed, and thus devises strategies to distance itself from the deed. In my interpretation, this testifies that the deed is the door to the world, and obviously this world is not one that would be in the power of the consciousness. Instead, it is the consciousness that needs to subordinate itself to the deed...

LOPES, Adriana Alves de Lima. O conceito de natureza em Schelling: um estudo sobre os escritos de 1797-1799. 2007. 110f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Filosofia, Fortaleza (CE), 2007. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-11-05T16:45:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007-DIS-AALLOPES.pdf: 462263 bytes, checksum: edd45aa734ebfcbdf93b2d4f969d4155 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-11-05T18:23:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007-DIS-AALLOPES.pdf: 462263 bytes, checksum: edd45aa734ebfcbdf93b2d4f969d4155 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-11-05T18:23:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007-DIS-AALLOPES.pdf: 462263 bytes, checksum: edd45aa734ebfcbdf93b2d4f969d4155 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Este trabalho visa analisar a concepção de natureza de Schelling a partir de seus escritos iniciais para mostrar que, à luz do jovem Schelling, a Filosofia da Natureza surge como um avanço da teoria de Fichte (que reduz a natureza ao Não-eu) numa dinamicidade da própria natureza. Mas, por outro lado, surge também como um resgate desta postura que assume um Eu absoluto e incondicionado como fundamento de todo saber racional. A partir desta relação originária entre Eu e Não-eu, Schelling elabora a idéia de uma natureza enquanto produtividade livre, orientada por uma atividade originária e incondicionada. Desse modo, sua Filosofia da Natureza surge como física especulativa, onde se faz necessário considerar não apenas os seus produtos, mas também sua produtividade; logo, há na natureza uma organização, de onde se deduz que tudo o que é comprovado na experiência é fruto de um princípio constitutivo da própria natureza, e não simplesmente por princípios regulativos (como pensara Kant). Portanto, para além de uma metafísica da natureza de Kant, Schelling a concebe como unidade objetiva de matéria e forma.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo confrontar a teoria da renda da terra de David Ricardo com a análise de Adam Smith sobre este mesmo assunto. Isto significa que este trabalho irá encontrar na obra “A Riqueza das Nações” uma suposta teoria da renda da terra e mostrar que Adam Smith possui uma teoria tão rica quanto à análise de David Ricardo sobre a renda da terra. Será abordada a análise da renda da terra sob o enfoque do desenvolvimento econômico, ou seja, será verificada qual das teorias têm melhores condições de explicar a temática do desenvolvimento econômico sob a ótica da fertilidade da terra e seus rendimentos. Os objetivos específicos serão comprovar a importância do progresso técnico e dos rendimentos crescentes da terra como enfoque de confrontação da teoria da renda da terra de David Ricardo e também verificar a importância da produtividade da terra, inserida na análise de ambos os autores, para o progresso contínuo do desenvolvimento econômico. Para tanto, foram buscadas referências nas próprias obras de Adam Smith e David Ricardo, textos que abordassem o pensamento destes autores e trabalhos que relacionassem o tema progresso técnico e fertilidade da terra. / The aim of this dissertation is to confront the theory of land rent of David Ricardo with the theory of Adam Smith. It means that this dissertation will try to find in the “Wealth of Nation” a theory of land rent and show that Adam Smith have a theory as better as the analyze of land rent by David Ricardo. The dissertation will analyze the land rent by the conception of economic development. It means verify what theory has more condition to explain the economic development by optic of the land fertility. The specific aim will be prove that technical progress and increase fertility, inside analyze of Smith, can confront Ricardo’ theory and verify that land productive, inside analyze of both authors, is important to keep economic development and progress of nations. To build this work, it will be find references own by Adam Smith and David Ricardo, papers by others authors that study the theory of this two authors and books that make connection between technical progress and land fertility.

L'étude présente est avant tout le résultat d'une préoccupation personnelle de longue durée, qui commence avec mes premières leçons de piano et mes tentatives de jouer la musique de Beethoven. Le désir de savoir autant que possible sur la personnalité, la vie, les événements et les situations qui ont conduit à la naissance d'une œuvre est apparu très tôt. Il est évident et simple à démontrer, par ses propres notes et les témoignages de ceux qui ont écrit sur lui depuis presque deux cents ans, que Beethoven a eu des circonstances extérieures, des événements et des occurrences sociales, même historiques, qui ont déclenché certains thèmes musicaux, auxquels son propre génie et sa sensibilité ont trouvé la forme d'expression qui nous est connue aujourd'hui. Ensuite, deuxièmement, il s'agit dans cette étude d'un engagement strictement théorique. Je souhaite exposer les liens formés le long des presque trois décennies de maladie, entre la déficience auditive et la création musicale de Beethoven. Au-delà de la situation de nature médicale qu'il a accueillie avec une explicable panique, avec un mélange d'impuissance et de dépression, qui l'ont mené au seuil du suicide, presque, environ l'année 1803, la perte de l'ouïe a ouvert un horizon agonique dans l'existence du compositeur, un horizon qui a marqué sa lutte avec le destin. Celui-ci est le thème, sa perception, qui le déterminera à assumer l'image et le rôle du Héros, du Titan tendu sous les épreuves sombres des machinations divines qu'il accueille avec courage et, des fois, même avec défi. C'est de ces tensions que jaillissent quelques-unes de ses œuvres les plus complexes, puissantes, expressives et novatrices, depuis la Symphonie no.3 et jusqu'à la 9ème, les sonates pour piano et certaines de ses compositions pour cordes. Le modèle héroïque a été sans doute salvateur, une circonstance d'émulation titanique qui a aidé Beethoven à mener si loin, dans le sens créatif, sa lourde et, en quelque sorte, ironique déficience. Il faut admettre, d'autre part, que, en dehors de ce modèle romantique de se rapporter au destin par le recours au Héros et au Titan - figures de la grandiose culture grecque classique - on a du mal à déceler la relation du compositeur avec Dieu dans le sens chrétien, sa manière d'intégrer une vision, un sens de la vie fondé sur celui-ci. Certes, Missa Solemnis en Ré majeur op.123, la Symphonie no.9 et quelques autres ouvrages ou parties d'ouvrages, entretiennent l'avis que Beethoven a composé, tout comme Bach, son modèle et maître favori, de la musique de glorification de Dieu. Et si cela est tout à fait vrai, alors notre mission de comprendre son passage par des modèles culturels et religieux si différents devient encore plus difficile. / This study is, above all, the outcome of a long-lasting personal concern that goes back to the period of my first music lessons and my attempts to play Beethoven's music on the piano. My passion for certain musical compositions, the care to interpret them in the way, with the sensitivity and in keeping with their creator's intentions might be translated as follows: 1 wish to perform as if he could hear me and could recognize himself in the music I performed. I was fi lied, at a very early age, with the desire to know as much as possible about his personality, his life, the events and the circumstances that led to the birth of his work. It is obvious and easy to prove, based on Beethoven's own notes and the testimonies of those who have written about him for nearly two hundred years, that there were external triggers, such as social and even historical events or happenings, which activated certain musical themes that his genius and sensitivity gave expression in the form known to us today. In this study, I will speak, at the appropriate time, about situations, contexts and events of this kind: family problems, like the affair involving his nephew Karl, or sentimental issues, like the "lmmortal Beloved" (Der Unsterbliche Geliebte), the drama entailed by hearing Joss, the evolution of event on the European stage during the Napoleonic and post­ Napoleonic periods, etc. Second, this study represents a strictly theoretical undertaking. I wish to present, according to my own understanding, the connections formed throughout the nearly three decades of disease between Beethoven's hearing impairment and his musical creation. Beyond the medical situation that he responded to with understandable panic, with a mixture of helplessness, tremor and depression, which brought him close to the brink of suicide in around the year 1803, the Joss of hearing opened an agonizing horizon in the composer's existence, a horizon against which he waged his battle with destiny. This is the theme, his perception, which led him to take on the image and role of a Hero, of a Titan, strained under the bleak attempts of the divine machinations that he met with courage and, sometimes, even with defiance. It was from these strains that some of his most complex, powerful, expressive and innovative works gushed forth, from his Third and Ninth Symphonies to the piano sonatas and several other compositions for strings. Beethoven was, according to Wagner's very suggestive comparison, the equivalent of Tiresias. Thus, shifting between levels of expression, he could hear pure music with an ear that was no longer disturbed or corrupted by outside sounds. The music he heard and transmitted gushed out of himself, from the depths of his being, which was marked by dignity and prophetic drama in equal measure. His internal hearing was already sensitive to the sounds of the World, to the rhythms of Phenomena, to the turmoil and syncopes of Life. Like Tiresias, Beethoven was a prophet who could hear, understand and transmit the mysterious music of the world to the future centuries. He could hear the music of paradise and convey it in the Pastoral Symphony, he could hear the sublime joy of human brotherhood and convey it at the end of the Ninth Symphony, he could hear the sounds of death and hell and convey them in the serious, funeral passages of the Eroica Symphony of the Hammerklavier Sonata. He could hear the ceaseless melody of life's flow through time, he could understand the sonata of nature, the dance of light, the verve of joy, but also the twilight, pain and night, the end. He could hear the music from which this universe of illusory, transient and capricious forms was made, this universe which we call reality. This, I believe, is the "Last" Beethoven.

Lorsqu'un champ magnétique est appliqué au cours de la solidification directionnelle, une convection dans la phase liquide peut être induite par l'effet thermoélectrique. En effet la présence d'un gradient de température le long du front de solidification peut provoquer la circulation du courant thermoélectrique, qui interagit avec le champ magnétique appliqué pour créer un écoulement (convection thermo électromagnétique-TEMC). Les conditions de transport de soluté et de l'énergie sont affectées par cette convection, donc il y a influence sur l'espacement des dendrites et la macro-ségrégation des composants de l'alliage. Dans ce travail, l'influence du champ magnétique sur la solidification directionnelle d'alliages métalliques est étudiée. Des travaux expérimentaux de la solidification directionnelle de Sn-Pb et Sn-Bi alliages sont réalisés. La solidification directionnelle dans la configuration Bridgman est effectuée avec ou sans champ magnétique appliqué. L'influence, sur la solidification, du champ magnétique et d'un courant électrique (AC et DC) appliqués est étudiée. Les mouvements du liquide provoquent de fortes macro-ségrégations ainsi qu'un modification des espacements interdendritiques. Les résultats expérimentaux sont interprétés à la lumière d'une modélisation heuristique. Le cas d'un champ magnétique tournant a été aussi étudié. Ainsi, la valeur de la rotation du champ est choisie pour ralentir assez brassage électromagnétique sans pour autant supprimer les effets de TEMC. À faible vitesse de tirage et faible vitesse de rotation faible champ une macro-ségrégation en forme de spirale a pu être obtenue. / If magnetic field is applied during directional solidification, liquid phase convection can be induced by means of thermoelectromagnetic effect. Temperature gradient at the solidification front can cause thermoelectric current circulation, which then interacts with field and creates convection (Thermoelectromagnetic convection-TEMC). Solute and energy transport conditions are affected by this convection, thus it influences dendrite spacing and macrosegregation of the alloys. In this work magnetic field influence on the directional solidification of metallic alloys is studied. Experimental work of directional solidification of Sn-Pb and Sn-Bi alloys is done. Alloys are directionally solidified in Bridgman setup without or with applied magnetic field. Influence on the structure by magnetic field and applied electric current (AC and DC) is studied in this work. Analytical and experimental results are compared and interpreted. Bridgman solidification under rotating transverse magnetic field is studied as well, field rotation value is chosen to be slow enough that electromagnetic stirring does not fully suppress effects of TEMC. At low pulling velocity and low field rotation velocity spiral shaped component macrosegregation can be achieved.

L'histoire des avocats est une histoire jalonnée de mutations et de rénovations. Elle s'attache à la métamorphose de la société. La profession de l'avocat reflète ainsi la réalité de la société. C'est l'image d'une société moderne et aussi celle d'une société archaïque où l'avocat défend l'honneur, la dignité et la vie humaine. Au début, l'avocat était tenu d'une obligation de moyens, de déployer les moyens appropriés pour défendre les intérêts de ses clients, et avec le progrès scientifique et à l'instar des autres professions, comme la médecine par exemple, l'avocat est appelé à assumer des tâches plus déterminées surtout pour la rédaction des actes où il doit apporter une sécurité juridique à l'acte rédigé par ses soins, sinon il engage sa responsabilité envers son client. Force est de constater que l'avocat est tenu, aujourd'hui, d'une double obligation, celle de moyens pour défendre les intérêts de ses clients auprès de différentes juridictions, en respectant les délais en vigueurs et la procédure, en plus d'une obligation de résultat pour les activités juridiques qui sont dépourvues de tout aléa. La nature de ces obligations a un infléchissement sur la responsabilité de l'avocat dans ces triples aspects : civil, disciplinaire et pénal. L'étude analytique de la nature des obligations de l'avocat, obligations de moyens ou obligations de résultat et leur incidence sur la responsabilité de l'avocat civil, disciplinaire et pénale nous a conduit à plusieurs conclusions particulières. La responsabilité de l'avocat tenu d'une obligation de moyens, incombe sur le client de démontrer le manquement de son avocat. En revanche, s'il est tenu d'une obligation de résultat, sa responsabilité est présumée. En effet, il y a une incidence directe de la nature des obligations, de moyens ou de résultat, sur le fardeau de la preuve. Subséquemment, la théorie des obligations de moyens et des obligations de résultat est normale dans le domaine contractuel, mais il serait anormal dans le domaine délictuel. Si l'unité de la responsabilité prend forme dans l'idée de violation d'une obligation, il existe des particularités techniques propres à la responsabilité délictuelle dont le juge doit tenir compte. Il n'est pas indifférent que l'obligation soit voulue ou créée par les parties en vue d'obtenir telle ou telle satisfaction, ou qu'elle préexiste à tout rapport juridique, obligeant directement l'individu envers l'ensemble des hommes composant la société ou une partie seulement d'entre eux. Le terme obligation, selon qu'il signifie « engagement consenti » ou « contrainte directe », paraît avoir un contenu variable. Certes, aucun raisonnement juridique précis ne permet d'exclure la responsabilité délictuelle du champ d'application de la théorie des obligations de moyens et des obligations de résultat ; mais, du fait que depuis des siècles on oppose les deux responsabilités, est né le sentiment que le contenu de l'obligation extra-contractuelle ne pouvait être analysé comme les devoirs conventionnels. Toutefois, on ne peut pas rapprocher la théorie des obligations de moyens et des obligations de résultat de la responsabilité extra-contractuelle. Parce que cette théorie ne peut être figurée qu'en matière contractuelle. En conséquence, introduire cette théorie dans le champ de la responsabilité extra-contractuelle procède d'une confusion entre les ordres de responsabilités, leurs logiques propres et leurs régimes juridiques. Aussi, l'avocat peut commettre des infractions pénales ou manquer à ses obligations déontologiques lors de l'exercice de la profession. Ces infractions ou les manquements ont une répercussion sur sa responsabilité et qui peuvent avoir une répercussion sur son parcours et avenir professionnels. / The history of lawyers is a history marked by changes and renovations. It focuses on the transformation of society. The profession of lawyer reflects the reality of society. It is the image of a modern society and in the same time of an archaic society in which the lawyer defends the honor, dignity and human life. Initially, the lawyer was bound by an obligation of means, to deploy appropriate means to defend the interests of clients. But henceforth with the scientific progress and like other professions, such as medicine, the lawyer has to upon to assume more tasks specified particularly for the preparation of acts which must provide legal certainty to the document he writes, otherwise he shall be liable to the client. Obviously, the lawyer held today, a double duty, it means to defend the interests of its clients from various jurisdictions on time in force and the procedure, in addition to that of result for legal activities that are devoid of any hazard. The nature of these obligations has a shift of responsibility of the lawyer in the triple aspects: civil, criminal and disciplinary. The analytical study of the nature of the obligations of the lawyer, obligations of means and obligations of result and impact on the responsibility of the civil, disciplinary and criminal lawyer has led us to several specific conclusions. The responsibility of the lawyer under an obligation of means rests on the client to demonstrate the failure of his attorney. However, it is bound by an obligation of result, its liability is assumed. Indeed, there is a direct impact on the nature of bonds the burden of proof. Subsequently, the theory of obligations of means and obligations of result is normal to a contract, but it would be anomalous in the criminal field. If the unit of responsibility takes shape in the idea of breach of an obligation, there are special techniques that the judge should take into consideration. It is not irrelevant that the obligation is intended or created by the parties to obtain a particular satisfaction, or it predates all legal relationships, forcing the individual to direct all men composing the company or only part of them. The term obligation, as does "commitment made" or "direct coercion" appears to have a variable content. While no specific legal reasoning allows excluding tort the scope of the theory of obligations of means and obligations of result, but the fact that for centuries the two responsibilities are opposed, was born on feeling the content of the non-contractual obligation could not be analyzed as conventional duties. However, we cannot reconcile the theory of obligations of means and obligations of result of extra-contractual liability. Because this theory cannot be figured in contractual matters. As a result, introducing the theory in the field of non-contractual liability arises from confusion between levels of responsibility, their own logic and their legal systems. Also, the lawyer may commit offences or fail to meet its ethical obligations in the exercise of the profession. These offenses or violations have an impact on his responsibility and that can have an impact on his career and professional future.