L'avocat est devenu aujourd'hui un professionnel incontournable de notre société. Celui-ci doit engager sa responsabilité comme tout autre professionnel vis-à-vis de son client au titre de ses droits et devoirs. De nos jours, toute personne est dans le droit d'attendre une réparation lorsqu'un professionnel commet une faute dans l'exercice de ses fonctions. A titre d'exemple, les médias relatent souvent des cas dans lesquels la responsabilité des médecins est engagée par leurs patients. Qu'en est-il du client ayant subi un préjudice causé par son avocat ? Quels sont les mécanismes juridiques mis en œuvre pour engager la responsabilité de celui-ci ? Ce professionnel du droit dispose-t-il d'un système d'assurance particulier ? Autant de questions qui sont souvent méconnues à la fois des justiciables et des professionnels du droit. / Lawyers have become an essential profession in our modern society. Like any other profession, lawyers have a liability towards their clients in respect to their rights and obligations. Nowadays, everyone is entitled to expect compensation when professional people commit an error while performing their duties. As an example, the media often highlight cases in which doctors are held liable by their patients. What about the client who has suffered a loss caused by their lawyer ? What legal mechanisms are used to hold the lawyer responsible? Does this legal professional have access to specific insurance cover ? These and many other questions are frequently unrecognised both by those to be tried and professionals in the law.

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Fiction Novel

Narcissism has been identified as a threat to society and the individual. Individuals with high levels of narcissism (narcissistic personality disorder) struggle to maintain jobs, stable relationships, and healthy life perspectives. Without knowledge about the origins of narcissism, mental health professionals may only be treating the symptoms of narcissism and not the factors that perpetuate its development. The purpose of this study was to measure narcissism in farming and law careers and to determine whether career is a factor in the development of narcissism. It was predicted that career would be an important developmental event and process that would have the ability to influence character traits (such as narcissism) through self-presentation, a process in symbolic interaction theory. To date, there has been no research on type of career as a factor in the development of narcissism. A cross-sectional design and 2-way independent analysis of covariance was used to compare narcissism in farming (N = 46) and law careers (N = 267) at the beginning and middle of individuals' careers, as well as after 10 years of experience. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference in narcissism between farmers and lawyers. Further, there was no significant difference in narcissism levels at the different stages of a law or farming career. Thus, career may not be a factor in the development of narcissism, and future research, theory development, treatment design, and cultural considerations may be best served by focusing on other phenomena to explain narcissism's effect in adulthood.

This dissertation examines the varying roles of lawyers and judges in Canada, the United States, England, France and Germany in a selection of “fictional legal narratives”: novels, movies, television shows and plays that explore legal themes. The study focuses on contemporary works after 1960, and explores the North American fascination with lawyers that saturates the major levels of culture, from the popular (including television shows, movies and novels) to the academic. Fictional images of lawyers and judges not only reflect but arguably also influence our attitudes toward the legal system, and offer a concrete way of conceptualizing abstract legal concepts. However, the vast differences between the Anglo-American adversarial legal system and the continental European inquisitorial legal system spawn very different fictional portraits of lawyers and judges. The differences between fictional legal narratives produced by each country, even those with similarly structured legal systems, are also striking. Chapter One begins by outlining a number of factors that contribute to the proliferation of fictional legal narratives in some countries, and their relative scarcity in other countries. Next, Chapter Two traces the wide range of lawyer images in American fictional legal narratives, which both glamourize and demonize the figure of the lawyer. Turning to anthropomorphizations of law in the United Kingdom, Chapter Three examines the British tendency to perpetuate the idea that, if correctly executed, the fundamental principles of British law would lead to a just and harmonious society. Chapter Four then explores the “anxiety of influence” reflected in Canadian images of law, which are more “soft-boiled” than the fictional legal figures of other countries. Moving to French fictional legal narratives, Chapter Five contemplates the predominance of the juge d’instruction figure and the prevalence of the investigatory mode. The dissertation then discusses the relative scarcity of fictional legal narratives in Germany, and the cynicism in existing German stories about law in Chapter Six. The study concludes by considering the future directions of the law and culture movement, as well as both the challenges and rewards of this interdisciplinary work.

This dissertation examines the varying roles of lawyers and judges in Canada, the United States, England, France and Germany in a selection of “fictional legal narratives”: novels, movies, television shows and plays that explore legal themes. The study focuses on contemporary works after 1960, and explores the North American fascination with lawyers that saturates the major levels of culture, from the popular (including television shows, movies and novels) to the academic. Fictional images of lawyers and judges not only reflect but arguably also influence our attitudes toward the legal system, and offer a concrete way of conceptualizing abstract legal concepts. However, the vast differences between the Anglo-American adversarial legal system and the continental European inquisitorial legal system spawn very different fictional portraits of lawyers and judges. The differences between fictional legal narratives produced by each country, even those with similarly structured legal systems, are also striking. Chapter One begins by outlining a number of factors that contribute to the proliferation of fictional legal narratives in some countries, and their relative scarcity in other countries. Next, Chapter Two traces the wide range of lawyer images in American fictional legal narratives, which both glamourize and demonize the figure of the lawyer. Turning to anthropomorphizations of law in the United Kingdom, Chapter Three examines the British tendency to perpetuate the idea that, if correctly executed, the fundamental principles of British law would lead to a just and harmonious society. Chapter Four then explores the “anxiety of influence” reflected in Canadian images of law, which are more “soft-boiled” than the fictional legal figures of other countries. Moving to French fictional legal narratives, Chapter Five contemplates the predominance of the juge d’instruction figure and the prevalence of the investigatory mode. The dissertation then discusses the relative scarcity of fictional legal narratives in Germany, and the cynicism in existing German stories about law in Chapter Six. The study concludes by considering the future directions of the law and culture movement, as well as both the challenges and rewards of this interdisciplinary work.

Understanding architecture through a contemporary context of the transformations of art and technology was the springboard for this thesis. Identifying folding as a basic transformation became the focus for developing an Old town, Alexandria, Virginia law firm building. Folding is conceptually used in the spatial and inhabitable forms of the building as well as the materials, textures, and finishes of the walls, ceilings, and floors. Folding is structurally investigated by taking once planer and flimsy elements and creating folded, rigid, and load-bearing elements. Architectural concepts of day lighting, shading, rain runoff, partitioning, vertical circulation, horizontal circulation, library stacks, file storage, solar energy collection, gardening, building services, furnishings, reading, and inhabitation are all thought of in terms of folding. Designing a law firm for Old town, Alexandria, Virginia was chosen from a random number generating process cross referenced with the Alexandria, Virginia phone book. I interviewed a local law firm and based the programmatic spaces on their office needs and relationships. / Master of Architecture

Nacionalinė valstybių narių teisė yra įtakojama Europos Sąjungos leidžiamų reglamentų ir valstybės narės dėl teisiškai privalomų tam tikros srities teisės aktų priėmimo ir ta kompetencija direkyvų, kurių turi šalys narės laikytis, tačiau yra sričių, kuriose savo kompetencija dalijasi Europos Sąjunga valstybės narės naudojasi tik tiek, kiek ES nepasinaudojo ar nusprendė nepasinaudoti. 2013m. LR Aukščiausiasis teismas kilus klausimui dėl ES teisės autonominio aiškinimo kreipėsi į Europos Sąjungos Teisingumo Teismą dėl prejudicinio sprendimo priėmimo. Šiame darbe keliama problema yra ta, ar advokatas gali būti pripažintas verslininku, kuris teikia atlygintines teisines paslaugas fiziniui asmeniui, vartotojų teisių apsaugos atžvilgiu. Šiame darbe siekiama: 1) atskleisti advokato profesijos veiklos principus; 2) išanalizuoti advokatų teikiamų teisinių paslaugų turinį; 3) išnagrinėti verslo ir verslininko sąvokas, veiklos ypatumus; 4) palyginti verslininko ir advokato veiklas, išskirti panašumus ir skirtumus; 5) vartotojų teisių apsaugos sutarčių analizavimas ir ES reglamentų bei direktyvų aptarimas šiuo klausimu. Vartojimo sutartis turi atitikti esminius požymius, kad silpnesniajai šaliai būtų suteikiamos vartotojų teisių apsaugos garantijos: 1) paslaugas turi įsigyti fizinis asmuo; 2) paslaugas įsigyjantis fizinis asmuo, jas turi įsigyti savo asmeniniams, šeimos, namų ūkio poreikiams tenkinti; 3) paslaugas teikia fizinis ar juridinis asmuo, kuris yra laikomas verslininku ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The title of this work: Does a lawyer providing legal services to private persons under recoverable concluded contracts for legal services must be recognized as an entrepreneur in consumer protection in law terms? The national law of Member States of the European Union is subject to the regulations and directives that must followed by the Member States, but there are areas where the competence is shared between the European Union and its Member States as concerns the legally binding law-making in a certain area, and the competence is exercised by the Member States to the extent that the EU did exercise or decided not to exercise. The Supreme Court of the Republic of Lithuanian has applied to the European Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling regarding the issue of autonomous interpretation of the EU law in 2013. The problem raised in this work is whether a lawyer can be recognized as an entrepreneur who provides chargeable legal services to natural persons in respect of protection of the consumer rights. This work aims to: 1) identify principles of the professional practice of lawyers; 2) analyze contents of the legal services provided by lawyers; 3) examine the concepts of business and entrepreneur, and business peculiarities; 4) compare activities of entrepreneurs and lawyers, to highlighting the similarities and differences; 5) analysis of treaties on consumer rights and discussion of EU regulations and directives on this issue. Consumer contracts must comply with the... [to full text]

La déontologie constitue, de tout temps, un élément essentiel de la profession d'avocat. Constituée d'un ensemble de règles, dont certaines restent purement coutumières, elle est ce qui fait de l'avocat bien plus qu'un simple auxiliaire de la justice. S'il demeure incontestable que l'ensemble des barreaux français adopte, et depuis très longtemps, une attitude commune sur les principes, en partie dictée par le puissant barreau de Paris, il n'en est pas moins vrai, que les barreaux de province, et notamment ceux du sud-est, ont toujours fait preuve d'indépendance, préférant, bien souvent, l'esprit à la lettre. Leur position en ce qui concerne principalement la recherche de clientèle et la lutte contre les réseaux d'affaires est incontestablement courageuse. La réponse qu'ils donnent au délicat de problème de l'honoraire est novatrice. Les Conseils de l'Ordre, principalement dans le Sud-Est, avant d'être des organes de sanction, sont avant tout des organes de conseil. Ceux du ressort de la Cour d'appel d'Aix-en-Provence font de la conservation des traditions un devoir et de la modération une vertu. / Legal ethics have always been an essential part of legal business. Made up of a set of rules, some of which are merely customary rules, legal ethics lead the lawyer to be more than an aid of the justice. One usually notice the common, very ancient and general agreement of all french Bars on some principles, behaviour partly dictated by the powerful Bar of Paris. However, it’s also true that other Bars, in particular those of the South-East of France from Marseille to Nice, have always shown a real independence in the application of such principles, liking better the spirit of these rules than their letter. Regarding the search for customers and the wrestling against business networks, the positions of these bars is unarguably brave. The solution they give to the delicate problem of the fees of the lawyer are innovative. The Bars’ Councils, mainly in the South-East of the France, besides being organs of penalty for their profession, are especially organs of reflexion ans council. Those depending of the competence of the Court of Appeal of Aix-en-Provence, carry out the duty to defend the traditions and consider moderation as virtue.

This thesis looks at the role of the lawyer in a civil trial. This should always be conceived as the lawyer as a legal expert contributes to the carrying out of justice and also the basic objective of the civil trial being realised, i.e. securing effective protection of the rights and legally protected interests of individual persons. The thesis gives basic premises which in particular involve definitions of civil trial terms and the status of the lawyer, including the historical context of the development of the lawyer role within Czech territory. The main part of the thesis then looks at individual methods for representing parties in civil trial proceedings and the role of the lawyer is his different tasks. A comparison is further made with representation in proceedings before the European Union's Court of Justice. In the lawyer's professional activities, the observance of certain ethical principles which should be referred to in their work, as well as the basic premise of lawyer responsibility, also plays a role. The thesis' conclusion considers the opportunities of de lege ferenda in the lawyer's trial with the goal of noting the benefits in particular, but also the drawbacks of this solution. KEYWORDS Lawyer, civil trial, lawyer's trial