<p>Detta examensarbete är en förundersökning till Glafos undersökning angående rening av glasbrukens processvatten från antimon med zeolit.</p><p>Förundersökningen gick ut på att via experiment ta reda på hur mycket antimon som adsorberas av behandlad (för optimering: dels med NaNO3 och dels med NaCl) och obehandlad zeolit (porstorlek 0.4 nm). pH mättes och ställdes eftersom det har betydelse för adsorptionen, åtminstone vid väldigt lågt pH. När lösningarna hade filtrerats mättes den kvarvarande antimonhalten med atomabsorptionsspektrofotometri. Mätningarna visade att i genomsnitt 53 % av Sb-halten i lösningarna hade adsorberats av zeoliten. Förundersökningen visade att det inte blir någon adsorption då pH är väldigt lågt (under 1). Den visade också att när pH är över 4 verkar det inte ha någon betydelse om zeoliten är behandlad eller inte.</p><p>Zeoliten bör behandlas med NaCl först i en tank med omrörning, sedan blandas i processvattnet (vars pH justerats till pH 4) i en tank eller bassäng och därefter filtreras.</p><p>Tidsfaktorn för hur lång tid det tar för zeoliten att nå jämvikt och temperaturens inverkan bör även undersökas.</p> / <p>The aim of this diploma work is to study the removal of antimony from glassworks process water using zeolites.</p><p>The experimental part of the studies were carried out to find the quantity of antimony adsorbed by the zeolite. The studies included treated (for optimization: partly with NaNO3 and partly with NaCl) and untreated zeolite. The pore size is 0.4 nm. pH was measured and adjusted because it is important for the antimony adsorption. When the solutions were filtrated the content of antimony left was measured with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The measurements showed an average uptake of antimony by the zeolite of 53 %.The preinvestigation indicates that with a very low pH (below 1) there is no antimony adsorption. It also indicates that with pH above 4 it does not matter if the zeolite are treated or not.</p><p>In further investigations the zeolite should be treated with NaCl in a stirred tank, then be mixed in the process water (pH is set to 4) in a tank or basin and then be filtrated.</p><p>The time to reach equilibrium and the influence of temperature should also be investigated.</p>

O líquido denominado “lixiviado”, formado pela disposição de resíduos em aterros sanitários e lixões, apresenta composição complexa, dada principalmente pela presença de compostos orgânicos extremamente recalcitrantes. O tratamento consorciado deste efluente com esgotos domésticos em ETE’s municipais carece de estudos, tendo em vista que são líquidos com características diferentes. Neste trabalho foi avaliado o desempenho de um processo biológico de tratamento de efluentes, composto por 3 sistemas de banhados construídos (B1, B2 e B3) operados em paralelo, tratando a combinação de esgoto doméstico (90%) + lixiviado de aterro sanitário (10%), no que diz respeito a remoção de matéria orgânica de lenta degradação. Cada sistema foi composto por 4 leitos cultivados com as macrófitas emergentes Luziola peruviana e Typha latifolia, recebendo afluente proveniente de diferentes níveis de pré-tratamento, nomeadamente: B1 - processo biológico anaeróbio (UASB) seguido de aeróbio (CBR); B2 - processo biológico aneróbio (UASB) e B3 - sem prévio tratamento. Para tal, além das análises da matéria orgânica pelos parâmetros não específicos, foi também empregada análise de absorbância e fluorescência para analisar a presença de substâncias húmicas e o uso da respirometria para avaliação da DQO lentamente biodegradável. As eficiências médias de remoção dos sistemas B1, B2 e B3 foi de 97,4, 96,1 e 96,6 % para DBO5, 66,9, 70,9 e 80,6% para DQOT, 61,9, 69 e 62,8 % para DQOFil e de 60,3, 72,8 e 72 % para COT, respectivamente. A avaliação destes parâmetros permitiu inferir que o nível de pré-tratamento não influenciou na eficiência de remoção pelos sistemas de banhados. Os espectros de absorbância foram marcados por maior absorbância na região λ < 400 nm, com diminuição progressiva até 700 nm. A aplicação de coeficientes de absortividade indicaram a predominância de matéria orgânica dissolvida proveniente de esgoto doméstico, com pouca influência de SH’s. Nos espectros de emissão de fluorescência, o aparecimento de bandas na região de 450 nm indicou a presença de substâncias húmicas no afluente e efluente do sistema de banhados construídos, sem diferença significativa entre a intensidade de fluorescência emitida em 450 nm nas amostras analisadas, indicando que a substância em questão passou pelo tratamento sem ser degradada. Os resultados observados pela análise de fluorescência sincronizada do B1 apresentaram contribuição positiva do pré-tratamento (menor concentração de DQOFil) para o desempenho do banhado, devido a menor presença de ácidos húmicos no efluente. / The liquid known as "leachate", produced by the disposal of waste in landfills and dumps, has a complex composition, characterized mainly by the presence of recalcitrant organic compounds. Currently, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the co-treatment of leachate with municipal wastewater in WWTP's, considering that these are effluents with different characteristics. This study evaluated the performance of a biological treatment process of wastewater consisting of 3 constructed wetlands systems (B1, B2 and B3), operated in parallel, treating a combination of domestic sewage (90%) + landfill leachate (10 %). Each system was comprised of four beds cultured with emerging macrophytes Luziola peruviana and Typha latifolia receiving affluent from different levels of pre-treatment, namely: B1 - anaerobic biological process (UASB) followed by aerobic biological process (CBR); B2 - anaerobic biological process (UASB). B3 received the untreated effluents. The content of organic matter and humic substances was analyzed by non-specific parameters, absorbance and fluorescence methods. Respirometry test were conducted to evaluate the content of slowly biodegradable COD. The average removal efficiencies of systems B1, B2 and B3 was of 97.4, 96.1 and 96.6% for BOD5, 66.9, 70.9 and 80.6% for CODT, 61,9, 69 and 62.8% for CODFil and 60.3, 72.8 and 72% of TOC, respectively. The evaluation of these parameters allowed to infer that the level of pre-treatment did not influenced the removal efficiency by wetland systems. Absorbance spectra were marked by greater absorbance in the region λ = <400 nm with progressive decrease up to 700 nm. Absorptivity coefficients indicated the predominance of domestic sewage, with little influence of SH's. In the fluorescence emission spectra, the appearance of bands in the 450 nm region indicated the presence of humic substances in the influent and effluent of the constructed wetland systems without a significant. This indicates that the substance in question went through the treatment without being degraded. The results obtained by synchronous fluorescence analysis showed a positive contribution of the B1 pretreatment (lowest concentration DQOFil) to the observed performance due to less presence of humic acids in the effluent. The authors did not have success during evaluation of the slowly biodegradable COD using the method proposed before.

O líquido denominado “lixiviado”, formado pela disposição de resíduos em aterros sanitários e lixões, apresenta composição complexa, dada principalmente pela presença de compostos orgânicos extremamente recalcitrantes. O tratamento consorciado deste efluente com esgotos domésticos em ETE’s municipais carece de estudos, tendo em vista que são líquidos com características diferentes. Neste trabalho foi avaliado o desempenho de um processo biológico de tratamento de efluentes, composto por 3 sistemas de banhados construídos (B1, B2 e B3) operados em paralelo, tratando a combinação de esgoto doméstico (90%) + lixiviado de aterro sanitário (10%), no que diz respeito a remoção de matéria orgânica de lenta degradação. Cada sistema foi composto por 4 leitos cultivados com as macrófitas emergentes Luziola peruviana e Typha latifolia, recebendo afluente proveniente de diferentes níveis de pré-tratamento, nomeadamente: B1 - processo biológico anaeróbio (UASB) seguido de aeróbio (CBR); B2 - processo biológico aneróbio (UASB) e B3 - sem prévio tratamento. Para tal, além das análises da matéria orgânica pelos parâmetros não específicos, foi também empregada análise de absorbância e fluorescência para analisar a presença de substâncias húmicas e o uso da respirometria para avaliação da DQO lentamente biodegradável. As eficiências médias de remoção dos sistemas B1, B2 e B3 foi de 97,4, 96,1 e 96,6 % para DBO5, 66,9, 70,9 e 80,6% para DQOT, 61,9, 69 e 62,8 % para DQOFil e de 60,3, 72,8 e 72 % para COT, respectivamente. A avaliação destes parâmetros permitiu inferir que o nível de pré-tratamento não influenciou na eficiência de remoção pelos sistemas de banhados. Os espectros de absorbância foram marcados por maior absorbância na região λ < 400 nm, com diminuição progressiva até 700 nm. A aplicação de coeficientes de absortividade indicaram a predominância de matéria orgânica dissolvida proveniente de esgoto doméstico, com pouca influência de SH’s. Nos espectros de emissão de fluorescência, o aparecimento de bandas na região de 450 nm indicou a presença de substâncias húmicas no afluente e efluente do sistema de banhados construídos, sem diferença significativa entre a intensidade de fluorescência emitida em 450 nm nas amostras analisadas, indicando que a substância em questão passou pelo tratamento sem ser degradada. Os resultados observados pela análise de fluorescência sincronizada do B1 apresentaram contribuição positiva do pré-tratamento (menor concentração de DQOFil) para o desempenho do banhado, devido a menor presença de ácidos húmicos no efluente. / The liquid known as "leachate", produced by the disposal of waste in landfills and dumps, has a complex composition, characterized mainly by the presence of recalcitrant organic compounds. Currently, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the co-treatment of leachate with municipal wastewater in WWTP's, considering that these are effluents with different characteristics. This study evaluated the performance of a biological treatment process of wastewater consisting of 3 constructed wetlands systems (B1, B2 and B3), operated in parallel, treating a combination of domestic sewage (90%) + landfill leachate (10 %). Each system was comprised of four beds cultured with emerging macrophytes Luziola peruviana and Typha latifolia receiving affluent from different levels of pre-treatment, namely: B1 - anaerobic biological process (UASB) followed by aerobic biological process (CBR); B2 - anaerobic biological process (UASB). B3 received the untreated effluents. The content of organic matter and humic substances was analyzed by non-specific parameters, absorbance and fluorescence methods. Respirometry test were conducted to evaluate the content of slowly biodegradable COD. The average removal efficiencies of systems B1, B2 and B3 was of 97.4, 96.1 and 96.6% for BOD5, 66.9, 70.9 and 80.6% for CODT, 61,9, 69 and 62.8% for CODFil and 60.3, 72.8 and 72% of TOC, respectively. The evaluation of these parameters allowed to infer that the level of pre-treatment did not influenced the removal efficiency by wetland systems. Absorbance spectra were marked by greater absorbance in the region λ = <400 nm with progressive decrease up to 700 nm. Absorptivity coefficients indicated the predominance of domestic sewage, with little influence of SH's. In the fluorescence emission spectra, the appearance of bands in the 450 nm region indicated the presence of humic substances in the influent and effluent of the constructed wetland systems without a significant. This indicates that the substance in question went through the treatment without being degraded. The results obtained by synchronous fluorescence analysis showed a positive contribution of the B1 pretreatment (lowest concentration DQOFil) to the observed performance due to less presence of humic acids in the effluent. The authors did not have success during evaluation of the slowly biodegradable COD using the method proposed before.

The aim of this thesis was to determine whether there has been a trend of increasing or decreasing water colour, absorbance, in Lake Mälaren during the last 35 years and whether it could be correlated with water discharge. The discharge was accounted for using regression analysis. The data material was analyzed for trends using a nonparametric test, the so-called seasonal Mann- Kendall test. The regression model could only account for a small (maximum of 24%) variation due to discharge. Thisindicates that discharge single-handedly can not explain the variation in absorbance. The trend analysis indicated a significant yearly increase in absorbance of 0.93% - 2.43% yr-1 for three out of four investigated sub-basins, namely, Galten, Ekoln and Skarven. This strongly implies that there has been an increase of absorbance and a change in the amount of organic material in Lake Mälaren during the last 35 years.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2016-10-13T15:45:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Daniela Cristina Vinhal - 2016.pdf: 4607774 bytes, checksum: 60991eb50ad135a43a5bb84902551bba (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-10-14T19:58:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Daniela Cristina Vinhal - 2016.pdf: 4607774 bytes, checksum: 60991eb50ad135a43a5bb84902551bba (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-14T19:58:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Daniela Cristina Vinhal - 2016.pdf: 4607774 bytes, checksum: 60991eb50ad135a43a5bb84902551bba (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-30 / In Brazil, the estimates for the year 2016 point to approximately 596,000 new cases of skin cancer, being mostly related to exposure to ultraviolet radiation. According to current consensus, such damage can be minimized by prophylactic use of sunscreens. This way, this study proposes the planning, synthesis, structural characterization and toxicological assessment of a new candidate compound to organic sunscreen, LQFM184 (20). The structural planning was based both on molecular similarity in chemical action triazine derivatives (10, 11 and 13), cinnamic (4) and LQFM048 (14), with the starting compound (E)-2-cyano-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acrylamide (18) which was produced from vanillin. In addition, LQFM184 (20) compound has molecular weight 729.65 Daltons and the synthetic route proposal consisted of two stages, 53% overall yield, which were performed under the scope of green chemistry. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by techniques of nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, mass, ultraviolet and fluorescence. From the spectrophotometric absorption technique it was identified that LQFM184 (20) compound had two peaks of maximum absorption (λmax.) 306 nm in the region of UVB and 344 nm for UVA and molar absorptivity (ε) whose values were above 104 M-1 cm-1. As to the technique of cyclic voltammetry LQFM184 (20) compound was stable considering the applied potential and when under an atmosphere of synthetic air showed a weight loss of ~14% in the range of 250°C, characterized as a stable compound at high temperatures. From the in vitro evaluation by the spectrophotometric method described by Mansur it presented Solar Protection Factor (SPF) equal to 3.69 for the UVB. Moreover, the compound does not promote irritation or serious damage when in contact with rabbit cornea cells SIRC and was classified in category 4 of the GHS system as OECD 423, low toxicity. At the end of this work it is possible to observe that the proposed synthetic route to obtain the LQFM184 (20) compound was effective, given the obtained high yields, laborious and low cost steps as well as promising profile sunscreen. / No Brasil, as estimativas para o ano de 2016 apontam para a ocorrência de, aproximadamente, 596 mil casos novos de câncer de pele, sendo em sua maioria relacionados com a exposição à radiação ultravioleta. Segundo consenso atual, tais danos podem ser minimizados através do uso profilático de protetores solares. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho propôs o planejamento, a síntese, a caracterização estrutural e a avaliação toxicológica de um novo composto candidato a fotoprotetor orgânico, o LQFM184 (20). O planejamento estrutural baseou-se tanto na semelhança molecular quanto na ação química de derivados triazínicos (10, 11 e 13), cinâmicos (4) e do LQFM048 (14), tendo como partida o composto (E)-2-ciano-3-(4-hidroxi-3-metoxifenil)acrilamida (18) que foi produzido a partir da vanilina. O composto LQFM184 (20) apresentou peso molecular de 729,65 Daltons e a rota sintética proposta constituiu-se por três etapas com rendimento global de 53%, das quais foram realizadas sob o âmbito da química verde. Todos os compostos sintetizados foram caracterizados através das técnicas de ressonância magnética nuclear, infravermelho, massas, ultravioleta e fluorescência. O composto LQFM184 (20) apresentou dois picos de absorção máxima (λmáx.), sendo 298 nm na região da UVB e 334 nm na UVA, além de coeficiente de absortividade molar (ε) acima de 104 M-1 cm-1. Quanto à voltametria cíclica o composto LQFM184 (20) manteve-se estável frente aos potenciais aplicados e quando exposto à atmosfera de ar sintético apresentou uma perda de massa de ~14% na faixa de 254°C, caracterizando-o estável sob temperaturas elevadas, visto que seu ponto de fusão ocorre em 147ºC. A partir da avaliação in vitro pelo método espectrofotométrico descrito por Mansur o mesmo apresentou Fator de Proteção Solar (FPS) igual a 3,69 para a UVB. Além disso, o composto não promove irritação ocular ou lesões oculares graves quando em contato com células de córnea de coelho SIRC e foi classificado na categoria 4 do sistema GHS conforme OECD 423, de baixa toxicidade. Ao término deste trabalho podemos observar que a rota sintética proposta para a obtenção do composto LQFM184 (20) se mostrou eficaz, face aos altos rendimentos obtidos, etapas pouco laboriosas e de baixo custo, bem como promissor perfil fotoprotetor.

No description available.

Freshwater bodies have been long observed to become browner within the northern hemisphere. This brownification, has made drinking water production difficult, since increased organic content in freshwaters requires higher dosages of chemicals during water treatment.  Changes in land use through increased industrial forestry, decreased sulphur deposition from reduced industrial emissions, changing patterns of hydrological and meteorological parameters resulting from climate change, including recently highlighted increase in iron concentrations have been proposed to explain brownification. Drained peat bogs are man-made source of brownifying substances, capable of causing brownification in the rivers and lakes where the water ends up. This research is aimed at investigating dissolved organic matter, total organic carbon, iron, phosphorous, nitrogen and colour in bog ditches draining into the Storån River and Lake Bolmen in southern Sweden, in order to answer these research questions: (1) What are the differences in the level of water quality parameters, pH, conductivity, temperature, DOM, TOC, total phosphorous, total nitrogen, Fe and colour, between bog ditches and Storån River? And what could be the outcome of Colour absorbance comparison, between bog ditches, Storån and lake Bolmen as a single control sample? (2) Is there any association among the different water quality parameters, pH, conductivity, temperature, DOM, TOC, total phosphorous, total nitrogen, Fe and colour within the bog ditch water? Water samples from bog ditches and their corresponding Storån River locations, were used in the analysis. DOM and flow showed significant differences, after statistical test for difference. Conductivity, DOM, total nitrogen and total phosphorous exhibited significant correlations with pH.  TOC also had a correlation with DOM., while colour correlated and depended strongly on Fe, within the bog ditches. Therefore, the bog ditch has behaved to contribute some amount of the brownification, found in Southern Swedish Lakes and Rivers. This knowledge might be useful in future, for more studies and control of Swedish fresh water brownification.

Nanoparticles are particles with sizes between 1 and 100 nanometers (nm). Owing to their unique chemical, electrical, mechanical, optical, and piezoelectric properties, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are finding widespread use in numerous applications with yearly production over 550 tons per year. Increasing use of ZnO NPs, and NPs in wastewater discharges from domestic and industrial sources will have significant potential for adverse impacts on aquatic phototrophic organisms. Comparative studies on microalgae species response to ZnO NPs and variation in tolerance among species is still mostly unexplored. The proposed research aims to evaluate interspecies’ variation in tolerance to ZnO NPs among marine and freshwater microalgae. Multi-well culture plate and flask culture screening methods were utilized for assessing microalgae species’ tolerance to various levels of ZnO NPs. Microalgae cell morphology changes in response to nano ZnO exposure were explored using both the Optical Coherence Microscope (OCM) and SEM. Availability of Nano ZnO tolerant microalgae species may provide an impetus for future studies to understand the mechanism of tolerance and potential applications in NPs bioremediation in aquatic systems.

No description available.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a major component of natural waters and provides essential nutrients for aquatic organisms. However, excess DOM in the water results in water quality issues and affects the aquatic life negatively. The present research evaluated the source, composition, reactivity, dynamics, and the spatial distribution of DOM in diverse water bodies using spectrofluorometric methods in tandem with multivariate statistics. The study was conducted in the inland and coastal water bodies of Mississippi, Louisiana, and Alabama over a period of three years (2016 to 2018). Surface water samples were collected from spatially separated waterbodies with diverse land use and land cover classes. In addition, reactivity of DOM was assessed by conducting a series of laboratory experiments at varying magnitudes of sunlight and bacterial activity. Spatial distribution and mobility of DOM, nutrients and trace elements with respect to land cover classes and hydrology was evaluated using watershed delineation and multivariate statistics. Results suggest that microbial humic-like or protein-like DOM compositions derived from microbial/anthropogenic sources were less reactive than the terrestrial humic-like compositions originated from forests and woody wetlands. Furthermore, the sunlight was the major factor causing the degradation of DOM in the water bodies, while temperature had a minor effect. Additionally, the results also suggest that livestock fields in the pastoral and rangelands release a high amount of microbial humic-like DOM along with nutrients such as phosphates and nitrates into the water bodies. Present research identified the presence of four types of DOM in the study areas and were terrestrial humic-like, microbial humic-like, soil-derived humic-like and protein-like compositions. Additionally, trace element availability and mobility of coastal areas is influenced by local hydrology and precipitation. Research also identified forested areas as the major source of DOM to the water bodies of Mississippi. In conclusion, present research found that watershed land use and land cover, hydrology, and climate control the dynamics of DOM, other nutrients, and trace element delivery to the water bodies, while combined effects of light and bacteria are more efficient in reprocessing DOM chemistry within the waterbody.