<p> Nepheline syenite samples were collected from the Bancroft and Blue Mountain areas, Ontario, Canada, and were analysed for K, Rb, and Tl contents by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results for these elements and the corresponding K/Rb, K/Tl and Rb/Tl ratios were compared with those of nepheline syenites in various localities, and were found to be similar.</p> <p> The Tl, Rb, K contents and the K/Rb, K/Tl and Rb/Tl ratios in this study were determined to be 825 ppb, 110 ppm, 3.28%, 298, 4.11x10^4 and 135 respectively for the Bancroft nepheline syenite gneisses, and 574ppb, 93ppm, 3.28%, 353, 5.71x10^4 and 162 respectively for the Blue Mountain nepheline syenites. From these data, the nepheline syenite rocks in this study were probably originated as continental plutonics.</p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Science (BSc)

A tese objetivou beneficiar pacientes usuários de lítio por meio de dois estudos: (1) análise da bioequivalência de duas formulações de lítio; e (2) investigação do uso do lítio na pediatria. Para o estudo de bioequivalência, voluntários sadios (N=24) foram tratados com comprimidos (300mg) de carbonato de lítio de duas formulações: teste-Neurolithium e referência-Carbolitium. Após administrar cada formulação em períodos diferentes, foram coletadas amostras de plasma para quantificar íons lítio, utilizando espectrofotometria de absorção atômica. O método desenvolvido neste estudo apresentou limite de quantificação de 0,07mg/L. A média geométrica e o intervalo de confiança de 90% teste/referência foi de 104,77 (98,60-111,33%) para Cmax e 101,99 (96,81-107,44%) para ASClast. Seguindo os parâmetros propostos pelo FDA e ANVISA, concluiu-se que o Neurolithium é bioequivalente ao Carbolitium. Desta forma, este estudo assegura a comercialização de uma formulação de qualidade e o possível registro de um medicamento genérico com custo reduzido. O FDA não recomenda o uso de lítio em crianças menores de 12 anos, pois ainda não tem informações sobre segurança e eficácia da medicação nesses pacientes. Assim, o segundo estudo investigou o uso do lítio em pacientes pediátricos, divididos em dois grupos: (A) menores e (B) maiores de 12 anos. Pacientes que receberam prescrição de lítio no HC da Unicamp, entre 2000 e 2006, foram identificados e os prontuários médicos dos menores de 21 anos (N=77) foram revisados. Houve administração de menores doses nos pacientes do grupo A. Os níveis séricos e índice de efeitos colaterais não diferiram entre os grupos. O grupo A apresentou motivo de prescrição de lítio (agressividade) e eficácia (71%) diferentes do grupo B (alterações de humor; 83%). Uma vez que os índices de eficácia dos grupos foram condizentes com os da literatura e não houve diferença no aparecimento de efeitos colaterais, concluiu-se que é viável a utilização de lítio em menores de 12 anos. / The ideal of this thesis is to benefit patients that use lithium, through two studies: (1) comparison of the bioavailability of two lithium formulations; and (2) investigation of lithium use in children and adolescents. In order to analyze the bioequivalence, healthy volunteers (N=24), of both genders, were treated with two lithium carbonate formulations (300 mg): test ? Neurolithium and reference-Carbolitium. After administrate each formulation in separate periods, plasma samples were collected to quantify lithium, using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The method was developed specially to this study and it showed 0,07mg/L quantification limit. The geometric media and the 90% confiance interval test/reference was 104,77 (98,60-111,33%) to Cmax and 101,99 (96,81-107,44%) to ASClast. Based on FDA and ANVISA parameters, we concluded that Neurolithium is bioequivalent to Carbolitium. Therefore, this study assures the commercialization of a qualified formulation and makes possible the register of a generic medication with low cost. Since information regarding the safety and effectiveness of lithium in children under 12 years of age is not available, its use in such patients is not recommended at this time. Therefore, the second study has investigated the use of lithium in pediatric patients, divided in two groups: (A) under and (B) over 12 years old. Patients that received lithium prescription inside of HC in Unicamp, between 2000 and 2006, were identified. Only clinical register of patients (N=77) under 21 years old, were revised. Fewer doses were administrated in group A. Seric levels and side effects indexes were not different between groups. Group A showed reason for lithium prescription (aggressiveness) and effectiveness (71%) different from group B (humor oscillation; 83%). Since indexes effectiveness from both groups were in accordance with those found in literature and there was no difference in side effects number per patient, we concluded that the use of lithium in patients under 12 years old is feasible.

<p> </p><p>Correlation between production method and mineral-, cadmium- and protein content were sought for Swedish winter wheat. The wheat was grown according to conventional, organic or biodynamic principles. The minerals; iron, zinc, magnesium, copper and the heavy metal cadmium were analyzed with atomic absorption spectroscopy. Protein was analyzed with elemental combustion analysis. All together, 17 samples were analyzed; nine from the still ongoing Bollerup field trial in Skåne and eight from four different farm pairs in the midst of Sweden.</p><p>The Bollerup field trials showed that organic wheat had a higher concentration of iron than conventional. Both organic and biodynamic wheat had a higher concentration of zinc than conventional. Magnesium concentration was higher in biodynamic wheat than in conventional grown wheat. Differences between production methods were in the range of 7.5 and 17%.</p><p>No unmistakable connections were found between any of the parameters and production method for the farm pairs. However, a tendency for more minerals in organic/biodynamic wheat was seen for all minerals but iron.</p><p>Due to unclean equipment, analyzing of cadmium contents could not be completed.</p>

Correlation between production method and mineral-, cadmium- and protein content were sought for Swedish winter wheat. The wheat was grown according to conventional, organic or biodynamic principles. The minerals; iron, zinc, magnesium, copper and the heavy metal cadmium were analyzed with atomic absorption spectroscopy. Protein was analyzed with elemental combustion analysis. All together, 17 samples were analyzed; nine from the still ongoing Bollerup field trial in Skåne and eight from four different farm pairs in the midst of Sweden. The Bollerup field trials showed that organic wheat had a higher concentration of iron than conventional. Both organic and biodynamic wheat had a higher concentration of zinc than conventional. Magnesium concentration was higher in biodynamic wheat than in conventional grown wheat. Differences between production methods were in the range of 7.5 and 17%. No unmistakable connections were found between any of the parameters and production method for the farm pairs. However, a tendency for more minerals in organic/biodynamic wheat was seen for all minerals but iron. Due to unclean equipment, analyzing of cadmium contents could not be completed.

A tese objetivou beneficiar pacientes usuários de lítio por meio de dois estudos: (1) análise da bioequivalência de duas formulações de lítio; e (2) investigação do uso do lítio na pediatria. Para o estudo de bioequivalência, voluntários sadios (N=24) foram tratados com comprimidos (300mg) de carbonato de lítio de duas formulações: teste-Neurolithium e referência-Carbolitium. Após administrar cada formulação em períodos diferentes, foram coletadas amostras de plasma para quantificar íons lítio, utilizando espectrofotometria de absorção atômica. O método desenvolvido neste estudo apresentou limite de quantificação de 0,07mg/L. A média geométrica e o intervalo de confiança de 90% teste/referência foi de 104,77 (98,60-111,33%) para Cmax e 101,99 (96,81-107,44%) para ASClast. Seguindo os parâmetros propostos pelo FDA e ANVISA, concluiu-se que o Neurolithium é bioequivalente ao Carbolitium. Desta forma, este estudo assegura a comercialização de uma formulação de qualidade e o possível registro de um medicamento genérico com custo reduzido. O FDA não recomenda o uso de lítio em crianças menores de 12 anos, pois ainda não tem informações sobre segurança e eficácia da medicação nesses pacientes. Assim, o segundo estudo investigou o uso do lítio em pacientes pediátricos, divididos em dois grupos: (A) menores e (B) maiores de 12 anos. Pacientes que receberam prescrição de lítio no HC da Unicamp, entre 2000 e 2006, foram identificados e os prontuários médicos dos menores de 21 anos (N=77) foram revisados. Houve administração de menores doses nos pacientes do grupo A. Os níveis séricos e índice de efeitos colaterais não diferiram entre os grupos. O grupo A apresentou motivo de prescrição de lítio (agressividade) e eficácia (71%) diferentes do grupo B (alterações de humor; 83%). Uma vez que os índices de eficácia dos grupos foram condizentes com os da literatura e não houve diferença no aparecimento de efeitos colaterais, concluiu-se que é viável a utilização de lítio em menores de 12 anos. / The ideal of this thesis is to benefit patients that use lithium, through two studies: (1) comparison of the bioavailability of two lithium formulations; and (2) investigation of lithium use in children and adolescents. In order to analyze the bioequivalence, healthy volunteers (N=24), of both genders, were treated with two lithium carbonate formulations (300 mg): test ? Neurolithium and reference-Carbolitium. After administrate each formulation in separate periods, plasma samples were collected to quantify lithium, using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The method was developed specially to this study and it showed 0,07mg/L quantification limit. The geometric media and the 90% confiance interval test/reference was 104,77 (98,60-111,33%) to Cmax and 101,99 (96,81-107,44%) to ASClast. Based on FDA and ANVISA parameters, we concluded that Neurolithium is bioequivalent to Carbolitium. Therefore, this study assures the commercialization of a qualified formulation and makes possible the register of a generic medication with low cost. Since information regarding the safety and effectiveness of lithium in children under 12 years of age is not available, its use in such patients is not recommended at this time. Therefore, the second study has investigated the use of lithium in pediatric patients, divided in two groups: (A) under and (B) over 12 years old. Patients that received lithium prescription inside of HC in Unicamp, between 2000 and 2006, were identified. Only clinical register of patients (N=77) under 21 years old, were revised. Fewer doses were administrated in group A. Seric levels and side effects indexes were not different between groups. Group A showed reason for lithium prescription (aggressiveness) and effectiveness (71%) different from group B (humor oscillation; 83%). Since indexes effectiveness from both groups were in accordance with those found in literature and there was no difference in side effects number per patient, we concluded that the use of lithium in patients under 12 years old is feasible.

Detta examensarbete är en förundersökning till Glafos undersökning angående rening av glasbrukens processvatten från antimon med zeolit. Förundersökningen gick ut på att via experiment ta reda på hur mycket antimon som adsorberas av behandlad (för optimering: dels med NaNO3 och dels med NaCl) och obehandlad zeolit (porstorlek 0.4 nm). pH mättes och ställdes eftersom det har betydelse för adsorptionen, åtminstone vid väldigt lågt pH. När lösningarna hade filtrerats mättes den kvarvarande antimonhalten med atomabsorptionsspektrofotometri. Mätningarna visade att i genomsnitt 53 % av Sb-halten i lösningarna hade adsorberats av zeoliten. Förundersökningen visade att det inte blir någon adsorption då pH är väldigt lågt (under 1). Den visade också att när pH är över 4 verkar det inte ha någon betydelse om zeoliten är behandlad eller inte. Zeoliten bör behandlas med NaCl först i en tank med omrörning, sedan blandas i processvattnet (vars pH justerats till pH 4) i en tank eller bassäng och därefter filtreras. Tidsfaktorn för hur lång tid det tar för zeoliten att nå jämvikt och temperaturens inverkan bör även undersökas. / The aim of this diploma work is to study the removal of antimony from glassworks process water using zeolites. The experimental part of the studies were carried out to find the quantity of antimony adsorbed by the zeolite. The studies included treated (for optimization: partly with NaNO3 and partly with NaCl) and untreated zeolite. The pore size is 0.4 nm. pH was measured and adjusted because it is important for the antimony adsorption. When the solutions were filtrated the content of antimony left was measured with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The measurements showed an average uptake of antimony by the zeolite of 53 %.The preinvestigation indicates that with a very low pH (below 1) there is no antimony adsorption. It also indicates that with pH above 4 it does not matter if the zeolite are treated or not. In further investigations the zeolite should be treated with NaCl in a stirred tank, then be mixed in the process water (pH is set to 4) in a tank or basin and then be filtrated. The time to reach equilibrium and the influence of temperature should also be investigated.

<p>Detta examensarbete är en förundersökning till Glafos undersökning angående rening av glasbrukens processvatten från antimon med zeolit.</p><p>Förundersökningen gick ut på att via experiment ta reda på hur mycket antimon som adsorberas av behandlad (för optimering: dels med NaNO3 och dels med NaCl) och obehandlad zeolit (porstorlek 0.4 nm). pH mättes och ställdes eftersom det har betydelse för adsorptionen, åtminstone vid väldigt lågt pH. När lösningarna hade filtrerats mättes den kvarvarande antimonhalten med atomabsorptionsspektrofotometri. Mätningarna visade att i genomsnitt 53 % av Sb-halten i lösningarna hade adsorberats av zeoliten. Förundersökningen visade att det inte blir någon adsorption då pH är väldigt lågt (under 1). Den visade också att när pH är över 4 verkar det inte ha någon betydelse om zeoliten är behandlad eller inte.</p><p>Zeoliten bör behandlas med NaCl först i en tank med omrörning, sedan blandas i processvattnet (vars pH justerats till pH 4) i en tank eller bassäng och därefter filtreras.</p><p>Tidsfaktorn för hur lång tid det tar för zeoliten att nå jämvikt och temperaturens inverkan bör även undersökas.</p> / <p>The aim of this diploma work is to study the removal of antimony from glassworks process water using zeolites.</p><p>The experimental part of the studies were carried out to find the quantity of antimony adsorbed by the zeolite. The studies included treated (for optimization: partly with NaNO3 and partly with NaCl) and untreated zeolite. The pore size is 0.4 nm. pH was measured and adjusted because it is important for the antimony adsorption. When the solutions were filtrated the content of antimony left was measured with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The measurements showed an average uptake of antimony by the zeolite of 53 %.The preinvestigation indicates that with a very low pH (below 1) there is no antimony adsorption. It also indicates that with pH above 4 it does not matter if the zeolite are treated or not.</p><p>In further investigations the zeolite should be treated with NaCl in a stirred tank, then be mixed in the process water (pH is set to 4) in a tank or basin and then be filtrated.</p><p>The time to reach equilibrium and the influence of temperature should also be investigated.</p>

This thesis is focused on the application of two working electrodes of graphite suitable for determination of oxidizable tumour biomarkers. It deals with the study of electrochemical behavior of urinary indican. For the determination the technique of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used on carbon paste electrode and film composite paste electrode in Britton-Robinson (BR) buffer. In the first step optimal conditions were determined to find the lowest limit of determination (LQ) of this substance. BR buffer of pH 3 was chosen as the optimum medium for determination on a carbon paste electrode and BR buffer of pH 2 was used as the optimum medium for the determinaton using a film composite electrode. Performance for both electrodes was observed in a concentration range of from 1 · 10-6 to 5 · 10-5 mol·l-1 . The limit of determination for measurements on a carbon paste electrode was 0.7 µmol·l-1 and the film composite electrode was 1.7 µmol·l-1 . Possibility of the acummulation of indican was examined in order to increase sensitivity and decrease of limit of quantification. However, after 5 minute sorption, no increase in response was observed and the accumulation step was not inserted. Developed method was tested on the determination of urinary indican in human urine matrix after solid phase...

[pt] O ferro é extraído sob a forma de minério de ferro, sendo 99 por cento utilizado na indústria siderúrgica. Os documentos normativos existentes indicam a volumetria como à técnica analítica para quantificar o teor de ferro em minério de ferro, com exceção da ISO 9516-1: 2003, que, recomenda a espectrometria de fluorescência de raios-X por comprimento de onda (WDXRF). Na literatura são descritos estudos utilizando a espectrometria de fluorescência de raios-X por dispersão de energia (EDXRF) para quantificar ferro em minério de ferro, mas em nenhuma destas publicações é caracterizada a confiabilidade metrológica e a incerteza de medição, sendo outros aspectos importantes na seleção de um método analítico o impacto económico e tempo de análise. No presente trabalho realizou-se um estudo comparativo de impacto económico, tempo de análise e desempenho metrológico na quantificação de ferro em minério de ferro por meio da técnica de EDXRF, comparando-o com a espectrofotometria de absorção molecular e volumetria (titulação com dicromato de potássio), abrangendo a incerteza de medição e a avaliação de parâmetros de validação para EDXRF. A análise volumétrica foi realizado baseado nas normas ANBT NBR 8577:2011 e ASTM E246:2010. Na espectrofotometria de absorção molecular, adaptou-se o método da ortofenantrolina descrito na norma ABNT NBR 13934:1997. Nas outras técnicas precisam-se da abertura da amostra, na EDXRF, as amostras foram preparadas na forma de pastilha (pó de minério prensado). Os métodos avaliados apresentaram desempenhos metrológicos equivalentes, os melhores indicadores de custo e tempo em longo prazo foram observados para o método por EDXRF na quantificação do teor de ferro em minério. / [en] After its extraction in the form of iron ore, 99 per cent of the iron is employed in the steel industry. The normative documents existents recommend to volumetry as the technical analytic for quantification of iron in iron ore, with the exception of ISO 9516-1: 2003, which recommends the fluorescence spectrometry X-ray wavelength (WDXRF). In literature, there are studies using energy dispersive Xray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF) to quantify iron in iron ore, but none of these is characterized by complete validation and measurement uncertainty. Other aspects to be considered when selecting an analytical method are the financial cost and the time for analysis. In this work it is carried out a comparative study of financial cost, time analysis and metrological performance on quantification of iron ore through the EDXRF technique, in comparison with the results obtained by molecular absorption spectrophotometry and volumetry (titration with potassium dichromate), including measurement uncertainty evaluation and some parameter of validation for EDXRF. The molecular absorption spectrophotometry measurements were performed by colorimetric orthophenanthroline method. Unlike the other approaches that require sample preparation with acid, for EDXRF measurements, samples were prepared in tablet form (pressed iron ore powder). The evaluated methods presented equivalent metrological performances on determining iron in ore, but the best long-term outcome for cost was observed in the results obtained by EDXRF method.

Le domaine général de cette thèse est l’étude des procédés physico-chimiques impliqués dans le développement du cancer et/ou leurs thérapies. La première partie est consacrée à la caractérisation des interactions mises en jeu lors de l’association de complexes du ruthénium avec la macromolécule d’ADN. La caractérisation expérimentale de cet équilibre est faite par des manipulations d’absorption UV-visible et de dichroïsme circulaire. Une méthode d’analyse originale est utilisée pour arriver à mettre en évidence la présence simultanée de deux modes d’associations. Un modèle à deux équilibres traduisant convenablement ces observations et permettant d’identifier les deux modes d’association est alors proposé. La deuxième partie constitue un travail préliminaire à l’étude des mouvements cellulaires sur un substrat mou. Des caractérisations du comportement des cellules en fonction de la rigidité de leur substrat a pu être mis en évidence et donnent des résultats similaires à la littérature. / The general area of this thesis is the study of physico-chemical processes involved in can- cer development and / or their therapies. The first part is devoted to the characterization of the interactions involved in the association of ruthenium complexes with the DNA macromolecule. Experimental characterization of this equilibrium is made by UV-visible absorption and circular dichroism experiments. An original method of analysis is used to highlight the simultaneous presence of two association modes. A two equilibria model fits correctly the experimental data and permits the identification of these two association modes. The second part is a preliminar work about cell movements on a soft substrate. Characterizations of cell behavior depending on the substrate rigidity has been highlighted and give similar results in the literature.