L’abstinence de viande doit-elle être appréhendée comme un rejet de la norme, laquelle est définie par la participation des citoyens au sacrifice sanglant animal et à la consommation des chairs qui s’ensuit, actes civico-religieux fondamentaux ? L’historiographie actuelle considère que si la vie civique se structure et se reconnaît autour de la mise à mort de l’animal et de sa consommation, alors la place des citoyens refusant la consommation de viande ne peut être que marginale. En s’appuyant sur l’ensemble des sources littéraires de la période antique (VIe siècle av. J.-C.-Ve ap. J.-C.), cette thèse, loin de confirmer cette analyse, révèle une situation plus complexe. L’abstinence de viande s’affirme en effet comme un marqueur identitaire qui laisse apparaître clairement la pluralité normative de la pratique, modulable en fonction des acteurs impliqués et/ou exclus. Ainsi, comme toute pratique alimentaire, les normes ne sont pas excluantes, et une même personne peut s’y conformer suivant le contexte dans lequel elles prennent forme. Le végétarisme ne vient donc pas entraver les devoirs du citoyen et n’entraîne pas la marginalité dans la cité / Must the abstinence of meat be conceived as a rejection of the norm, which is defined by the participation of the citizens to the blood sacrifice and to the following consumption of the flesh, two fundamental civico-religious acts ? The current historiography considers that if civic life structures and recognizes itself through the killing of the animal and its consumption, then the place of the citizens refusing meat consumption can only be marginal. Using all of the literary sources from antiquity (VIth cent. B.C.-Vth cent. A.D.), this dissertation, far from confirming this analysis, reveals a much more complex situation. The abstinence of meat affirms itself as a marker of identity, clearly showing the normative plurality of the practice, flexible depending on the parties involved and/or excluded. In fact, as all dietary practices, norms are not excluding, and one can conform oneself to it depending on the context in which they are shaped. Thus, vegetarianism does not hinder the duties of the citizens, and does not entail marginality within the city

A quantitative, descriptive and comparative study was conducted to determine the attitudes of young people aged 15-25 years towards the “ABC” strategy in the prevention of HIV/AIDS in Francistown, Botswana. Differences between two age groups and gender were determined. Structured questionnaire was used and 241 young people participated in the study. Data were analysed with SPSS version 13.0, guided by the Health Belief Model. The findings revealed that young people did not perceive the seriousness and severity of the HIV/AIDS when it came to the practice of “ABC” strategy. Young people’s cue to action was very high but their confidence to adopt and practice the “ABC” strategy were low. They had adequate knowledge of the benefits of abstinence and condoms but they perceived barriers towards the use of condom. The differences between the two age groups, 15-19 and 20-25 years and between the males and females were not statistically significant. / Public Health / M.A. (Public Health)

Research indicates nearly one-fourth of college women fall victim to sexual assault (Cantor et. al., 2015). Two predictors of high proclivity to rape are endorsement of rape myths and adherence to traditional gender norms (King & Roberts, 2011). Additionally, research shows school-based sex education in the United States presents gender and sexual norms in troubling ways that disproportionately harm women (Kendall, 2013). However, research on sexual assault and rape myths have not examined the impact school-based sex education has on rape supportive attitudes. This study aimed to bridge that gap by using original survey data from undergraduate students at a large public university. Analyses indicate sex education has an inconsistent impact on rape myth acceptance; additionally, seeking sexual health information online was found to significantly lower endorsement of rape myths. Study outcomes suggest that further research is needed to explore the relationship between sex education curricula and rape supportive attitudes.

Nicotine is the primary addictive substance in tobacco, and most smokers who quit will relapse within a year. Evidence shows that cigarette craving increases over time, termed “incubation.” The purpose of these studies was to see if protracted abstinence from chronic nicotine increases rat self-administration, an animal model with good face validity for human tobacco use, and if nicotine self-administration during daily exposure/after 8+ days of abstinence is regulated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell or anterior cingulate cortex (PFC). ERK kinase inhibitor U0126 was infused in the NAc shell or PFC of Long Evans rats immediately prior to daily self-administration sessions and following 8+ days of abstinence. U0126 in the PFC decreased responding for nicotine during daily sessions. Following 8+ days of abstinence, animals showed a robust increase in responding for nicotine, blocked by U0126 in the NAc shell, but not the PFC. Western blots revealed that nicotine treatment decreased levels of a substrate of ERK, ribosomal s6 kinase (RSK), in the NAc shell and increased it in the PFC, which occurred independent of abstinence period. In contrast, levels of RSK were increased in the NAc shell following a nicotine challenge during the abstinence period. In summary, our data show that the ERK signaling pathway plays a vital role in nicotine addiction during daily nicotine exposure and following periods of abstinence.

A Abstinência ao Etanol (AE) é uma complicação de curta duração desenvolvida após a interrupção parcial ou total do consumo crônico de etanol. Alguns dos sintomas descritos incluem: aumento transitório da pressão arterial, alteração da resistência vascular periférica e alterações comportamentais; entretanto, os mecanismos envolvidos nessas respostas continuam elusivos. O objetivo desse estudo foi o de investigar os efeitos da abstinência ao etanol sobre o sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA) e a função vascular. Ratos Wistar (250g) foram divididos em 3 grupos: Controle (CTR): os animais receberam água ad libitum por 23 dias; Etanol (EtOH): o tratamento crônico com etanol foi iniciado com uma solução de etanol 3% (vol./vol.), sendo gradualmente aumentada a cada três dias para 6% (4º dia) e 9% (7º dia em diante), mantendo-se esta concentração até o 21° dia; Abstinência ao Etanol (AE): os animais foram tratados da mesma maneira que o grupo EtOH até o 20º dia, neste dia a solução de etanol 9% foi retirada e retornada no dia seguinte (21º dia) por apenas 2h; após o término deste período, os animais receberam água até o dia do teste (23º dia), garantindo assim, o quadro de abstinência por 48h. Para avaliar o comportamento, os animais foram testados no Labirinto em Cruz Elevado (LCE). A pressão arterial foi medida por pletismografia de cauda. Foram avaliados os níveis plasmáticos de: a) etanol por cromatografia gasosa; b) corticosterona (CORT), angiotensina I e II (ANGI e II), vasopressina (AVP), ocitocina e peptídeo natriurético atrial (ANP) por radioimunoensaio; c) aldosterona (ALDO), renina (REN) e espécies reativas de oxigênio ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) por ELISA; atividade plasmática da enzima conversora de angiotensina por fluorímetria; d) atividade da NAD(P)H-oxidase em aorta e leito mesentérico pelo método de quimioluminescência da lucigenina; d) de sódio (Na+ ) por fotometria de chama; e) osmolaridade foi medida pelo abaixamento do ponto de congelamento da água. Foi realizada avaliação da reatividade vascular em aorta isolada para angiotensina II (ANG II), fenilefrina, cloreto de potássio, acetilcolina e nitroprussiato de sódio (NPS). A abstinência ao etanol promoveu diminuição significativa da porcentagem de entrada e tempo despendido nos braços abertos do LCE; além disso, houve aumento da concentração plasmática de corticosterona. Em conjunto estes resultados mostram o efeito ansiogênico da abstinência ao etanol. A abstinência ao etanol também promoveu aumento da pressão arterial sistólica e média. Houve aumento do estresse oxidativo sistêmico e tecidual. Em relação ao balanço hidroeletrolítico, não foi encontrada nenhuma alteração induzida pela abstinência ao etanol. A abstinência ao etanol induziu alterações vasculares independentes de endotélio representada por diminuição da contração para ANG II, fenilefrina e KCl e aumento do relaxamento para o nitroprussiato de sódio. A partir destes resultados podemos concluir que a abstinência ao etanol induz ansiedade, estimula o SRAA, induz hipertensão e estresse oxidativo e altera a função vascular de maneira independente de endotélio. / Ethanol withdrawal is a short-term complication developed after partial or total interruption of chronic ethanol consumption. Some of the symptoms described include: transient increase in blood pressure, peripheral vascular resistance changes and behavioral changes, however, the mechanisms involved in these responses remain elusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ethanol withdrawal on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and vascular function. With this purpose, male Wistar rats (250g) were divided into 3 groups: control (CTR): animals received water ad libitum for 23 days, ethanol (EtOH): chronic treatment with ethanol was started with an ethanol solution 3% (vol. / vol.) being gradually increased every three days to 6% (day 4) and 9% (day 7 onwards), being this concentration maintained until day 21; Ethanol abstinence (EA): animals were treated in the same way of the EtOH group until day 20. Then, ethanol solution 9% was removed and returned the next day (day 21) for 2h. After the end of this period, the animals received water until day 23, ensuring abstinence for 48 hours. Animals were tested on the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM). Blood pressure was measured by tail plethysmography. Plasma levels of: a) ethanol were determined by gas chromatography, b) corticosterone (CORT), angiotensin I and II (ANGI and II), vasopressin (AVP), oxytocin, and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) by radioimmunoassay; c ) aldosterone (ALDO), plasma activity of angiotensin converting enzyme by fluorimetry; renin (REN) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) by ELISA; d) activity of NAD (P)H in the aorta and mesenteric arterial bed by lucigenin chemiluminescence assay; d) sodium (Na+ ) by photometry; e) osmolarity was measured by the lowering of the freezing point of water. Vascular reactivity of isolated aorta to angiotensin II (ANG II), phenylephrine, KCl, acetylcholine, and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was evaluated. Abstinence to ethanol induced a significant reduction in the percentage of entries and time spent in the open arms of the EPM. Increased corticosterone plasma levels were also detected in animals from the EA group. Together these findings suggest that abstinence to ethanol induces an anxiogenic-like effect. Abstinence to ethanol induced an increase in plasma ANG II with no changes on ANG I, renin or aldosterone levels. The levels of ANG I and ANG II in the aorta and mesenteric arterial bed were not altered in animals from the EA group. Abstinence to ethanol also induced increase in systolic blood pressure and mean arterial blood pressure. Abstinence to ethanol increased systemic oxidative stress and the vascular generation of superoxide anion. No change in the fluid balance was detected in animals from the EA group. In endothelium-denuded, but not intact aortic rings, abstinence to ethanol decreased the contraction induced by ANG II, phenylephrine and KCl. Increased NPS-induced relaxation was also observed in rings from EA animals. We conclude that ethanol withdrawal: a) induces anxiety; b) stimulates the systemic RAAS; c) increases blood pressure; d) induces systemic and vascular oxidative stress; e) alters the vascular function in an endothelium-independent manner.

Orientador: Abílio da Costa-Rosa / Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo examinar o fenômeno da reincidência na drogadição a partir da visão do adicto. O trabalho foi realizado em equipamento especializado no tratamento da dependência química e problemas relacionados ao uso de álcool e outras drogas, contando com a participação de onze sujeitos. O trabalho, dentro do referencial teórico psicanalítico, partiu da escuta da drogadição, com o enquadre das entrevistas preliminares dentro do referencial da clínica da urgência em psicanálise. Os resultados do trabalho de escuta e de reflexão apontaram a questão da reincidência como um falso problema para os sujeitos, já que estes demonstraram que a desintoxicação, concomitante à abstinência provocada pela internação, é somente um momento de privação do gozo propiciado pela droga, ao qual se segue, via de regra, um novo período de uso. A abstinência não significa que os sujeitos fazem uma renúncia correlata ao desejo da droga, é apenas uma parada provavelmente ligada à menor tolerância ao embate provocado pelo tipo de gozo em ação nos casos apresentados. A abstinência forçada, como estratégia presente nos tratamentos comuns da drogadição, mostrou-se de conseqüências altamente negativas para os efeitos obtidos pelos mesmos. / Abstract: This survey is aimed at examining the drugaddiction reincidence phenomenon from the addict's point of view. The survey was held at the Chemical Dependence Attention Center of the Healthcare Service Dr. Cândido Ferreira in the city of Campinas/SP, counting on the participation of eleven subjects. The survey, within the psychoanalytic theoretical allusion, started from listening to the addict, with the focus on the preliminary interviews within the reference on the clinics of urgency in psychoanalysis. The results of listening and consideration activities pinpointed to the reincidence issue as a fake problem to the subjects, whereas these have manifested that the unpoisoning, concomitant to the abstinence triggered by internment, is only a moment of bereavement of delight propitiated by the drug, to which a new period of use commonly follows. The abstinence does not mean that the subjects reciprocally resign the desire of the drug, but it is only a pause probably linked to the minor tolerance to the onset provoked by the type of delight in action on the presented cases. The compelled abstinence, as a current strategy on common drugaddiction treatments, has shown highly negative consequences for the effects obtained from them. / Mestre

A Abstinência ao Etanol (AE) é uma complicação de curta duração desenvolvida após a interrupção parcial ou total do consumo crônico de etanol. Alguns dos sintomas descritos incluem: aumento transitório da pressão arterial, alteração da resistência vascular periférica e alterações comportamentais; entretanto, os mecanismos envolvidos nessas respostas continuam elusivos. O objetivo desse estudo foi o de investigar os efeitos da abstinência ao etanol sobre o sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA) e a função vascular. Ratos Wistar (250g) foram divididos em 3 grupos: Controle (CTR): os animais receberam água ad libitum por 23 dias; Etanol (EtOH): o tratamento crônico com etanol foi iniciado com uma solução de etanol 3% (vol./vol.), sendo gradualmente aumentada a cada três dias para 6% (4º dia) e 9% (7º dia em diante), mantendo-se esta concentração até o 21° dia; Abstinência ao Etanol (AE): os animais foram tratados da mesma maneira que o grupo EtOH até o 20º dia, neste dia a solução de etanol 9% foi retirada e retornada no dia seguinte (21º dia) por apenas 2h; após o término deste período, os animais receberam água até o dia do teste (23º dia), garantindo assim, o quadro de abstinência por 48h. Para avaliar o comportamento, os animais foram testados no Labirinto em Cruz Elevado (LCE). A pressão arterial foi medida por pletismografia de cauda. Foram avaliados os níveis plasmáticos de: a) etanol por cromatografia gasosa; b) corticosterona (CORT), angiotensina I e II (ANGI e II), vasopressina (AVP), ocitocina e peptídeo natriurético atrial (ANP) por radioimunoensaio; c) aldosterona (ALDO), renina (REN) e espécies reativas de oxigênio ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) por ELISA; atividade plasmática da enzima conversora de angiotensina por fluorímetria; d) atividade da NAD(P)H-oxidase em aorta e leito mesentérico pelo método de quimioluminescência da lucigenina; d) de sódio (Na+ ) por fotometria de chama; e) osmolaridade foi medida pelo abaixamento do ponto de congelamento da água. Foi realizada avaliação da reatividade vascular em aorta isolada para angiotensina II (ANG II), fenilefrina, cloreto de potássio, acetilcolina e nitroprussiato de sódio (NPS). A abstinência ao etanol promoveu diminuição significativa da porcentagem de entrada e tempo despendido nos braços abertos do LCE; além disso, houve aumento da concentração plasmática de corticosterona. Em conjunto estes resultados mostram o efeito ansiogênico da abstinência ao etanol. A abstinência ao etanol também promoveu aumento da pressão arterial sistólica e média. Houve aumento do estresse oxidativo sistêmico e tecidual. Em relação ao balanço hidroeletrolítico, não foi encontrada nenhuma alteração induzida pela abstinência ao etanol. A abstinência ao etanol induziu alterações vasculares independentes de endotélio representada por diminuição da contração para ANG II, fenilefrina e KCl e aumento do relaxamento para o nitroprussiato de sódio. A partir destes resultados podemos concluir que a abstinência ao etanol induz ansiedade, estimula o SRAA, induz hipertensão e estresse oxidativo e altera a função vascular de maneira independente de endotélio. / Ethanol withdrawal is a short-term complication developed after partial or total interruption of chronic ethanol consumption. Some of the symptoms described include: transient increase in blood pressure, peripheral vascular resistance changes and behavioral changes, however, the mechanisms involved in these responses remain elusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ethanol withdrawal on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and vascular function. With this purpose, male Wistar rats (250g) were divided into 3 groups: control (CTR): animals received water ad libitum for 23 days, ethanol (EtOH): chronic treatment with ethanol was started with an ethanol solution 3% (vol. / vol.) being gradually increased every three days to 6% (day 4) and 9% (day 7 onwards), being this concentration maintained until day 21; Ethanol abstinence (EA): animals were treated in the same way of the EtOH group until day 20. Then, ethanol solution 9% was removed and returned the next day (day 21) for 2h. After the end of this period, the animals received water until day 23, ensuring abstinence for 48 hours. Animals were tested on the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM). Blood pressure was measured by tail plethysmography. Plasma levels of: a) ethanol were determined by gas chromatography, b) corticosterone (CORT), angiotensin I and II (ANGI and II), vasopressin (AVP), oxytocin, and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) by radioimmunoassay; c ) aldosterone (ALDO), plasma activity of angiotensin converting enzyme by fluorimetry; renin (REN) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) by ELISA; d) activity of NAD (P)H in the aorta and mesenteric arterial bed by lucigenin chemiluminescence assay; d) sodium (Na+ ) by photometry; e) osmolarity was measured by the lowering of the freezing point of water. Vascular reactivity of isolated aorta to angiotensin II (ANG II), phenylephrine, KCl, acetylcholine, and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was evaluated. Abstinence to ethanol induced a significant reduction in the percentage of entries and time spent in the open arms of the EPM. Increased corticosterone plasma levels were also detected in animals from the EA group. Together these findings suggest that abstinence to ethanol induces an anxiogenic-like effect. Abstinence to ethanol induced an increase in plasma ANG II with no changes on ANG I, renin or aldosterone levels. The levels of ANG I and ANG II in the aorta and mesenteric arterial bed were not altered in animals from the EA group. Abstinence to ethanol also induced increase in systolic blood pressure and mean arterial blood pressure. Abstinence to ethanol increased systemic oxidative stress and the vascular generation of superoxide anion. No change in the fluid balance was detected in animals from the EA group. In endothelium-denuded, but not intact aortic rings, abstinence to ethanol decreased the contraction induced by ANG II, phenylephrine and KCl. Increased NPS-induced relaxation was also observed in rings from EA animals. We conclude that ethanol withdrawal: a) induces anxiety; b) stimulates the systemic RAAS; c) increases blood pressure; d) induces systemic and vascular oxidative stress; e) alters the vascular function in an endothelium-independent manner.

Student Number: 9408497V Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree for Masters of Arts. / In this research report an analysis of the message of pre-marital sexual abstinence as a strategy for HIV prevention and its implications for development was carried out. The Christian Action Fellowship, a student Christian organization at the University of the Witwatersrand provided a case for the research study. The alternative development paradigm informed my discussion of the message of pre-marital sexual abstinence in relation to development. In particular, it is its emphasis on participatory development and on the fact that development focus should be given to particular localities that I drew from the paradigm. However, the paradigm falls short of capturing the religious dynamics pertaining to local realities. Thus the results of the research study I carried out are meant to contribute to the development of the paradigm by factoring in the religious dimension of local reality in discourse of development. In this study, the religious dimension of local reality was captured in my focus on the message of pre-marital sexual abstinence as advanced within the evangelical faith based movement in South Africa. Furthermore, this research study is meant to contribute to discourse of development by stimulating intellectual reflection on the message of pre-marital sexual abstinence as a strategy of prevention and its implications for development in South Africa. The study demonstrated involvement by the evangelical movement in the fight against the HIV/AIDS pandemic. The study further demonstrated the existence of particular methods employed to advance the message of pre-marital sexual abstinence as a prevention strategy against the HIV/AIDS pandemic. One such method is the strategy of identification. This method is employed to appeal to the targeted audience when ii presenting a case. Other methods employed are debate and argumentation as well as rhetoric. The deployment of these methods point to a religious construction of an identity that upholds pre-marital sexual abstinence as a lifestyle and a better HIV preventive option to other strategies of prevention. This research study is recommending further work in the areas where HIV prevention interventions and development interventions intersect within the local context (in all its dimensions) of identity construction.

Purpose: The purpose of this ethnographic study was to describe the culture of care and nonpharmacological nursing interventions performed by NICU nurses for infants with NAS. Background: Infants with NAS are increasingly being cared for in the inpatient hospital setting by NICU nurses. Interventions used for the care of premature and sick infants in the NICU may or may not be the exact interventions that should be used for the care of the fragile infant with NAS. Research studies on the nonpharmacological nursing care of infants with NAS encompass 5 main areas of practice: environment, adequate rest and sleep, feeding, assessment and evaluation using Finnegan scoring by nurses, and nurses as caregivers. Method: Roper and Shapira’s (2000) framework for the analysis of ethnographic data was used for this research and included participant observation, individual interviews, and the examination to existing documents. Data analysis included: (a) coding for descriptive labels, (b) sorting to identify patterns, (c) identification of outliers or negative cases, (d) generalizing constructs and theories, and (e) memoing to note personal reflection and insights. Focused ethnography allows for the articulation of research questions before fieldwork while observing and describing a culture. Results: Five themes emerged from the data: learn the baby (routine care, comfort care, environment, adequate rest and sleep, feeding), core team relationships (support, interpersonal relationships), role satisfaction (nurturer or comforter, becoming an expert), grief, and making a difference (wonderful insanity, critical to them). Implications: The results of this were a description of the culture of care provided to infants with NAS by NICU nurses and provide general recommendations to the nurse caring for an infant with NAS in the areas of environment, adequate sleep and rest, feeding, and the role of the nurse. This study also has implications for future study of evidence-based research strategies to decrease withdrawal symptoms in infants with NAS. Research is needed in the areas of clinical practice guidelines to help the bedside nurse care for these infants using current research and evidence for practice. Nursing theory and nursing education both contribute to nursing research in how to better understand the culture of care provided by nurses.

The causes and neurodevelopmental outcomes of children exposed to drugs and/or alcohol prenatally are presented. The incidence of this population is rising rapidly and appearing in increasing numbers on the caseloads of speech-language pathologists. Topics include prevalence, common drugs, Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome, longer-term neurodevelopmental outcomes, and treatment challenges.